Bioelectromagnetics最新文献

{"title":"Caspase-Dependent Cell Death and HDAC4 Translocation Following Microsecond Pulsed Electric Field (μsPEF) Exposure in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells","authors":"Zahra Safaei,&nbsp;Gary L. Thompson","doi":"10.1002/bem.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Breast cancer is the second-leading cancer-related death among women. Survival rates decrease from 99% for localized stages of breast tumors to only 27% when distant metastases develop. Increased invasiveness and proliferation of breast cancer cells correlate with overexpression of an enzymatic coregulator of gene expression, histone deacetylase-4 (HDAC4). If HDAC4 is cleaved into two halves by another enzyme called caspase, one-half of HDAC4 goes into the nucleus of the cell where it promotes a highly regulated form of cellular self-destruction known as apoptosis. Caspases are activated by fast rises in calcium ion (Ca²⁺) concentrations inside cells, which can be initiated via plasma membrane electropermeabilization induced by microsecond pulsed electric fields (µsPEFs) applied to cells positioned between electrodes. However, the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line is deficient in caspase-3, which is the type of caspase predominantly responsible for cleavage of HDAC4. In this in vitro study, we demonstrate µsPEF exposure elicits HDAC4 translocation independently of caspase activity in MCF-7 cells. Yet, µsPEF-induced MCF-7 cell death remains dependent on Ca²⁺ electropermeabilization and caspase activity. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025. © 2025 © 2025 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"5G EMF Exposure at 3.6 GHz in Greece Using Data From Frequency-Selective Monitoring Sensors","authors":"Serafeim Iakovidis,&nbsp;Athanasios Manassas,&nbsp;Christos Apostolidis,&nbsp;Theodoros Samaras","doi":"10.1002/bem.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The introduction of 5G networks has raised public concerns about potential changes in environmental electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This study analyzes continuous monitoring data collected over 2 years (August 2022–October 2024) from 13 frequency-selective monitoring sensors located in Greece's five largest cities. Focusing on the 3.6 GHz band, we evaluated trends and weekly variations in EMF levels. Results indicated a gradual increase in EMF exposure at 3.6 GHz, driven by the growing penetration of 5G infrastructure and devices. Notably, this band exhibited higher maximum-to-median power density ratios compared to other frequency bands, attributable to active antenna systems' characteristics and traffic variations. Applying the ICNIRP 2020 guidelines, we found that 30-min averaged values significantly reduced these variations. All measured EMF levels, including maximum values, remained well below Greek and international safety limits. These findings, especially the increasing trend identified for the EMF levels, underscore the importance of continuous monitoring networks for assessing EMF exposure to existing and emerging telecommunications networks and ensuring compliance with safety standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS) From Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR) Exposure: A Mixed-Method Study Protocol","authors":"Nur Syarah Zulaikha Mohd Razak,&nbsp;Anita Abd Rahman,&nbsp;Halimatus Sakdiah Minhat,&nbsp;Fatimah Ahmad Fauzi","doi":"10.1002/bem.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>More than 7 billion mobile phone users were recorded worldwide in 2022. Radiofrequency radiation (RFR) from mobile phones can produce radiobiological effects, which may lead to electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) in humans. This study employs a mixed-method approach: the quantitative component identifies predictors of EHS from mobile phone RFR using the biopsychosocial model, whereas the qualitative component explores individual experiences that contribute to EHS. Quantitative analysis is conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 for descriptive and analytical statistics, whereas qualitative analysis is carried out with NVivo version 14 for thematic analysis. Findings from both analyses are compared and discussed to highlight similarities and differences, providing a richer, in-depth understanding of EHS resulting from mobile phone RFR exposure among undergraduate students. The study sample consists of 351 undergraduate students aged 18–25 from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), conducted between April 2023 and December 2023. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects at UPM before the study. The quantitative component uses a proportionate simple random sampling method with a validated questionnaire, whereas the qualitative component utilizes purposive sampling through in-depth interviews. Enhancing understanding of EHS may contribute to new knowledge and raise awareness of its potential effects on the population. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025. © 2025 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Deployment of 5G Wireless Communication and Risk Assessment on Human Health: Quid Novi?","authors":"Brahim Selmaoui,&nbsp;Layla Jamal,&nbsp;Lisa Michelant","doi":"10.1002/bem.