Bioelectromagnetics最新文献

Looking for Biomarkers Which May Explain Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance Attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF): Does RF-EMF Exposure Influence Salivary Cortisol Response? 寻找可能解释电磁场（IEI-EMF）引起的特发性环境不耐受的生物标志物：RF-EMF暴露是否影响唾液皮质醇反应？

IF 1.2 3区生物学

Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1002/bem.70021

Adam Verrender, Jacob Manley, Nikkeah K. Wallace, Sarah P. Loughran, Rodney J. Croft

{"title":"Looking for Biomarkers Which May Explain Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance Attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF): Does RF-EMF Exposure Influence Salivary Cortisol Response?","authors":"Adam Verrender, Jacob Manley, Nikkeah K. Wallace, Sarah P. Loughran, Rodney J. Croft","doi":"10.1002/bem.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to understand Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF), it has been argued that it is crucial to test for effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on biomarkers, given that they can be more objective than symptom reports. While no clear evidence links RF-EMF exposure to biomarker changes, research remains limited and largely speculative due to the lack of known bioeffect mechanisms. However, there is in vitro evidence that cortisol is affected by heating, which, as RF-EMF causes heating, raises the possibility that RF-EMF exposure may increase cortisol via thermally mediated processes. If cortisol is affected by RF-EMF exposure, it may form part of a broader aetiology of IEI-EMF, where RF-EMF-induced physiological (cortisol) inputs first generate somatic sensations, which are then fostered by expectancy or learning-based processes to generate symptoms. However, studies investigating whether RF-EMF exposure influences cortisol have reported inconsistent, but mostly null results, and many suffer from methodological issues. The current study was designed with several methodological improvements to determine whether RF-EMF affects cortisol. Seventy-two participants completed a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced provocation study where they were exposed to both active (2 W/kg peak SAR<sub>10g</sub> in head) and sham RF-EMF (0 W/kg peak SAR<sub>10g</sub> in head). Despite implementing several methodological improvements, the current study failed to find an effect of RF-EMF exposure on salivary cortisol concentration. This study provides a valuable direction for future research and stresses the importance of establishing and testing theoretically plausible interactions between low-level RF-EMF exposure, the human body, and IEI-EMF symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Traceable Assessment of the Absorbed Power Density of Body Mounted Devices at Frequencies Above 10 GHz 频率高于10ghz的车载设备吸收功率密度的可追溯评估

IF 1.2 3区生物学

Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date : 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1002/bem.70018

Ninad Chitnis, Fariba Karimi, Sven Kühn, Arya Fallahi, Andreas Christ, Niels Kuster

{"title":"Traceable Assessment of the Absorbed Power Density of Body Mounted Devices at Frequencies Above 10 GHz","authors":"Ninad Chitnis, Fariba Karimi, Sven Kühn, Arya Fallahi, Andreas Christ, Niels Kuster","doi":"10.1002/bem.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a comprehensive approach for the experimental assessment of the absorbed power density (APD) is developed. The method includes several novel components: (i) a specialized probe, (ii) a composite phantom, (iii) a reconstruction technique, (iv) a calibration method, and (v) a validation process. The described solution has been developed for the frequency range from 24 to 30 GHz, but can be extended to all frequency bands between 10 and 45 GHz. A novel composite phantom emulates the reflection and transmission coefficients of human skin for propagating and evanescent modes, while its increased penetration depth, in comparison to dermis tissue, enables the measurement of the induced electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with a new miniaturized dosimetric broadband probe. The implementation has a wide dynamic range and sufficient spatial resolution to use it for type approval of mobile devices. Its probe is calibrated with low uncertainty in a novel, traceable setup. A set of reference antennas with known numerical target values for the APD has been compiled to validate the measurement system. The validation demonstrates that the deviation is within the expanded uncertainty of 1.6 dB for pAPD and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo><</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $lt $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 1.5 dB for psAPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can Theta Burst Electromagnetic Fields Disrupt Learning in Planaria? Evidence of Impaired Fear-Conditioned Responses θ脉冲电磁场会干扰涡虫的学习吗？恐惧条件反应受损的证据

