Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating the potential of natural graphite as a sustainable material for bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells","authors":"Hafiz Muzammil Irshad,&nbsp;Elaheh Oliaii,&nbsp;Martin Brassard,&nbsp;Mohmmad Khalid,&nbsp;Samaneh Shahgaldi","doi":"10.1007/s40243-026-00376-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-026-00376-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bipolar plates (BPs) are crucial components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which provide electrical conductivity, structural integrity, and play a critical role for gas distribution and water management. However, the preparation of low-cost BPs with mutually enhanced electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and electrochemical durability remains challenging. The present work highlights the utilization of locally sourced, highly graphitized and pure flake shaped natural graphite as a sustainable filler for the development of BPs on a commercial scale, with the required set of characteristics. It functions as an effective natural conductive filler compared to expensive and synthetically produced carbon-based fillers used in literature, involving complex and overdependence on energy-intensive routes. In this study, composites with different natural graphite particle sizes and recyclable polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) have been prepared via ball milling and compression molding process. Comparatively, from twelve different compositions, the composite with a combination of 10 wt% fine graphite, 60 wt% jumbo graphite and 30 wt% PPS demonstrates a synergistic enhancement of electrical/thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and compressive strength. The prepared composite demonstrates a higher degree of crystallinity, high gas (N₂) impermeability, and the lowest thermal expansion. The hybrid particle size formulation has the potential to develop natural graphite-based composite BPs with simultaneously improved multifunctional properties, above DOE. This study provides valuable insights to develop natural graphite-based composite BPs through an industrially viable processing approach, for future PEM fuel cell applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40243-026-00376-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148926561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) as a promising renewable clean technology for green hydrogen and value-added compounds production: towards achieving sustainable development goals","authors":"Dena Z. Khater,&nbsp;Nancy M. Zaki,&nbsp;Ahmed H. El-Attar,&nbsp;Esraa M. Abdelhalim,&nbsp;Mahmoud M. Ismail,&nbsp;K. M. El-Khatib","doi":"10.1007/s40243-026-00375-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-026-00375-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) represent a promising strategy for simultaneously treating wastewater, generating green hydrogen, and producing various biobased products, while minimizing environmental impact in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These systems have been extensively integrated with bioelectrochemical processes and renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, offering a viable pathway for sustainable development. This review provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of MEC's technology, tracing its evolution from its first discovery in 2004 to the present day. The data analyzed were collected from approximately 2000 papers published since 2004, with a particular focus on studies related to the production of green hydrogen, methane, and high-value-added products. Additionally, the review addresses the various challenges associated with MECs, highlighting innovations in design, operational strategies, and anticipated integration with other renewable energy systems. In conclusion, this work outlines a roadmap for future advancements, providing insights into the potential of MECs for hydrogen production, renewable biochemicals, and environmental applications. This framework aims to facilitate the transition from laboratory-scale experiments to industrial-scale implementation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40243-026-00375-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148172427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green hydrogen production via anion exchange membrane water electrolysis by precious metal-free high-entropy oxides","authors":"Sabrina Campagna Zignani,&nbsp;Marta Fazio,&nbsp;Mariarosaria Pascale,&nbsp;Chiara Alessandrello,&nbsp;Claudia Triolo,&nbsp;Maria Grazia Musolino,&nbsp;Saveria Santangelo","doi":"10.1007/s40243-026-00372-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-026-00372-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of efficient and affordable technologies for green hydrogen production can significantly help the transition to sustainable energy systems. Among them, anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) can offer an appealing balance between performance and cost. This requires simple methods for the large-scale synthesis of efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts. In this paper, precious metal-free high-entropy oxides synthesized by the sol–gel method and calcination at different temperatures (400 − 800 °C) are utilized to fabricate the anode of a zero-gap AEMWE full cell, while for the fabrication of the cathode they are first reduced in a H₂/Ar atmosphere. The effect of calcination temperature on the cell electrochemical performance, as resulting from the physicochemical properties of the obtained electrode materials, is studied. The electrode pair obtained from the oxide calcined at 600°C allows achieving a current density of 1.33 A cm⁻² at a potential of 1.93 V at 50 °C in 1M KOH electrolyte. Besides, it is capable of operating at current densities reaching even 1.0 A cm⁻² for 1100 h at a cell potential never exceeding 2.1 V. Overall, the study provides insights into the temperature-driven evolution of multicomponent oxide catalyst properties and its impact on AEMWE performance, contributing to the rational design of efficient and scalable materials for practical applications in sustainable hydrogen generation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40243-026-00372-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of multiple ETL and HTL layers for high-performance lead-free CsSnGeI₃-based perovskite solar cells: a simulation study","authors":"Promud Konch,&nbsp;Prerona Singha,&nbsp;P. K. Kalita,&nbsp;Sagar Bhattarai,&nbsp;Suddhendu DasMahapatra","doi":"10.1007/s40243-026-00371-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-026-00371-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lead-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer high efficiencies but pose environmental and stability challenges due to lead toxicity. Cesium tin-germanium tri-iodide (CsSnGeI₃) emerges as a promising lead-free absorber, combining favorable band alignment and improved stability. In this work, we use SCAPS‑1D solar cell simulator to systematically optimize CsSnGeI₃-based PSCs by varying multiple electron transport layers (ETLs: PCBM, ZnO, TiO₂) and hole transport layers (HTLs: PTAA, NiO, PEDOT: PSS). Each device (ITO/ETLs/CsSnGeI₃/HTLs/Au) is illuminated under standard AM1.5G (1000 W/m²) conditions, and key photovoltaic parameters- short-circuit current density (J_SC), open-circuit voltage (V_OC), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) are observed. Our simulations reveal that inorganic transport layers yield superior performance: notably, the device structure ITO/ZnO/CsSnGeI₃/NiO/Au achieves the highest simulated PCE of 32.41%, with J_SC of 28.38 mA/cm², V_OC of 1.35 V, and FF of 84.54%. These findings highlight optimized architectures for lead-free CsSnGeI₃ PSCs, guiding experimental efforts toward high-efficiency, stable devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40243-026-00371-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148172810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionic liquid tributyl methylphosphonium iodide infused polyethylmethacrylate based polymer electrolyte for dye sensitized solar cell application","authors":"Ibrahim Zakariya’u,&nbsp;Pramod K. Singh,&nbsp;Monika Michalska,&nbsp;Markus Diantoro,&nbsp;Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya,&nbsp;Mustafa A. Alheety,&nbsp;Suneyana Rawat,&nbsp;Rahul Johari","doi":"10.1007/s40243-026-00377-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-026-00377-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, a polymer electrolyte—composed of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) as the host polymer, doped with the ionic liquid tributylmethylphosphonium iodide (TMPI)—is synthesized for use as an electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The ionic conductivity of the PEMA:TMPI polymer electrolyte is determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is observed that the conductivity of the polymer electrolyte increases in the presence of the ionic liquid, reaching a maximum value of 5.08 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm with 20 wt.