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid deployment of 5G wireless communication has amazingly accelerated global connectivity, marking a significant milestone in how we interact with technology and with each other. This next-generation network promises to revolutionize industries by delivering faster data speeds, drastically reducing latency, and providing the capacity to support a vast and growing ecosystem of interconnected devices. From smart cities and autonomous vehicles to advanced healthcare applications and immersive virtual reality experiences, 5G is poised to be the backbone of a hyper-connected world.</p><p>However, the swift and widespread rollout of 5G has not been without controversy. Alongside the excitement over its potential, significant concerns have emerged regarding its potential impact on human health. These concerns stem from the increased exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) associated with 5G technology, particularly as it operates on higher frequency bands, including millimeter waves. Consequently, given the lack of publications concerning the effects of frequencies implemented for 5G (3.5–26 GHz) for the general public, more in-depth studies need to be established due to the increased debates and inconclusive reports about the subject.</p><p>Given that 5G is a relatively new technology, short- and long-term studies are still in progress to assess its health implications comprehensively. For this purpose, the European Union Commission via their institutions has launched a call for proposals in the environmental health topic (HORIZON-HL-TH-2021-ENVHLTH-02). This program was implemented to answer to the public concern about the health effect of 5G exposure. The total amount of funding was 30 million euros from Horizon Europe 2021–2027. The results should fill the current knowledge gaps on the effects of wireless technologies on health and the environment. Four projects funded by Horizon Europe have been brought together under the CLUE-H network, involving more than 60 European research organizations across four research consortia: ETAIN, GOLIAT, NextGEM, and SEAWave. Additionally, scientists from outside Europe, including the USA, Korea, and Japan, are also collaborating on these projects.</p><p>The rapid deployment of 5G brings unprecedented opportunities for technological innovation but also necessitates thorough and ongoing risk assessment regarding its potential health impacts. While current scientific consensus generally supports the safety of 5G under existing guidelines, the evolving nature of the technology, coupled with the long-term uncertainty, underscores the importance of continued research, transparent communication, and adaptive regulatory frameworks. As 5G becomes more ubiquitous, balancing its benefits with precautionary health measures will be crucial to ensuring public trust and safety.</p><p>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure Perception and Symptom Reporting in Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance Attributed to Electromagnetic Fields Using a Co-Designed Provocation Test","authors":"Maryse Ledent,&nbsp;Jimmy Bordarie,&nbsp;Benjamin Vatovez,&nbsp;Maël Dieudonné,&nbsp;Nicolas Prignot,&nbsp;Jacques Vanderstraeten,&nbsp;Catherine Bouland,&nbsp;Eva M. De Clercq","doi":"10.1002/bem.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance Attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) is a syndrome that defines people who report symptoms that they attribute to their exposure to EMF sources, without any identified underlying medical condition to explain these symptoms. To date, provocation protocols have failed to demonstrate a consistent relationship between EMF exposure and reported symptoms, raising questions among some researchers and individuals with IEI-EMF about the relevance of these protocols for studying the syndrome. To address these criticisms, a provocation protocol was co-designed in collaboration with individuals with IEI-EMF. This study presents the results of the tests, with a focus on exposure perception and symptom reporting among IEI-EMF volunteers. A total of 47 IEI-EMF volunteers were enrolled and participated in an open-field habituation session. Of these, 27 completed the first double-blind controlled exposure session, while 26 and 16 volunteers, respectively, participated in three sessions for collective analyses and 12 sessions for individual-level analyses. At the individual level, no consistent association was found between exposure perception certainty level and exposure status, except for one volunteer whose perception was mostly consistent with exposure status. Similarly, symptom reporting did not align with exposure status, except for the same volunteer, whose symptom reporting showed a borderline significant result with exposure status. However, for half of the volunteers, symptom reporting was significantly correlated with exposure perception certainty level, supporting a nocebo hypothesis. At the collective level, no consistency was observed between exposure perception certainty level, symptom reporting, and exposure status. This study discusses the conditions necessary for future provocation protocols to enhance their relevance, acceptability, and potential utility in a possible care-oriented approach. It also considers criticisms of using exposure perception and symptom reporting as outcomes in provocation protocols, despite their central role in how individuals identify themselves as individuals with IEI-EMF.