Bioelectromagnetics最新文献

{"title":"The influence of eyelashes on electric field distribution and absorbed power density in the cornea under millimeter-wave exposure","authors":"Negin Foroughimehr PhD,&nbsp;Zoltan Vilagosh PhD,&nbsp;Ali Yavari PhD,&nbsp;Andrew Wood PhD","doi":"10.1002/bem.22526","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22526","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As millimeter wave (MMW) technology, particularly in fifth-generation (5G) devices, gains prominence, there is a crucial need for comprehensive electromagnetic (EM) models of ocular tissues to understand and characterize EM exposure conditions accurately. This study employs numerical modeling to investigate the interaction between MMW and the cornea, aiming to characterize EM field distributions and absorption within an anatomically accurate eye model while considering the influence of eyelashes. Using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, we conduct simulations of EM radiation interactions from 20.0 to 100.0 GHz with a human eye model. Moreover, we analyze the temperature distribution increase within the eye model using a thermal sensor in XFdtd, employing a scheme based on the finite difference (FD) method. Our findings reveal a nonuniform distribution of the EM field, particularly intensified in corneal regions adjacent to eyelashes and eyelids. Despite similar EM field patterns, the presence or absence of eyelashes has minimal impact on temperature differences. However, the study highlights increased radiation absorption by the eyelid's epidermis at 100.0 GHz, reducing the rise in the cornea's temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"45 8","pages":"375-386"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.22526","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142457202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterising core body temperature response of free-moving C57BL/6 mice to 1.95 GHz whole-body radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields","authors":"Emma Sylvester BMedHlthSc (Hons),&nbsp;Chao Deng PhD,&nbsp;Robert McIntosh PhD,&nbsp;Steve Iskra PhD,&nbsp;John Frankland BComp (Hons),&nbsp;Raymond McKenzie BAppSc (Phys) (Hons),&nbsp;Rodney J. Croft PhD","doi":"10.1002/bem.22527","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22527","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study investigated the core body temperature (CBT) response of free-moving adult male and female C57BL/6 mice, during and following a 2-h exposure to 1.95 GHz RF-EMF within custom-built reverberation chambers, using temperature capsules implanted within the intraperitoneal cavity and data continuously logged and transmitted via radiotelemetry postexposure. Comparing RF-EMF exposures (WBA-SAR of 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 W/kg) to the sham-exposed condition, we identified a peak in CBT within the first 16 min of RF-EMF exposure (+0.15, +0.31, +0.24, +0.37°C at 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 W/kg respectively; statistically significant at WBA-SAR ≥ 2.5 W/kg only), which largely dissipated for the remainder of the exposure period. Immediately before the end of exposure, only the CBT of the 5 W/kg condition was statistically differentiable from sham. Based on our findings, it is apparent that mice are able to effectively compensate for the increased thermal load at RF-EMF strengths up to 5 W/kg. In addition, the elevated CBT at the end of the exposure period in the 5 W/kg condition was statistically significantly reduced compared to the sham condition immediately after RF-EMF exposure ceased. This would indicate that measures of CBT following the end of an RF-EMF exposure period may not reflect the actual change in the CBT of mice caused by RF-EMF exposure in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"45 8","pages":"387-398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.22527","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142457201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effect of radiofrequency exposure against menadione-induced oxidative DNA damage in human neuroblastoma cells: The role of exposure duration and investigation on key molecular targets","authors":"Anna Sannino PhD,&nbsp;Mariateresa Allocca PhD,&nbsp;Maria R. Scarfì MSc,&nbsp;Stefania Romeo PhD,&nbsp;Olga Zeni PhD","doi":"10.1002/bem.22524","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22524","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In our previous studies, we demonstrated that 20 h pre-exposure of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to 1950 MHz, UMTS signal, at specific absorption rate of 0.3 and 1.25 W/kg, was able to reduce the oxidative DNA damage induced by a subsequent treatment with menadione in the alkaline comet assay while not inducing genotoxicity per se. In this study, the same cell model was used to test the same experimental conditions by setting different radiofrequency exposure duration and timing along the 72 h culture period. The results obtained in at least three independent experiments indicate that shorter exposure durations than 20 h, that is, 10, 3, and 1 h per day for 3 days, were still capable to exert the protective effect while not inducing DNA damage per se. In addition, to provide some hints into the mechanisms underpinning the observed phenomenon, thioredoxin-1, heat shock transcription factor 1, heat shock protein 70, and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, as key molecular players involved in the cellular stress response, were tested following 3 h of radiofrequency exposure in western blot and qRT-PCR experiments. No effect resulted from molecular analysis under the experimental conditions adopted.