{"title":"Real-time battery SoC estimation using machine learning with raspberry Pi and OPAL-RT validation","authors":"Tikam Bhardwaj, Vijay Kale, Makarand Sudhakar Ballal, Sudarshan Khond","doi":"10.1007/s11581-026-06974-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-026-06974-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Accurate State of Charge (SoC) estimation for lithium-ion batteries is vital for managing energy well in electric vehicles and storage systems. This paper introduces a new real-time SoC estimation system. It uses a simple Decision Tree Regression (DTR) model, tested with a Raspberry Pi and an OPAL-RT real-time simulator. Unlike many studies that test offline or use complex models, our method focuses on embedded feasibility, running in real-time, and cost effective. The Raspberry Pi runs the machine learning part, showing that SoC estimation can run on cheap hardware. The OPAL-RT simulator provides real-time voltage and current signals. An MCP3008 analog-to-digital converter picks up these signals, allowing for smooth and clear data exchange between the simulation and the device. This setup, where hardware works with the simulation, lets us test the SoC estimator in conditions that are just like real life. Our tests show the system has a MAE of 0.1427, MAPE of 0.02148, and RMSE of 0.14631. This means it estimates SoC reliably without needing much computational complexity. These results suggest that this method is good for real-time battery management application on embedded devices with limited resources. The novelty of work here is the combination of an efficient machine learning model, cheap embedded hardware, and real-time testing. This bridges the gap between data-driven SoC estimation and practical use in devices. The system also sets up a flexible base for custom changes and future battery management improvements.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"32 3","pages":"2849 - 2868"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IonicsPub Date : 2026-02-17DOI: 10.1007/s11581-025-06880-3
Subramani Shanmugam, N. Rajiv Chandar, R. Thangarasu, M. Velayutham Pillai, V. Saravanan, SaravanaVadivu Arunachalam, P. Peulakumari, R. Kumaresan
{"title":"Sunlight irradiated facile synthesis of rGO: enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of nitrite ions and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue","authors":"Subramani Shanmugam, N. Rajiv Chandar, R. Thangarasu, M. Velayutham Pillai, V. Saravanan, SaravanaVadivu Arunachalam, P. Peulakumari, R. Kumaresan","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06880-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06880-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Currently the inclusion of nitrite-based minerals is limitless which results in an obvious harmful impact on the environments. Hence the evolvement of a simple and highly responsive investigative technique for detecting nitrite becoming an essential priority. An uncomplicated green synthesis-based fabrication of Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) results into an ineluctable method for nitrate identification. The preparation of Graphene Oxide (GO) using modified Hummer’s method and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) along with a photo-assisted minimizing methodology serves as a benchmark. The rGO degradation efficiency attainted in the utilized technique is about 93.6%. Consequently, the sensor from rGO fabricated demonstrates an exceptional electrocatalytic characteristics in the electro-oxidation of nitrite and exhibits the photocatalytic behavior in against the Methylene Blue (MB) dye.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"32 3","pages":"3181 - 3192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The structure and electrochromic properties of vanadium pentoxide nanocomposite films supported within ZnO nanorod array","authors":"Desheng Chen, Juan Zhang, Shichuang Cui, Yuqing Zhang, Jinrun Zha, Jinshuai Yi, Quanyao Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s11581-026-06986-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-026-06986-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> has attracted extensive research interest in the field due to its unique capability of both anodic and cathodic electrochromism. In this study, ZnO/V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> nanocomposite films were fabricated by incorporating ZnO nanorod arrays into V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> films via a combination of electrochemical deposition and spin‑coating. The electrochemical and optical properties of the composite films were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, UV‑Vis spectroscopy, and colorimetric analysis. The results show that the ZnO/V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> composite films exhibits fast electrochromic switching (t<sub>c</sub>/t<sub>b</sub> = 2 s/2.6 s) and can reversibly switch among blue‑gray, olive‑green, yellow‑green, and yellow colors. It also achieves a high transmittance modulation of 31.33% at 550 nm, a wavelength to which the human eye is highly sensitive. This work proposes a new strategy for the preparation of ZnO/V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> composite films, and this strategy offers new insights into obtaining fast-response electrochromic films.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"32 3","pages":"3257 - 3266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IonicsPub Date : 2026-02-16DOI: 10.1007/s11581-026-06983-5
Shusheng Liu, Hongtao Li, Rongning Liang
