Ionics最新文献

{"title":"SOC-SOH estimation method for lithium iron phosphate battery considering energy storage operating conditions and current mutation detection","authors":"Jun Xie,&nbsp;Xiaojian Ma,&nbsp;Yutong Zhang,&nbsp;Chunxin Wang,&nbsp;Qing Xie","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06478-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06478-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A method to estimate the SOC-SOH of lithium iron phosphate battery, with consideration of batteries’ characteristic working conditions of energy storage, was utilized to estimate the high-precision state of LiFePO4 battery with the interference of the strong current fluctuation and battery aging in the energy storage power station. First, the actual operation data of the energy storage power station based on time sequence was selected to extract characteristic currents and construct testing conditions suitable for the experimental platform. Then, parameters of the second-order RC model were obtained through an offline hybrid pulse power characteristic (HPPC) test. On this basis, the initial values of the forgetting factor recursive least squares (FFRLS) algorithm were determined to realize precise online parameter identification in the conditions of constant current and alternating current. At the same time, the threshold of the mutation test was calculated based on kernel density estimation (KDE) and Gauss-Legendre numerical integration method to quickly identify the current mutation and effectively differentiate the constant current stage and the alternating current stage. At last, the data of the constant current stage were used to estimate the SOH of the battery, which was used for the subsequent SOC estimation in the alternating current stage. The results showed that the method of improving parameter identification precision by incorporating KDE was significantly better than the method of just using HPPC or the FFRLS method based on fixed initial values, and the SOC-SOH joint estimation effect was significantly better than the single estimation of SOC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 8","pages":"7849 - 7862"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cu3P/Zn0.8Cd0.2S/g-C3N4 ternary nanocomposite for efficient visible-light-driven degradation of methylene blue through a dual Z-scheme photocatalytic configuration","authors":"Mohamad Amin Ziveh,&nbsp;Fatemeh Sousani,&nbsp;Sayed Khatiboleslam Sadrnezhaad,&nbsp;Mukul Sethi","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06464-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06464-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research intends to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) for visible-light–driven pollutant degradation by constructing a novel Cu₃P/Zn_0.8Cd_0.2S/g-C₃N₄ ternary nanocomposite. The synthesis of Cu₃P/Zn_0.8Cd_0.2S/g-C₃N₄ is conducted by a facile hydrothermal procedure. The structural characteristics, morphology, and photocatalytic properties of the composite were evaluated using XRD, FTIR, XPS, BET, FE-SEM, EDS, TEM, UV–Vis DRS, PL, EIS, photocurrent response, Mott-Schottky, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic degradation of the aqueous solution of methylene blue was performed for 3 h under the irradiation of an LED lamp (100 W, 400–700 nm). The 5%-Cu₃P/Zn_0.8Cd_0.2S/g-C₃N₄ composite exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency, achieving a 95.64% degradation of MB within 180 min, and 72.09% in 30 min, with an apparent rate constant of 0.0131 min⁻¹, substantially outperforming the individual components (58.55% for g-C₃N₄, 58.63% for Zn_0.8Cd_0.2S, and 70.15% for Cu₃P within 180 min). The improved photocatalytic capability of Cu₃P/Zn_0.8Cd_0.2S/g-C₃N₄ is mainly attributed to the construction of a dual Z-scheme heterojunction between g-C₃N₄, Zn_0.8Cd_0.2S, and Cu₃P, promoting both the separation and movement of photoexcited charge transporters. This study demonstrates the potential of developing Cu₃P/Zn_0.8Cd_0.2S/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction as a noble-metal-free and cost-effective photocatalyst for wastewater treatment, suggesting its applicability for other purposes such as water splitting, CO₂ reduction, and antibacterial activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 8","pages":"8313 - 8334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of state of charge for lead–carbon batteries utilizing the fusion of DEKF algorithm and PNGV model","authors":"Ganglong Yu,&nbsp;Feng Wang,&nbsp;Lu Wang,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Hao Jin,&nbsp;Junlong Lu,&nbsp;Canyu