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"45 8","pages":"365-374"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.22524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulsed electromagnetic fields attenuate human musculocutaneous nerve damage induced by biceps eccentric contractions","authors":"Karina Kouzaki PhD,&nbsp;Koichi Nakazato PhD","doi":"10.1002/bem.22525","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22525","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy, a noninvasive treatment, has shown promise in mitigating nerve damage. However, unaccustomed exercises, such as eccentric contractions (ECCs), can damage both muscle and nerve tissue. This study investigated whether magnetic stimulation (MS) with PEMF could aid in nerve recovery after ECCs in the elbow flexors. Twenty participants were randomly assigned to either a control (CNT) or an MS group. Following ECCs, we measured the latency of the M-wave in the musculocutaneous nerve as an indicator of nerve function. Additionally, isometric torque, range of motion, and muscle pain were assessed for muscle function. Interestingly, only the CNT group exhibited a significant increase in latency on Day 2 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The MS group, on the other hand, displayed an earlier recovery trend in isometric torque, range of motion, and muscle soreness. Notably, muscle soreness significantly decreased immediately after MS treatment compared to pretreatment levels. These findings suggest that MS treatment can effectively attenuate nerve damage induced by ECCs exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study of simulated electric fields of transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting different cortical motor regions","authors":"Jack Jiaqi Zhang PhD,&nbsp;Bella Bingbing Zhang MSc,&nbsp;Zhongfei Bai PhD,&nbsp;Kenneth N. K. Fong PhD","doi":"10.1002/bem.22523","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This computational simulation study investigates the strength of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced electric fields (EF) in primary motor cortex (M1) and secondary motor areas. Our results reveal high interindividual variability in the strength of TMS-induced EF responses in secondary motor areas, relative to the stimulation threshold in M1. Notably, the activation of the supplementary motor area requires high-intensity stimulation, which could be attributed to the greater scalp-to-cortex distance observed over this area. These findings emphasize the importance of individualized planning using computational simulation for optimizing neuromodulation strategies targeting the cortical motor system.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.22523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinearities and timescales in neural models of temporal interference stimulation","authors":"Tom Plovie MSc,&nbsp;Ruben Schoeters PhD,&nbsp;Thomas Tarnaud PhD,&nbsp;Wout Joseph PhD,&nbsp;Emmeric Tanghe PhD","doi":"10.1002/bem.22522","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22522","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In temporal interference (TI) stimulation, neuronal cells react to two interfering sinusoidal electric fields with a slightly different frequency (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${f}_{1}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${f}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; in the range of about 1–4 kHz, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∣&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∣&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $| {f}_{1}-{f}_{2}| $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; in the range of about 1–100 Hz). It has been previously observed that for the same input intensity, the neurons do not react to a purely sinusoidal signal at &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${f}_{1}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${f}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. This study seeks a better understanding of the largely unknown mechanisms underlying TI neuromodulation. To this end, single-compartment models are used to simulate computationally the response of neurons to the sinusoidal and TI waveform. This study compares five different neuron models: Hodgkin-Huxley (HH), Frankenhaeuser–Huxley (FH),","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimulus effects of extremely low-frequency electric field exposure on calcium oscillations in a human cortical spheroid","authors":"Atsushi Saito PhD,&nbsp;Takeo Shiina PhD,&nbsp;Yoichi Sekiba PhD","doi":"10.1002/bem.22521","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-intensity, low-frequency (1 Hz to 100 kHz) electric and magnetic fields (EF and MF) cause electrical excitation of the nervous system via an induced EF (iEF) in living tissue. However, the biological properties and thresholds of stimulus effects on synchronized activity in a three-dimensional (3D) neuronal network remain uncertain. In this study, we evaluated changes in neuronal network activity during extremely low-frequency EF (ELF-EF) exposure by measuring intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_<i>i</i>) oscillations, which reflect neuronal network activity. For ELF-EF exposure experiments, we used a human cortical spheroid (hCS), a 3D-cultured neuronal network generated from human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cortical neurons. A 50 Hz sinusoidal ELF-EF exposure modulated [Ca²⁺]_<i>i</i> oscillations with dependencies on exposure intensity and duration. Based on the experimental setup and results, the iEF distribution inside the hCS was estimated using high-resolution numerical dosimetry. The numerical estimation revealed threshold values ranging between 255–510 V/m (peak) and 131–261 V/m (average). This indicates that thresholds of neuronal excitation in the hCS were equivalent to those of a thin nerve fiber.