% TMPI under ambient conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the complexation between PEMA and TMPI. X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy studies confirm the alteration of the polymer's crystallinity. The photovoltaic performance of the DSSC fabricated with the optimized polymer electrolyte demonstrated a solar conversion efficiency of 1.45% under solar illumination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40243-026-00377-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid identification of natural dyes derived from microbial biomass through portable Raman spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis for DSSC application","authors":"Donatella Spadaro,&nbsp;Dario Giuffrida,&nbsp;Alessia Tropea,&nbsp;Ilaria Citro,&nbsp;Giuseppe Calogero,&nbsp;Stefano Trocino,&nbsp;Cassamo U. Mussagy,&nbsp;Rosa C. Ponterio,&nbsp;Luigi Mondello","doi":"10.1007/s40243-026-00373-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-026-00373-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of carotenoid mixtures derived from various dye-producing microorganisms for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Raw microbial biomasses were analyzed using rapid, non-destructive portable Raman spectroscopy, and spectral differences were interpreted through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), enabling the discrimination of four distinct classes of compounds not immediately evident from spectroscopy alone. To validate this pre-screening approach, DSSCs were fabricated using extracted pigments, and their photoelectrochemical properties were assessed by I–V and EIS measurements. The best-performing devices were associated with a specific Raman-PCA cluster, confirming a consistent correlation between spectral grouping and photovoltaic trends. Notably, this methodology represents a transferable and scalable screening platform that can be applied to microorganisms with diverse chemical structures, enabling the rapid and sustainable selection of promising pigment sources for green solar energy applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40243-026-00373-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Montmorillonite K10-supported CaO–MgO catalyst for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas: Taguchi (L9) optimization","authors":"Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff,&nbsp;Afeez Olayinka Gbadamosi,&nbsp;Yuli Panca Asmara,&nbsp;David Ukuku,&nbsp;Elyor Berdimurodov,&nbsp;Khasan Berdimurodov,&nbsp;Rasulbek Eshmetov,&nbsp;Khudaybergan Polvonov","doi":"10.1007/s40243-026-00370-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-026-00370-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biodiesel production can be made more sustainable by utilizing non-edible feedstock and heterogeneous catalysts, thus ensuring clean and affordable energy in conformity with the sustainable development goal (SDG 7). Herein, a reusable mixed metal (Ca–Mg) oxide-laden montmorillonite K10 (CaO–MgO@MK10) was developed by coprecipitation-impregnation method at different Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ molar ratios followed by calcination at 700 °C for 4 h to ensure the Ca–Mg oxide deposition on MK10 surface for biodiesel synthesis via methanolysis of <i>Jatropha curcas</i> oil (JCO). The evaluation of the catalysts’ physicochemical properties and activity using various analytical methods and catalytic tests showed that the CaO–MgO@MK10 composite prepared at a 1.5:1 Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ molar ratio (CaO–MgO@MK10-1.5:1) exhibited best catalytic activity for transesterification of JCO, ascribing to high basicity (15.0 &lt; H_&lt;18.4), large surface area (93.0 m² g^− 1), mesoporous structure and well dispersed Ca–Mg oxides on MK10 support. Optimization of methanolysis of JCO with a CaO–MgO@MK10-1.5:1 catalyst using Taguchi method determined optimum conditions (CH₃OH/JCO ratio of 12:1, methanolysis temperature of 60 °C, catalyst concentration of 3 wt% and reaction duration of 3 h), under which the maximum biodiesel yield of 97.2<span>(:pm:0.17)</span>% was achieved. The FAME content in the optimal biodiesel sample was 97.85 wt%, according to GC-MS analysis, exceeding the EN 14,214 biodiesel standard of 96.5 wt%. Moreover, CaO–MgO@MK10-1.5:1 was proven to be stable after being reused for 7 times with a minimal leaching of &lt; 15%, indicating its promising industrial application potential.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40243-026-00370-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface engineering with single-walled carbon nanotubes for high-efficiency (> 29%) lead-free BaSnS₃ perovskite solar cells: insights from numerical simulation","authors":"Masood Mehrabian,&nbsp;Pourya Norouzzadeh,&nbsp;Maryam Taleb-Abbasi,&nbsp;Asmet N. Azizova,&nbsp;Ghodrat Mahmoudi,&nbsp;Omid Akhavan","doi":"10.1007/s40243-026-00364-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-026-00364-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The search for efficient, lead-free perovskite solar cells motivates the exploration of stable chalcogenide absorbers like BaSnS₃. To address the need for systematic interface engineering in these devices, this SCAPS-1D simulation study investigates the integration of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) interlayer. We first optimize an FTO/TiO₂/BaSnS₃/P3HT/Ag baseline cell, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.05%. By introducing and optimizing a SWCNT layer, the PCE is boosted to 29.15%—an absolute gain of 3.10% points. Our analysis deconvolutes this