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploiting Polynomial Chaos Expansion for Rapid Assessment of the Impact of Tissue Property Uncertainties in Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Stimulation","authors":"Kemal Sumser,&nbsp;Rob Mestrom,&nbsp;Yunus Emre Tuysuz,&nbsp;Margarethus Marius Paulides","doi":"10.1002/bem.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neuromodulation with low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFUS) holds significant promise for noninvasive treatment of neurological disorders, but its success relies heavily on accurately targeting specific brain regions. Computational model predictions can be used to optimize LIFUS, but uncertain acoustic tissue properties can affect prediction accuracy. The Monte Carlo method is often used to quantify the impact of uncertainties, but many iterations are generally needed for accurate estimates. We studied a surrogate model based on polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) to quantify the uncertainty in the LIFUS acoustic intensity field caused by tissue acoustic property uncertainties. The PCE approach was benchmarked against Monte Carlo method for LIFUS in three different head models. We also investigated the effect of the number of PCE samples on the accuracy of the surrogate model. Our results show that the PCE surrogate model requires only 20 simulation samples to estimate the mean and standard deviation of the acoustic intensity field with high accuracy compared to 100 samples needed for Monte Carlo method. The root mean squared percentage error (RMSPE) in the mean acoustic intensity field was less than 1.5%, with a maximum error of less than 0.5 W/cm² (&lt; 1% of the focus peak intensity in water), while the RMSPE in the standard deviation was less than 9%, with a maximum error of less than 0.3 W/cm². The accuracy of the PCE surrogate model, and the limited number of iterations it requires makes it a promising tool for quantifying the uncertainty in the acoustic intensity field in LIFUS applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances and Future Perspective in Computational Bioelectromagnetics for Exposure Assessments","authors":"Yinliang Diao,&nbsp;Wout Joseph,&nbsp;Dragan Poljak,&nbsp;Luca Giaccone,&nbsp;Sachiko Kodera,&nbsp;Ilkka Laakso,&nbsp;Kenichi Yamazaki,&nbsp;Kun Li,&nbsp;Kensuke Sasaki,&nbsp;Emmeric Tanghe,&nbsp;Mario Cvetković,&nbsp;Walid El Hajj,&nbsp;Takashi Hikage,&nbsp;Fatih Kaburcuk,&nbsp;Gernot Schmid,&nbsp;Anna Šušnjara Nejašmić,&nbsp;Thomas Tarnaud,&nbsp;Vitas Anderson,&nbsp;Kenneth R. Foster,&nbsp;Theodoros Samaras,&nbsp;Richard A. Tell,&nbsp;Soichi Watanabe,&nbsp;Chung-Kwang Chou,&nbsp;Akimasa Hirata","doi":"10.1002/bem.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the last few decades, extensive efforts have been dedicated to developing computational methods for modeling the interaction of the human body with electromagnetic fields (EMFs). These studies are crucial for the establishment of exposure limits in international standards and guidelines for human protection from EMF, as well as for advancing personalized dosimetry assessment for medical applications using EMF. To summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge in this field, the IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES) held an International Workshop on Computational Bioelectromagnetics in February 2024. This review summarizes the technical presentations and discussions from the workshop and was contributed by multiple authors, encompassing topics such as the tissue dielectric property measurement, low-frequency and radio-frequency bioelectromagnetic modeling methods, stochastic modeling in electromagnetic-thermal dosimetry, intercomparison studies, and computational uncertainties. The insights gained from this workshop will guide future research and aid in the development of more accurate and reliable exposure assessment methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations for the Safe Application of Temporal Interference Stimulation in the Human Brain Part I: Principles of Electrical Neuromodulation and Adverse Effects","authors":"Antonino M. Cassarà,&nbsp;Taylor H. Newton,&nbsp;Katie Zhuang,&nbsp;Sabine J. Regel,&nbsp;Peter Achermann,&nbsp;Alvaro Pascual-Leone,&nbsp;Niels Kuster,&nbsp;Esra Neufeld","doi":"10.1002/bem.22542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22542","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a new form of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) that has been proposed as a method for targeted, non-invasive stimulation of deep brain structures. While TIS holds promise for a variety of clinical and non-clinical applications, little data is yet available regarding its effects in humans and its mechanisms of action. In order to inform the design and safe conduct of experiments involving TIS, researchers require quantitative guidance regarding safe exposure