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.22521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A real-time working memory evaluation system for macaques in microwave fields","authors":"Bowen Li MSc,&nbsp;Xueyan Zhang PhD,&nbsp;Nan Qiao MSc,&nbsp;Jiawei Chen MSc,&nbsp;Weijie Bi,&nbsp;Weijia Zhi PhD,&nbsp;Lizhen Ma PhD,&nbsp;Congcong Miao,&nbsp;Lifeng Wang PhD,&nbsp;Yong Zou PhD,&nbsp;Xiangjun Hu PhD","doi":"10.1002/bem.22519","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the development and widespread application of electromagnetic technology, the health hazards of electromagnetic radiation have attracted much attention and concern. The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the nervous system, especially on learning, memory, and cognitive functions, is an important research topic in the field of electromagnetic biological effects. Most previous studies were conducted with rodents, which are relatively mature. As research has progressed, studies using non-human primates as experimental subjects have been carried out. Compared to rodents, non-human primates such as macaques not only have brain structures more similar to those of humans but also exhibit learning and memory processes that are similar. In this paper, we present a behavioral test system for the real-time evaluation of the working memory (WM) of macaques in a microwave environment. The system consists of two parts: hardware and software. The hardware consists of four modules: the operation terminal, the control terminal, the optical signal transmission, and detection module and the reward feedback module. The software program can implement the feeding learning task, the button-pressing learning task, and the delayed match-to-sample task. The device is useful for the real-time evaluation of the WM of macaques in microwave environments, showing good electromagnetic compatibility, a simple and reliable structure, and easy operation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"45 7","pages":"338-347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141888453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimates and measurements of radiofrequency exposures in smart-connected homes","authors":"Kenneth Joyner PhD,&nbsp;Michael Milligan LLM,&nbsp;Phillip Knipe PhD","doi":"10.1002/bem.22518","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22518","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this research was to quantify the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy (RF-EME) in a residential home/apartment equipped with a range of wireless devices, often referred to as internet of things (IoT) devices or smart devices and subsequently develop a tool that could be useful for estimating the levels of RF-EME in a domestic environment. Over the course of 3 years measurements were performed in peoples' homes on a total of 43 devices across 16 device categories. Another 12 devices were measured in detail in a laboratory setup. In all a total of 55 individual devices across 23 device categories were measured. Based on this measurement data we developed predictive software that showed that even with a single device in 23 device categories operating near maximum they would, in total, produce exposures at a distance of 1 m of 0.17% of the ICNIRP (2020) public exposure limits. Measurements were also made in two separate smart apartments—one contained over 50 IoT devices and a second with over 100 IoT devices with the devices driven as hard as could reasonably be achieved. The respective 6-min average exposure level recorded were 0.0077% and 0.44% of the ICNIRP (2020) 30-min average public exposure limit.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"45 7","pages":"329-337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.22518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141730994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptional response of primary hippocampal neurons following exposure to 3.0 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields","authors":"Jody C. Cantu PhD,&nbsp;Joseph W. Butterworth PhD,&nbsp;Jason A. Payne MSc,&nbsp;Ibtissam Echchgadda PhD","doi":"10.1002/bem.22517","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22517","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been associated with the modulation of neuronal electrophysiology and synaptic plasticity. Given the potential of these changes to coincide with alterations in gene expression, this study investigated whether a transcriptional response would occur in neurons following exposure to RF-EMF, under both thermal and nonthermal conditions. Rat primary hippocampal neurons (PHNs) underwent either a single (one-time) or a multiple (3-times, once a day) exposures to RF-EMF (3.0 GHz, CW) at two different mean specific absorption rate (SAR) values of 0.57 W/kg or 5.91 W/kg, which induced a temperature change (Δ<i>T</i> °C) of approximately 0.3°C or 3.6°C, respectively. Alteration in transcription in the RF-EMF-exposed PHNs versus the sham counterparts was assessed at 0, 4, and 24 h postexposure via high-throughput RNA sequencing using Illumina HiSeq. 2000. A total of 20 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exhibited significant upregulation due to RF-EMF exposure, observed only with the high SAR dose that induced a thermal rise. However, the expression of these DEGs was not significant at 24 h postexposure. Our findings confirmed a lack of nonthermal effects on gene expression under low RF-EMF exposure conditions as evaluated. Additionally, the results indicated a slight thermal effect of exposures at the dose nearing the standards threshold of 4 W/kg; however, the effect appeared to be transient. The study suggests that RF-EMF exposures at a level close to the standards threshold, despite inducing mild temperature elevations (i.e., 3–5°C above normal), would not trigger biologically critical cellular changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"45 7","pages":"348-362"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}