Yang,&nbsp;Yanyan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06472-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06472-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lead–carbon batteries represent a groundbreaking achievement in the realm of superbatteries, seamlessly blending the technical merits of lead-acid batteries with supercapacitors. They boast not only the energy storage capabilities of batteries but also exhibit the swift high-capacity charging and discharging abilities of supercapacitors. This fusion renders lead–carbon batteries highly efficient in rapid charge–discharge applications and endowed with substantial energy density. However, research into assessing the state of charge (SOC) of lead–carbon batteries remains relatively underdeveloped. Specifically, the challenges associated with achieving accurate and real-time SOC estimation have hindered extensive studies in this area. Addressing these challenges, particularly those related to accuracy and real-time performance, is crucial for advancing SOC estimation in lead–carbon batteries. This study proposes a state-of-charge (SOC) estimation method for lead–carbon batteries based on a Dual Extended Kalman Filter (DEKF). By establishing a second-order Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) equivalent circuit model for lead–carbon batteries and conducting Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and Dynamic Stress Test (DST) simulations, the experimental results demonstrate that the DEKF joint estimation method can accurately and stably estimate the SOC of lead–carbon batteries, with a maximum estimation error of less than 1%. This algorithm is simple and practical, providing accurate and reliable state estimation and prediction for the battery management system, thereby enhancing battery lifespan and performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 8","pages":"8097 - 8109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized Mn doped ZnO@rGO nanocomposites: a breakthrough for advanced energy storage and PEC systems","authors":"Zarina Ansari,&nbsp;Suresh Kadam,&nbsp;Sujata Kasabe,&nbsp;Jenis Tripathi,&nbsp;Pramod Agale,&nbsp;Sunil Patange,&nbsp;Paresh More","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06468-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06468-x","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pristine ZnO and Mn doped ZnO (Mn-ZnO) were synthesized by sol–gel auto-combustion method. Three different concentrations of Mn-ZnO (1%, 5%, and 10%) were treated with rGO in hydrothermal reactor to obtained (1%, 5%, and 10%) Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the successful incorporation of Mn into the ZnO lattice and the formation of Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposites. The peak at 2θ = 25.16° signifies the presence of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thus confirmed formation of Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposite. Rietveld refined pattern showed that all the samples are pure with wurtzite structure. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of metal–oxygen bonds and functional groups within the composites. The stretching vibration of ZnO at 464 cm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; confirmed the wurtzite structure. The peak at 600 cm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and 880 cm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; assigned for vibrational, antisymmetric stretching mode of MnO and Mn–O respectively. Significant peaks at 1080 cm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and 1392 cm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; are due to C-O stretching vibrations from C–O–C bonds and C–OH bending vibrations, respectively. The peak at 1432 cm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; indicates the -C = O group stretching vibration from inorganic carbonate species. The peak at 2850 cm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; corresponds to the symmetrical stretching vibration of the C-H group. FTIR analysis confirmed formation of Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposite. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images demonstrate a high density of irregularly sized nanoparticles, confirming the effective deposition of Mn-ZnO nanoparticles on to rGO sheets and the robust binding of these nanoparticles, resulting in Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided detailed insights into the oxidation states of the elements with a focus on 5% Mn-ZnO@rGO nano composite. The survey spectrum for the 5% Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposite confirmed the presence of Zn, Mn, O, and C. The lack of contaminants peaks in the XPS analysis supports the successful synthesis of Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposite. Raman spectroscopy detected vibrational modes between 1300 cm⁻&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and 1600 cm⁻&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, which are characteristic of rGO and Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposites. There is increase in the D band and G band intensity ratio (ID/IG), and this confirms the disorder in the carbon components. It further confirmed that during the Mn-ZnO@rGO composite's formation, GO was converted to rGO. Electrochemical performance, assessed through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge (GCD), and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). Long-term cycling stability over 5000 cycles indicated that 5% Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposite exhibited superior performance compared to 1% and 10% counterparts. Additionally, photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) measurements further validated the exceptional performance of the 5% Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposite. These findings demonstrate that the 5% Mn-ZnO@rGO nanocomposit","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 8","pages":"8151 - 8172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electron cloud engineering enables low-potential multi-redox-center organic anodes: towards dendrite-free, high-energy aqueous zinc-ion batteries","authors":"Haitao Zou,&nbsp;Shushun Liu,&nbsp;Anning Jiang,&nbsp;Yong Chen,&nbsp;Fuxu Zhan,&nbsp;Lili Liu,&nbsp;Jinlei Tian,&nbsp;Jijun Feng","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06477-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06477-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Developing organic anode materials to fabricate zinc metal-free zinc ion batteries (ZF-ZIBs) is a prospective strategy to address the safety risks aroused by zinc dendrite. However, previously reported organic anodes are often criticized for their high potentials or low capacities. Here, an enlarged redox-active π-conjugated molecule, diquinoxalino[2,3-f:2′,3′-h]quinoxalino-[2,3-i]phenazine-2,3,8,9,17,18,23,24-octam-ethoxy-13,28-dione (DQPOD), is developed based on the electron cloud regulation strategy. Notably, the incorporation of the eight methoxy groups effectively increases the electron cloud density of the conjugated system, thus enabling the material to obtain an eminently low average discharge potential (0.44 V vs. Zn/Zn²⁺), while the enlarged π-conjugated redox-active structure produces an exceptional theoretical capacity of 390.5 mAh g⁻¹ and distinguished electrochemical performance. As expected, DQPOD exhibits superior practical capacity (300.22 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹), satisfying cyclic stability and excellent rate capability. The MnO₂/DQPOD full battery presents an average operating voltage of up to 0.81 V at 5 A g⁻¹ and an ultrahigh power density of 3636 W kg⁻¹. The novel molecular architecture engineering strategy of DQPOD not only furnishes a unique outlook about the design of organic anode materials but also contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse of high-safety, high-energy–density metal-ion battery systems.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><p>Low-potential multi-electron redox organic anodes for zinc ion batteries are developed through active centers combination and electron cloud regulation strategy.</p>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 8","pages":"8085 - 8096"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfonated poly(aryl ether nitrile) proton exchange membranes containing acid–base pairs for achieving low methanol permeability and enhanced dimensional stability","authors":"YiFei Shi,&nbsp;An Liu,&nbsp;Hui Zhao,&nbsp;Tao Cheng,&nbsp;Shuning Liu,&nbsp;Xiaobo Liu,&nbsp;Yumin Huang","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06450-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06450-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sulfonated poly(aryl ether nitrile) (SPEN) as proton exchange membrane (PEM) typically possesses excellent properties, but its performance is overly dependent on the degree of sulfonation. Balancing the degree of sulfonation with the conductivity, mechanical properties, methanol permeability, and dimensional stability of membranes is crucial. Herein, aminodiol monomer (4-AmPHQ), a bisphenol monomer, is synthesized and further reacts with 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl (BP), 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate (SHQ), 2,6-difluorobenzonitrile (DFBN), K₂CO₃, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and toluene to prepare SPEN with varying amounts of amino groups (AmSPEN-Y). The