IF 1.2 3区生物学

Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/bem.70017

Kassra Ghassemkhani, Blake T. Dotta

{"title":"Can Theta Burst Electromagnetic Fields Disrupt Learning in Planaria? Evidence of Impaired Fear-Conditioned Responses","authors":"Kassra Ghassemkhani, Blake T. Dotta","doi":"10.1002/bem.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explored the impact of low-intensity theta burst patterned electromagnetic fields (TBEMF) on fear-related learning in the flatworm species Planaria, a simple model organism known for its regenerative properties and ability to demonstrate basic learning behaviors. Planaria were exposed to an aversive stimulus (light) in a T-maze, and changes in their behavior, including time taken to select an arm and preferred arm selections, were assessed over the course of several days. The TBEMF consisted of five pulsed bursts at 100 Hz with alternating amplitudes and an intensity of 1 μT. In the group exposed to aversive light, a significant decrease in preferred arm selections was observed (<i>p</i> < 0.001), indicating that the planaria successfully learned to avoid the arm associated with the aversive stimulus. However, planaria exposed to TBEMF, either before or after the light exposure phase, did not show the same behavioral adaptation, as their arm selections remained stable, indicating that no fear learning occurred. These findings suggest that TBEMF disrupts the processes involved in fear-related learning, likely by interfering with theta rhythm-dependent mechanisms that are crucial for memory encoding and retrieval. Further exploration of EMF's effects on more complex organisms could reveal additional insights into its broader applications and implications for both basic neuroscience and clinical practice. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025. © 2025 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144740481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of Viral Inactivation by High Peak Power Microwave (HPPM) Exposure in Solution 高峰值功率微波（HPPM）对溶液中病毒灭活作用的研究

IF 1.8 3区生物学

Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date : 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1002/bem.70015

Jody C. Cantu, Ibtissam Echchgadda, Joseph W. Butterworth, Jason A. Payne, Leland R. Johnson, David A. Freeman, Weston C. Williams, Brad W. Hoff, Robert J. Thomas, William P. Roach, Bennett L. Ibey

{"title":"Investigation of Viral Inactivation by High Peak Power Microwave (HPPM) Exposure in Solution","authors":"Jody C. Cantu, Ibtissam Echchgadda, Joseph W. Butterworth, Jason A. Payne, Leland R. Johnson, David A. Freeman, Weston C. Williams, Brad W. Hoff, Robert J. Thomas, William P. Roach, Bennett L. Ibey","doi":"10.1002/bem.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic had a tremendous impact on human life and global economics, motivating the invention of technology that can limit the spread of the virus from human to human in public areas. One candidate for such a purpose is radio frequency (RF) radiation, which was previously suggested to have a significant impact on viral integrity at exposure levels considered non-damaging to humans. However, these publications provided a limited explanation of the mechanism of action resulting in viral inactivation during RF exposure. One hypothesis was that structure resonance energy transfer (SRET) was occurring between the incident RF waves and the viral particle, which is highly dependent on the incident electric field strength. In this paper, we report exposures of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to high peak power microwave (HPPM) pulses to validate the dependence of viral rupture on peak electric field as a critical parameter driving SRET. We tested 0.1–1.5 MW, 2 µs pulsed exposures of viral-containing buffer at 2.8, 5.6, 8.5, and 9.3 GHz up to 100,000 pulses and found no evidence of clinically significant E-field dependent decreases in viral infectivity. The findings reported in this manuscript do not support the hypothesis that SRET is a dominant mechanism behind RF-induced viral inactivation. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025. © 2025 Published 2025. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of Whole-Body Exposure to Pulsed Electromagnetic Field at Different Frequencies on Knee Osteoarthritis 不同频率脉冲电磁场对膝关节骨性关节炎的影响

IF 1.8 3区生物学

Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date : 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1002/bem.70016

Xiaotian Yang, Xuqing Li, Haixin Song, Tao Wu, Jianhua Li, Chengqi He

{"title":"Effects of Whole-Body Exposure to Pulsed Electromagnetic Field at Different Frequencies on Knee Osteoarthritis","authors":"Xiaotian Yang, Xuqing Li, Haixin Song, Tao Wu, Jianhua Li, Chengqi He","doi":"10.1002/bem.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) at different frequencies during knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression. Ten-week-old male wild-type (WT) mice undergoing the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery were randomly divided into four groups (<i>n</i> = 10 each) respectively: DMM, DMM with three PEMF exposure (8, 50, or 75 Hz). PEMF (3.8 mT, 1 h/day) at different frequencies was applied for 4 weeks. Von Frey test, histological assessment, RT-PCR, immunohistochemical staining, and microcomputed tomography (CT) were performed. PEMF at three frequencies (8, 50, and 75 Hz) decreased the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores to different extents compared to the DMM group. The mRNA and protein expressions of MMP13 and aggrecan (Acan) in cartilage were improved in three PEMF groups; PEMF at 50 and 75 Hz had better positive effects than PEMF at 8 Hz. The increased synovitis was attenuated by 75 Hz PEMF. 75 and 50 Hz PEMF groups had a beneficial effect on increasing 50% paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) compared with the DMM group. Micro-CT analysis showed that 75 Hz PEMF group, compared with DMM group, increased trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) of femur and bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) of femoral condyle and femur, and decreased bone surface/bone volume (BS/BV) of tibia. The study demonstrated that PEMF at 75 Hz could attenuate symptomatic and structural knee OA progression. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025. © 2025 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In-Situ Measurements of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Measurements Around 5G Macro Base Stations in the UK 英国5G宏基站周围射频电磁场测量的现场测量