enhancement, attributing it to improved charge extraction (increased fill factor to 86.19%), a higher built-in potential, and extended near-infrared absorption. A sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of this gain even with more realistic SWCNT parameters. The study provides clear design rules and quantifies the theoretical performance ceiling for SWCNT-engineered interfaces, offering a valuable guide for experimental development of high-efficiency, lead-free chalcogenide perovskite photovoltaics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40243-026-00364-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced supercapacitive performance of CuO/Cu2O/Cu nanostructures: a comparative study before and after plasma functionalization","authors":"Sarra Aoun,&nbsp;Idoumou Bouya Ahmed,&nbsp;Imen Gritli,&nbsp;Michael Redolfi,&nbsp;Ibtissem Ben Assaker","doi":"10.1007/s40243-026-00367-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-026-00367-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>CuO/Cu₂O nanostructures were developed on copper substrates through an anodization process in a sodium hydroxide solution, with durations ranging from 0 to 900 s. This study examines how anodization improved the surface activity of the material, which was further enhanced by a two-hour (N₂) plasma treatment. The influence of anodization time on the final layers’ structural, morphological and electrochemical properties was investigated. A cubic phase of CuO/Cu₂O films was observed from X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. Surface roughness and nanostructure density were increased when anodization time was increased, this was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further electrochemical performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) and electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS). With an areal capacitance of 1250 mF.cm^− 2, the sample that was anodized for 600 s and treated with (N₂) plasma (Cu-600s-N₂) showed the best supercapacitive behavior out of all the samples that were tested. The contributions of diffusion-controlled and capacitive mechanisms to the total amount of charge storage were examined using Dunn’s method. After plasma treatment, EIS measurements also revealed improved electronic conductivity and a sharp rise in electron lifetime from 64 ms to 1592 ms. These findings highlight the metal oxide nanostructures treated with (N₂) plasma’s great potential for cutting-edge energy storage applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><p>The graphical abstract depicts the synthesis of CuO/Cu2O nanostructures through anodization followed by (N2) plasma treatment, highlighting the enhancement in surface morphology and supercapacitive performance, especially for the Cu-600s-N2 sample.</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40243-026-00367-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of hybrid graphene–biochar–metal foam composites phase change materials for building applications","authors":"Sapana Dhabarde,&nbsp;Meena Laad","doi":"10.1007/s40243-026-00365-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40243-026-00365-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Innovative research into thermal energy retention materials that improve interior thermal efficiency and lower overall energy consumption is prompted by the growing need for energy-efficient buildings. Phase change materials are known for their enormous latent heat storage capacity; however, issues with low thermal conductivity, leakage, and structural stability following repeated thermal cycling limit their practical application. This review work investigated the creation of hybrid biochar-metal foam PCM composites in order to overcome these problems. By adding graphene, rapid heat absorption and release rates are obtained, which considerably enhance thermal conductivity. Biochar, which is produced by pyrolyzing agricultural waste, offers a lightweight, extremely porous, economical, and environmentally acceptable matrix that reduces PCM leakage and promotes capillary-driven form stability. Benefits of metal foam include homogeneous heat distribution, good mechanical resistance, and structural strengthening. PCM is injected into hybrid scaffolds using the vacuum impregnation process to create form-stable composites that improve thermal transfer and minimize leakage. The findings demonstrate the use of composites in thermal-regulating wall panels, roofing systems, and passive energy-saving envelopes. For the future generation of high-performing, energy-efficient buildings, this PCM composite hybrid graphene-biochar-metal foam offers sustainable TES materials.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":692,"journal":{"name":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40243-026-00365-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147607380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}