influences of the amino groups on the structure and properties of SPEN are investigated. The results show that the proton conductivity of AmSPEN-Y membranes at 80 °C ranges from 0.137 to 0.174 S·cm⁻¹, which is much higher than 0.08 S·cm⁻¹ of Nafion 117 and meets the requirements of direct methanol fuel cells. The selectivity of AmSPEN-10 reaches 3.93 × 10⁵ S·cm⁻³·s, which is 8.7 times higher than the selectivity of Nafion 117. At 80 °C, the swelling rate of AmSPEN-10 is only 14.22%, demonstrating that this strategy simultaneously achieves the enhancement of SPEN’s proton conductivity, methanol selectivity, and dimensional stability. Our investigation provides a new strategy for preparing high-performance copolymer membranes, which have potential applications in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and other fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 8","pages":"8005 - 8016"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in synthesis and fabrication of LiFePO4 cathode materials: a comprehensive review","authors":"Anisa Surya Wijareni,&nbsp;Jotti Karunawan,&nbsp;Zela Tanlega Ichlas,&nbsp;Afriyanti Sumboja,&nbsp;Mohammad Zaki Mubarok","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06460-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06460-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄/LFP) batteries have great potential to significantly impact the electric vehicle market. These batteries are synthesized using lithium, iron, and phosphate as precursors. They offer several advantages, such as abundant availability, low toxicity, high thermal stability, and cost-effectiveness, making them an attractive option for electric vehicle applications. However, the widespread adoption of LFP batteries faces several challenges, including the limited availability of suitable precursors and the need for a more optimized fabrication process to ensure consistent and efficient performance. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the LFP battery fabrication process is essential. This paper aims to comprehensively understand the synthesis routes and suitability of various iron sources for LFP battery production. These synthesis processes include various synthesis methods such as hydrothermal, spray pyrolysis, sol-gel, solid-state, dry emulsion, microwave heating, carbothermal, mechanochemical activation, and coprecipitation. Each method offers specific advantages and disadvantages regarding efficiency, quality of the resulting material, and compatibility with the available iron source. By exploring and optimizing appropriate fabrication methods, we can overcome the key challenges hindering the development of LFP batteries, increase their capacity and cycle life, and accelerate their adoption in the global electric vehicle market.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 8","pages":"7565 - 7593"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of methylene blue via H₂O₂/HCO₃⁻/Co2⁺ system using cobalt recovered from spent Li-ion batteries","authors":"Eric M. Garcia,&nbsp;Hosane A. Taroco,&nbsp;Júlio O. F. Melo,&nbsp;Patrícia A. Rocha,&nbsp;Roseli M. Balestra,&nbsp;Cristiane G. Taroco,&nbsp;Honória F. Gorgulho","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06471-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06471-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing environmental burden posed by synthetic dyes and electronic waste demands innovative, sustainable solutions. In this work, we present a green and efficient advanced oxidation process (AOP) employing cobalt ions recovered from spent Li-ion battery (LIB) cathodes to catalyze the degradation of methylene blue (MB), a model organic pollutant. The Co²⁺/HCO₃⁻/H₂O₂ system enabled complete decolorization of a 10 ppm MB solution within 10 min under mild conditions (pH ~ 8.35), with kinetic analysis revealing pseudo-zero-order behavior in MB and half-order dependence on Co²⁺, HCO₃⁻, and H₂O₂. UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the [Co(CO₃)₃]³⁻ complex, while electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) revealed demethylated intermediates and smaller fragments, suggesting progressive mineralization. Mechanistic insights indicate the predominant formation of carbonate radicals (•CO₃⁻), as supported by isopropanol scavenging experiments. This study highlights the dual environmental benefit of cobalt recovery and wastewater treatment, offering a sustainable pathway for the valorization of electronic waste and the mitigation of textile dye pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 8","pages":"7837 - 7847"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic sulfur engineering in Amorphous Co–S nanoparticles via ChCl–EG DES–mediated