IF 1.8 3区生物学

Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date : 2025-06-30 DOI: 10.1002/bem.70012

Carolina Calderon, Darren Addison, Azadeh Peyman

{"title":"In-Situ Measurements of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Measurements Around 5G Macro Base Stations in the UK","authors":"Carolina Calderon, Darren Addison, Azadeh Peyman","doi":"10.1002/bem.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field spot measurements were performed in line-of-sight to 56 active 5G macro base stations across 30 publicly accessible locations in the United Kingdom (UK). Four different exposure scenarios were assessed: background (no traffic instigation), streaming videos, downlink speed test, and extrapolation of SS-RSRP decoder measurements. Power density measurements across the 420 MHz–6 GHz frequency range were also performed at each site to assess the total exposure from various RF sources in the environment. Both total RF and 5G specific power density levels were found to be well within the 1998 ICNIRP public reference levels, even when extrapolating to worst-case scenario (≤ 5%). 4G downlink was the dominant contributor to total RF exposure, with 5G contributing on average less than 10%. No statistically significant difference was observed between beamforming and non-beamforming sites. Streaming did not seem to contribute materially to exposure levels, suggesting that background measurements are a good representation of typical downlink exposure at current urban and suburban 5G sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterization of the Core Temperature Response of Free-Moving Rats to 1.95 GHz Electromagnetic Fields 自由运动大鼠对1.95 GHz电磁场的核心温度响应特性

IF 1.8 3区生物学

Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1002/bem.70013

Nathan Bala, Rodney J. Croft, Robert L. McIntosh, Steve Iskra, John V. Frankland, Raymond J. McKenzie, Chao Deng

{"title":"Characterization of the Core Temperature Response of Free-Moving Rats to 1.95 GHz Electromagnetic Fields","authors":"Nathan Bala, Rodney J. Croft, Robert L. McIntosh, Steve Iskra, John V. Frankland, Raymond J. McKenzie, Chao Deng","doi":"10.1002/bem.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study investigated the core body temperature (CBT) response of free-moving adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats, during and following a 3-h exposure to 1.95 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) within custom-built reverberation chambers, using temperature capsules implanted within the intraperitoneal cavity and data transmitted via radiotelemetry. Comparing RF-EMF exposures (at Whole-Body Average-Specific Absorption Rate [WBA-SAR] levels of 0.1, 0.4, and 4 W/kg) to the sham exposed condition, we identified a statistically significant peak increase in CBT after 26 min of RF-EMF exposure at 4 W/kg (+0.49°C), but not in the 0.1 or 0.4 W/kg conditions at the same timepoint. In the last 30 min of the RF-EMF exposure, temperature was significantly increased in both the 4 W/kg (0.62°C) and 0.4 W/kg (0.14°C) conditions, but not 0.1 W/kg, when compared to sham. After 20 min following cessation of exposure, post temperature was still significantly higher in the 4 W/kg condition when compared to the sham (0.37°C), but not in either 0.1 or 0.4 W/kg. Based on our findings, it is apparent that rats can effectively compensate for increased thermal loads of up to 4 W/kg as the maximum temperature rise was substantially lower than 1°C. In addition, the elevated CBT during exposure in the 4 W/kg condition was significantly reduced immediately after exposure cessation, indicating that measures of CBT following RF-EMF exposure cessation may not reflect maximum RF-EMF-mediated changes in the CBT of rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025. © 2025 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Caspase-Dependent Cell Death and HDAC4 Translocation Following Microsecond Pulsed Electric Field (μsPEF) Exposure in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells MCF-7乳腺癌细胞暴露于微秒脉冲电场（μsPEF）后caspase依赖性细胞死亡和HDAC4易位