limits and other safety considerations. To this end, we undertook a two-part effort to determine frequency-dependent thresholds for applied currents below which TIS is unlikely to pose risk to humans in terms of heating or unwanted stimulation. Part I of this effort, described here, comprises a summary of the current knowledge pertaining to the safety of TIS and related techniques. Specifically, we provide: i) a broad overview of the electrophysiological impacts neurostimulation, ii) a review of the (bio-)physical principles underlying the mechanisms of action of transcranial alternating/direct stimulation (tACS/tDCS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and TIS, and iii) a comprehensive survey of the adverse effects (AEs) associated with each technique as reported in the scientific literature and regulatory and clinical databases. In Part II, we perform an in silico study to determine field exposure metrics for tDCS/tACS and DBS under normal (safe) operating conditions and infer frequency-dependent current thresholds for TIS that result in equivalent levels of exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.22542","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Microwave Exposure on Cynomolgus Monkeys: EEG and ECG Analysis","authors":"Lizhen Ma,&nbsp;Nan Qiao,&nbsp;Yong Zou,&nbsp;Haoyu Wang,&nbsp;Yuchen Wang,&nbsp;Weijia Zhi,&nbsp;Xuelong Zhao,&nbsp;Xinping Xu,&nbsp;Mingzhao Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongwu Lin,&nbsp;Xiangjun Hu,&nbsp;Lifeng Wang","doi":"10.1002/bem.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The annual increase of microwave exposure in human environments continues to fuel debates regarding its potential health impacts. This study monitored the EEG and ECG responses of three Cynomolgus monkeys before and at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after exposure to 50 mW/cm² microwave radiation for 15 min. The findings revealed no significant differences in the power spectral densities (PSDs) of the whole brain, frontal, and temporal lobes across various frequency bands (δ, θ, α, β, low-γ, and high-γ) immediately and up to 30 days postexposure. Notable alterations were observed primarily at 14 days in the PSDs of the parietal lobe, prefrontal cortex, central zone, and occipital lobe, particularly in the θ and α bands. By Day 30, these values returned to normal ranges. ECG alterations were characterized by changes in T-wave shape and amplitude. One monkey exhibited bidirectional spikes at 7 and 14 days that normalized by Day 30. Another showed similar patterns with reduced amplitude, and a third monkey displayed a towering forward wave at 14 days that persisted at 30 days. In conclusion, the administration of L-band microwave radiation at the specified dose did not result in immediate alterations to EEG and ECG, but it induced transient modifications in brain electrical activity and normalized after 30 days, which contributed to evaluate the health implications of microwave exposure in humans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of 60 Hz Non- Uniform Electromagnetic Fields on Tomato (cv L-05) Seed Germination, Photosynthesis and Seedling Growth Under Salt Stress Conditions","authors":"Elizabeth Isaac Alemán,&nbsp;Rangel Sierra Díaz,&nbsp;Albys Ferrer Dubois,&nbsp;Yilan Fung Boix,&nbsp;Jorge González Aguilera,&nbsp;Alan Mario Zuffo,&nbsp;Fábio Steiner","doi":"10.1002/bem.22537","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22537","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Effects of 60 Hz non-uniform electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the tomato (cv. L-05) seed germination, photosynthesis, and seedling growth under salt stress and laboratory conditions were investigated. A previous trial investigated the impact of salt stress levels (0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mM NaCl) on tomato seeds, and the 100 mM NaCl level was selected to study the effects of EMFs in attenuating salinity stress on germination, physiology, and growth of tomato seedlings. In the second experiment, untreated seeds and seeds treated with nonuniform EMFs of 2, 4 and 6 mT for 9 min were exposed to a 100 mM NaCl saline solution (SS). The results of the first bioassay showed that the addition of SS drastically reduced the germination percentage (67%), mean germination time (54%), mean germination speed (69%), germination rate index (39%), and germination vigor (78%) of tomato seeds when compared to the control treatment. In the second experimental trial, the effect of pretreatment of tomato seeds with EMFs of 2 or 4 mT for 9 min exposed to SS stress revealed a significant increase in the germination percentage (224%–226%) and germination rate (128%–151%). Salinity stress drastically reduced the tomato seed germination while 60 Hz nonuniform EMFs induced a mitigating response of tomato seeds under salinity stress to improve the germination, photosynthesis, and seedling growth. The 60 Hz nonuniform EMFs of 4mT for 9 min showed the best biological responses under salinity stress. Applied EMFs to tomato seeds protect tomato plants under salinity stress. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2024. © 2024 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}