synthesis for efficient overall water splitting","authors":"Youpo Mise,&nbsp;Shaohua Wang,&nbsp;Wen Shi,&nbsp;Yakun Yin,&nbsp;Juan An,&nbsp;Xuejiao Zhou,&nbsp;Wentang Xia,&nbsp;Wenqiang Yang","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06467-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06467-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a green strategy for synthesizing amorphous cobalt sulfide (Co–S) bifunctional electrocatalysts via a choline chloride–ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent (DES) under ambient conditions, addressing ionic coordination dynamics and defect engineering for enhanced solid–state ionic/electronic transport in energy conversion. By modulating the equilibrium between Co²⁺ and S₂O₃^2- ions in Ethaline, we fabricated monodisperse Co–150S nanoparticles (~ 78 nm) with tailored sulfur content (S/Co = 1.9), an amorphous architecture, and abundant oxygen vacancies. These structural features synergistically optimized ionic diffusion pathways and electronic conductivity, achieving exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities in alkaline media. The Co–150S/NF electrode demonstrated a volcano-like sulfur-dependent activity profile, achieving the highest electrochemically active surface area (ECSA, 3.7 cm²) and ultralow overpotentials of − 105 mV (HER) and 277 mV (OER) at 10 mA cm⁻², comparable to benchmark Pt/C and RuO₂ catalysts. Post-electrolysis characterization revealed dynamic structural reorganization during HER and OER operations, involving over 80 at% sulfur depletion and the formation of metastable Co-rich phases that maintained catalytic functionality. In overall water splitting, the system required only 1.62 V to drive 10 mA cm⁻² with minimal activity decay (1.5 mV h⁻¹ over 26 h). Mechanistic investigations revealed that sulfur incorporation initiates a multiscale optimization process: (i) DES–mediated ionic confinement prevents particle aggregation, promoting uniform nanosphere formation; (ii) modulation of the electronic structure through nonstoichiometric Co–S coordination; and (iii) defect engineering through the enrichment of oxygen vacancies. This study provides insights into ionic coordination mechanisms in non–aqueous solvents and defect–mediated ion transport in amorphous solids, suggesting a potential strategy for developing electrocatalysts applicable to related energy storage technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 8","pages":"8221 - 8233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the structural, optical, and thermal behavior of CuCl2 incorporated PVP/glycerin-based polymer electrolytes for energy storage applications","authors":"Aseel A. Kareem,&nbsp;Ali Adil Abbas,&nbsp;Hussein Kh. Rasheed,&nbsp;Anji Reddy Polu,&nbsp;Yosef Jazaa,&nbsp;Thamer Alomayri","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06465-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06465-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polymer electrolyte films composed of PVP and PVP/glycerin with varying concentrations of CuCl₂ (10, 20, and 30 wt.%) were synthesized using the solution casting method. The synthesized electrolyte films were characterized using FTIR, XRD, UV–Vis, DSC, and TGA techniques. FTIR spectroscopy revealed an O–H stretching vibration of PVP around 3300 cm⁻¹, which experienced broadening and a reduction in intensity upon the introduction of glycerin and CuCl₂. XRD analysis displayed a characteristic peak at 2θ ~ 20°, with the peak shifting towards higher angles and a slight decrease in intensity as the CuCl₂ concentration increased, indicating a disruption of the crystalline structure of the host matrix. UV–Vis analysis revealed that the optical bandgap of pure PVP was 3.6 eV, whereas the incorporation of 10, 20, and 30 wt.% CuCl₂ into the PVP/glycerin system resulted in a significant reduction of the bandgap to 2.4, 1.7, and 1.4 eV, respectively. DSC measurements indicated a decrease in the glass transition temperature (<i>T</i>_g) from 150 °C for pure PVP to 146, 144, and 140 °C for the PVP/glycerin composites containing 10, 20, and 30% CuCl₂, respectively. TGA results indicated enhanced thermal stability for PVP/glycerin with CuCl₂, which remained stable up to 225 °C, compared to pure PVP. According to conductivity measurements, the highest ionic conductivity achieved for a system containing 20 wt.% CuCl₂ is 6.47 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm at room temperature. The experimental data suggest that these optimized electrolyte materials could be suitable candidates for high-performance energy storage technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"31 8","pages":"8017 - 8025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}