{"title":"Recent advances in polymeric membrane-based potentiometric ion-selective sensors for disease diagnosis","authors":"Shusheng Liu, Hongtao Li, Rongning Liang","doi":"10.1007/s11581-026-06983-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-026-06983-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nowadays, potentiometric ion sensors have been widely used in disease diagnostics. However, up to now, the clinical applications of these sensors have been mainly limited to detection of electrolytes. Hence, it is highly desired to address the sensor fabrication challenges, and further extend application scenarios of potentiometric sensors in clinical disease diagnosis. This review summarizes the fabrication procedures and the applications of various polymeric membrane-based potentiometric sensors in diagnosis of multi-diseases such as metabolism, respiratory system, circulation system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system and nervous system diseases in body fluids including peripheral blood, saliva, tear, sweat, semen, vaginal fluid, urine and interstitial fluid. Furthermore, the existing challenges and future prospects are provided. It can be expected that this review will shed new lights on the understanding of polymeric membrane potentiometric sensors and pave the way for the widespread applications of these chemical sensors in medical diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"32 3","pages":"2695 - 2719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IonicsPub Date : 2026-02-12DOI: 10.1007/s11581-026-06993-3
Deepak Kumar, M. Rizwan, Amrish K. Panwar
{"title":"Recent Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions of Lithium-Sulfur Battery","authors":"Deepak Kumar, M. Rizwan, Amrish K. Panwar","doi":"10.1007/s11581-026-06993-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-026-06993-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) have emerged as a promising candidate for the next generation due to their high theoretical, specific capacity (~ 1675 mAh g⁻<sup>1</sup>), high energy density (~ 2600 Wh kg⁻<sup>1</sup>), and cost effectiveness. Even with these advantages, their widespread commercialization is hindered by its critical challenges, including polysulfide dissolution, poor sulfur utilization, the low electrical conductivity of sulfur and its discharge products. To overcome these issues, significant research has focused on the development of sulfur cathode composites including conductive carbon nanostructures, such as activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and conducting polymer, that increase conductivity, prevent volume changes, and physically confine polysulfides. This review thoroughly investigated the electrochemical principles governing LSBs, latest material developments in sulfur hosts, carbon/sulfur nanocomposites, and the role of multifunctional interlayers and separators. Recent progress in electrolyte formulations, including solid-state, gel-polymer, and liquid-phase electrolytes, has been critically analysed in relation to ion transport and stability. The technological status of LSB competitors, i.e. Li-ion and Li-air, has been examined and discussed through comparative perspectives. Finally, potential research pathways are identified, focusing on scalable material production, interface stabilisation techniques, and accurate cell designs for commercial feasibility. This thorough investigation delivers a strong theoretical foundation for enhancing LSB technology for high performance rechargeable energy systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"32 3","pages":"2459 - 2482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IonicsPub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1007/s11581-025-06916-8
Shan Yang, Liming Qin, Yehong Chen, Chaojun Wu
{"title":"Wide-temperature and high-ionic conductivity nanocellulose-based gel electrolyte prepared by a facile freeze-thaw method for supercapacitors","authors":"Shan Yang, Liming Qin, Yehong Chen, Chaojun Wu","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06916-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06916-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rational and effective combination of different electrochemical substances to prepare high ionic conductivity supercapacitor gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) has been widely studied by researchers. Currently, most work focuses on adding many crosslinker or initiator agents into polymers to prepare the GPE of supercapacitor. This method is efficient, but the steps are tedious. In this study, a GPE exhibiting high ionic conductivity across a wide temperature range is developed by integrating TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCNF) through a facile freeze-thaw method. The findings revealed that the gel polymer electrolyte of PTC-7 showed a high ionic conductivity of 6.0 S m<sup>−1</sup> at a temperature of 25 °C, a tensile strength of 403.81 kPa, and a compressive strength of 624.17 kPa. The fabricated symmetric supercapacitor demonstrates stable charge-discharge characteristics under harsh environmental conditions ranging from − 25 °C to 75 °C. Even after bending 90° or 180° at room temperature, it retains its original electrochemical properties, thereby demonstrating exceptional practical applicability. This work offers an effective strategy to design gel electrolytes for the supercapacitors, solid-state batteries, and other fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"32 3","pages":"2925 - 2937"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IonicsPub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1007/s11581-025-06951-5
Nabiya Iqbal, Anju Dixit, Pramod S. Dobal, Arpan Manna, Amar S. Bhalla
{"title":"Low-concentration bismuth doping: an effective technique for electrical property enhancement in BaTiO3 ceramics","authors":"Nabiya Iqbal, Anju Dixit, Pramod S. Dobal, Arpan Manna, Amar S. Bhalla","doi":"10.1007/s11581-025-06951-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-025-06951-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the present study, a series of bismuth-doped barium titanate (Ba<sub>1 − x</sub>Bi<sub>x</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) ceramics were synthesized via the sol-gel method to explore a sustainable alternative to the conventional high-temperature solid-state technique. In comparison to the solid-state process, the sol-gel method adopted lower synthesis temperatures that minimized bismuth volatilization and resulted in a controlled crystallite growth and defect engineering at the nanoscale. An extensive structural, microstructural, optical, and electrical analyses revealed that the composition x = 0.05 achieved a favourable combination of properties, that included enhanced dielectric response, improved polarization behaviour, and a reduced optical band gap. As compared to the other synthesized compositions, x = 0.05 also exhibited the largest grain size, stable tetragonality, and a lower Curie temperature. Higher Bi concentrations showed either a suppressed dielectric performance or increased hysteresis losses, thus, highlighting the impact of compositional sensitivity of Bi-doped BaTiO<sub>3</sub> ceramics prepared through sol-gel chemistry. The main novelty of this study lies in demonstrating that controlled low-concentration Bi doping facilitated by the sol-gel technique creates an optimal balance of lattice distortion, oxygen vacancy formation, and electronic structure modification which collectively impact the material’s optical, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties. Thus, the “low-dopant optimum” for the Ba<sub>1 − x</sub>Bi<sub>x</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> ceramics serves as an effective strategy for achieving improved energy storage and electro-optic characteristics.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"32 3","pages":"3031 - 3070"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IonicsPub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1007/s11581-026-07007-y