IF 1.8 3区生物学

Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1002/bem.70009

Zahra Safaei, Gary L. Thompson

{"title":"Caspase-Dependent Cell Death and HDAC4 Translocation Following Microsecond Pulsed Electric Field (μsPEF) Exposure in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells","authors":"Zahra Safaei, Gary L. Thompson","doi":"10.1002/bem.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Breast cancer is the second-leading cancer-related death among women. Survival rates decrease from 99% for localized stages of breast tumors to only 27% when distant metastases develop. Increased invasiveness and proliferation of breast cancer cells correlate with overexpression of an enzymatic coregulator of gene expression, histone deacetylase-4 (HDAC4). If HDAC4 is cleaved into two halves by another enzyme called caspase, one-half of HDAC4 goes into the nucleus of the cell where it promotes a highly regulated form of cellular self-destruction known as apoptosis. Caspases are activated by fast rises in calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) concentrations inside cells, which can be initiated via plasma membrane electropermeabilization induced by microsecond pulsed electric fields (µsPEFs) applied to cells positioned between electrodes. However, the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line is deficient in caspase-3, which is the type of caspase predominantly responsible for cleavage of HDAC4. In this in vitro study, we demonstrate µsPEF exposure elicits HDAC4 translocation independently of caspase activity in MCF-7 cells. Yet, µsPEF-induced MCF-7 cell death remains dependent on Ca<sup>2+</sup> electropermeabilization and caspase activity. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025. © 2025 © 2025 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

5G EMF Exposure at 3.6 GHz in Greece Using Data From Frequency-Selective Monitoring Sensors 利用频率选择监测传感器的数据研究希腊3.6 GHz的5G EMF暴露

IF 1.8 3区生物学

Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1002/bem.70008

Serafeim Iakovidis, Athanasios Manassas, Christos Apostolidis, Theodoros Samaras

{"title":"5G EMF Exposure at 3.6 GHz in Greece Using Data From Frequency-Selective Monitoring Sensors","authors":"Serafeim Iakovidis, Athanasios Manassas, Christos Apostolidis, Theodoros Samaras","doi":"10.1002/bem.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The introduction of 5G networks has raised public concerns about potential changes in environmental electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This study analyzes continuous monitoring data collected over 2 years (August 2022–October 2024) from 13 frequency-selective monitoring sensors located in Greece's five largest cities. Focusing on the 3.6 GHz band, we evaluated trends and weekly variations in EMF levels. Results indicated a gradual increase in EMF exposure at 3.6 GHz, driven by the growing penetration of 5G infrastructure and devices. Notably, this band exhibited higher maximum-to-median power density ratios compared to other frequency bands, attributable to active antenna systems' characteristics and traffic variations. Applying the ICNIRP 2020 guidelines, we found that 30-min averaged values significantly reduced these variations. All measured EMF levels, including maximum values, remained well below Greek and international safety limits. These findings, especially the increasing trend identified for the EMF levels, underscore the importance of continuous monitoring networks for assessing EMF exposure to existing and emerging telecommunications networks and ensuring compliance with safety standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS) From Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR) Exposure: A Mixed-Method Study Protocol 了解来自手机射频辐射（RFR）暴露的电磁超敏反应（EHS）：一种混合方法研究方案

IF 1.8 3区生物学

Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1002/bem.70007

Nur Syarah Zulaikha Mohd Razak, Anita Abd Rahman, Halimatus Sakdiah Minhat, Fatimah Ahmad Fauzi

{"title":"Understanding Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS) From Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR) Exposure: A Mixed-Method Study Protocol","authors":"Nur Syarah Zulaikha Mohd Razak, Anita Abd Rahman, Halimatus Sakdiah Minhat, Fatimah Ahmad Fauzi","doi":"10.1002/bem.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>More than 7 billion mobile phone users were recorded worldwide in 2022. Radiofrequency radiation (RFR) from mobile phones can produce radiobiological effects, which may lead to electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) in humans. This study employs a mixed-method approach: the quantitative component identifies predictors of EHS from mobile phone RFR using the biopsychosocial model, whereas the qualitative component explores individual experiences that contribute to EHS. Quantitative analysis is conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 for descriptive and analytical statistics, whereas qualitative analysis is carried out with NVivo version 14 for thematic analysis. Findings from both analyses are compared and discussed to highlight similarities and differences, providing a richer, in-depth understanding of EHS resulting from mobile phone RFR exposure among undergraduate students. The study sample consists of 351 undergraduate students aged 18–25 from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), conducted between April 2023 and December 2023. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects at UPM before the study. The quantitative component uses a proportionate simple random sampling method with a validated questionnaire, whereas the qualitative component utilizes purposive sampling through in-depth interviews. Enhancing understanding of EHS may contribute to new knowledge and raise awareness of its potential effects on the population. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025. © 2025 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0