Ebtesam Khodayar, Morteza Zare
{"title":"Evaluation of quinine-based ionic liquids as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors: insights from molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Ebtesam Khodayar, Morteza Zare","doi":"10.1007/s11581-026-07007-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-026-07007-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>At present, the most effective therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 rely on solid dosage forms. In contrast, recent studies have highlighted ionic liquids (ILs) as promising active pharmaceutical agents. This study investigates quinine and three novel quinine-based ILs–1-butylquinine indole-3-butyrate (<b>qi</b>), 1-butylquinine (<i>S</i>)-mandelate (<b>qm</b>), and 1-butylquinine theophyllinate (<b>qt</b>)–as potential inhibitors of the main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we demonstrate that the quinine-based ILs <b>qi</b>, <b>qm</b>, and <b>qt</b> exhibit superior binding interactions with Mpro compared to native quinine. Notably, <b>qt</b> shows the strongest binding affinity, as consistently confirmed by both docking and MD analyses. Binding energy calculations using both MM-GBSA (Molecular Mechanics-Generalized Born Surface Area) and MM-PBSA (Molecular Mechanics-Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area) methods confirm these results, highlighting <b>qt</b> as the most promising candidate for Mpro inhibition. Among the various interaction forces, van der Waals interactions contribute most significantly to the binding free energy of the studied complexes. This study presents the first application of ILs as potential inhibitors targeting the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2, offering a promising strategy for the development of IL-based antiviral treatments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"32 3","pages":"2959 - 2976"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hierarchically porous Pt/NiO/Ni nanoarchitecture on nickel foam for high-performance and stable hydrogen evolution in alkaline media","authors":"Jinyuan Wu, Shen Luo, Fei Meng, Hao Lin, Handong Liao, Cheng Zhang, Shunyi He, Yaohong Zhao, Yanmei Ren","doi":"10.1007/s11581-026-07001-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-026-07001-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The development of high-performance electrocatalysts with minimal noble-metal loading is critical for advancing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction toward practical applications. Herein, we fabricate a three-dimensional porous nanoarchitecture Pt/NiO/Ni electrocatalyst on nickel foam through a sequential electrodeposition and oxidation approach. This hierarchically porous catalyst exhibits exceptional HER performance in 1.0 M KOH, achieving low overpotentials of 7 mV and 158 mV at current densities of 10 and 1000 mA cm⁻², respectively, and demonstrates remarkable stability over 300 h at 1000 mA cm<sup>-2</sup>. The superior activity stems from a synergistic interplay: ultrafine Pt clusters dispersed on a NiO surface optimize Pt utilization and create abundant active sites, while the Pt–NiO interface accelerates the water dissociation kinetics. Furthermore, the macroporous architecture, templated by hydrogen bubbles, ensures efficient mass transport and gas evolution. This work provides a rational strategy for designing high-performance, low-Pt electrocatalysts, highlighting the importance of synergistic components and robust structures for advanced energy conversion applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"32 3","pages":"3023 - 3029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IonicsPub Date : 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1007/s11581-026-07004-1
Kaifeng Yu, Jie Song, Ce Liang, Shuang Gao, Yi Li
{"title":"Construction and mechanism study of sodium-ion battery anode material based on the synergistic effect between tin disulfide and biomass-derived carbon","authors":"Kaifeng Yu, Jie Song, Ce Liang, Shuang Gao, Yi Li","doi":"10.1007/s11581-026-07004-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11581-026-07004-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their advantages, such as abundant sodium resources and low cost. However, no single material has yet proven ideal as a negative electrode material. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been widely studied as negative electrode materials for sodium storage. Therefore, this study selected tin disulfide (SnS<sub>2</sub>) and biomass corn stover carbon to prepare a novel composite material. Sulfuric acid was selected as the activating agent for corn stover. A carbon material with a spherical structure was obtained and served as a matrix for embedding SnS<sub>2</sub>. This composite combines the structural stability of the carbon framework with the high electrochemical performance of SnS<sub>2</sub>. Through electrochemical performance testing, the feasibility of this material can be further validated. After 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 C, the discharge specific capacity remains at 442.4 mA h g<sup>− 1</sup>. After 1,000 cycles at a current density of 2 C, the discharge specific capacity remains at 222.5 mA h g<sup>− 1</sup>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":599,"journal":{"name":"Ionics","volume":"32 3","pages":"2869 - 2882"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}