Cytojournal最新文献

{"title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute interstitial nephritis: Pathogenesis and heterogeneity.","authors":"Jiyang Jiang, Yuhan Zhou, Yao Yao, Liang Weng, Hui Wang","doi":"10.25259/Cytojournal_68_2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/Cytojournal_68_2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated acute kidney injury is a significant complication of cancer immunotherapy, with acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) being the most common pathological type. This review systematically elaborates on the core pathogenesis, spectrum of pathological heterogeneity, and the distinct immunological underpinnings of ICI-associated AIN (ICI-AIN). The typical mechanism of ICI-AIN involves abnormal activation of the adaptive immune system, activating resident autoreactive CD8⁺ tissue-resident memory T cells. This triggers an interferon-gamma-driven inflammatory cascade, which subsequently recruits and activates myeloid cells, establishing a self-amplifying immune injury network. This type of mechanism can sometimes also form a tertiary lymphoid structure. Further research has unveiled a highly heterogeneous immunopathological spectrum of ICI-AIN, encompassing distinct subtypes often accompanied by features such as a dominant neutrophil infiltration and granulomatous interstitial nephritis. These subtypes correspond to differential immunopathogenic pathways and are closely associated with responses to glucocorticoid therapy and long-term renal outcomes. Future directions necessitate the integration of spatial multi-omics technologies and clinical studies to deeply dissect the immune cell interaction networks. Such efforts are critical to advancing the development of non-invasive diagnostics and targeted therapies, ultimately enabling precision clinical management of ICI-AIN.</p>","PeriodicalId":49082,"journal":{"name":"Cytojournal","volume":"23 ","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13650571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automating fine needle aspiration and non-gynecologic quality control using a large language model: A real-world evaluation of diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.","authors":"Sanskriti Naik, Vikas Nishadham, Christopher Jackson","doi":"10.25259/Cytojournal_192_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/Cytojournal_192_2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Cytopathology laboratories are required to track diagnostic category distributions as part of quality control (QC) under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments regulations. This process is typically manual, time-consuming, and prone to inconsistency. We evaluated whether a large language model (LLM) could accurately and efficiently categorize cytopathology reports to support regulatory QC processes.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 472 fine needle aspiration and non-gynecologic (NG) cytology reports from 1-31 January 2024 were processed using DeepSeek-R1:32B, a locally deployed open-source LLM. GYN cytology reports were excluded because their diagnostic categories are already captured as discrete data in our laboratory information system, eliminating the need for natural language processing. The model extracted the final diagnosis, diagnostic category, and confidence score from each report. A board-certified cytopathologist independently reviewed all cases to serve as the ground truth. Cases were categorized as correct or incorrect. Time required for manual versus artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted review was also measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model achieved 98.5% categorization agreement (95% confidence interval: 97.0-99.3%; Cohen's Kappa = 0.973) with expert review (465/472 cases were classified as correct), with only 1.5% (7/472) raw misclassifications. Most misclassifications were due to semantic ambiguity, missing context, or institutional interpretation conventions. The pipeline implemented a human-in-the-loop mechanism by flagging low-confidence or non-standard outputs for manual review, enhancing safety. The AI-assisted workflow reduced total review time by 98.5%, from 279 to 4.15 min.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that LLMs can accurately and safely support cytopathology QC tasks, significantly reducing workload while maintaining reporting consistency. With further development and validation, LLM-powered tools may become integral to pathology workflows across specialties.</p>","PeriodicalId":49082,"journal":{"name":"Cytojournal","volume":"23 ","pages":"47"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13650582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer stem cells: A roadblock in disease treatment.","authors":"Sonal M Manohar, Ishaan M Shah","doi":"10.25259/Cytojournal_191_2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/Cytojournal_191_2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49082,"journal":{"name":"Cytojournal","volume":"23 ","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13650580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of epidermal growth factor receptor and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog mutation testing in non-plasma body fluids with low tumor cellularity using Idylla®: A proof-of-concept.","authors":"Aida Molero, Pilar Ortega De la Obra, Monica Mate, María Purificación Manzanares","doi":"10.25259/Cytojournal_160_2025","DOIUrl":"10.25259/Cytojournal_160_2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This retrospective, single-center, small-sample proof-of-concept study aims to evaluate the feasibility of detecting <i>epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)</i> and <i>Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)</i> mutations in the supernatant of non-plasma biological fluids, pleural, ascitic, or pericardial effusions, using the Idylla® platform (Ct cartridges with research use only certification for plasma samples).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Ten fluids were tested with the Ct <i>KRAS</i> cartridge and seven with the Ct <i>EGFR</i> cartridge, comparing results with Idylla® testing in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue from the primary tumor. For each sample, 100 μL of supernatant was directly pipetted into the corresponding cartridge; in turbid samples, a preliminary centrifugation step (1600 g, 10 min, room temperature) was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All cases showed concordance between fluid and FFPE results. Notably, <i>KRAS</i> mutations were detected in two fluids with no malignant cells and in one with only scattered tumor cells, and an <i>EGFR</i> mutation was detected in a sample with 5% tumor cells. Specimens had been stored at 4°C for up to 3 weeks, suggesting good DNA preservation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This simple and rapid approach appears feasible in low tumor cellularity samples and could expand molecular testing to patients without accessible tissue. Validation in larger, multicenter cohorts is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":49082,"journal":{"name":"Cytojournal","volume":"23 ","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13441440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does CD30 loss preclude the diagnosis of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma? Insights from a rare case.","authors":"Wenjie Wang, Xiaolong Sui, Guohua Yu","doi":"10.25259/Cytojournal_148_2025","DOIUrl":"10.25259/Cytojournal_148_2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CD30 positivity serves as a critical diagnostic hallmark for anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL); however, rare cases with partial or complete loss of CD30 expression present diagnostic challenges. We report a unique case with two morphologically and immunophenotypically distinct subpopulations within the same tumor: A typical CD30-positive component and a CD30-negative counterpart. Comparative genetic analysis revealed overlapping but divergent molecular features, including nucleophosmin 1-<i>ALK</i> (<i>NPM1-ALK</i>) fusion, notch receptor 1 mutations, and differential gene amplifications involving MYC proto-oncogene and BCL2-like 1. These findings offer insights into the regulatory mechanisms of CD30 and highlight that loss of CD30 expression alone should not preclude the diagnosis of ALK-positive ALCL, underscoring the importance of integrated histopathological and molecular evaluation in diagnostically challenging cases. Meanwhile, it provides a basis for optimizing the diagnostic process of clinically suspected cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":49082,"journal":{"name":"Cytojournal","volume":"23 ","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13441443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long non-coding RNA LOC101926915-encoded micropeptide carboplatin-induced upregulation factor confers carboplatin resistance in ovarian cancer.","authors":"Man Li, YingRu Xu, ZhiBiao Mai, Liangliang Ren, Xuexin Yu, SuWen Chen, ZunFu Ke, Ruyuan Yu","doi":"10.25259/Cytojournal_99_2025","DOIUrl":"10.25259/Cytojournal_99_2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>While carboplatin remains a cornerstone chemotherapeutic agent for ovarian carcinoma, the emergence of resistance constitutes a major contributor to therapeutic failure and compromised clinical outcomes. This study elucidates molecular mechanisms driving carboplatin resistance and identifies novel therapeutic targets for carboplatin-refractory malignancies through characterization of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-encoded micropeptide.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Ribosome profiling analysis delineated translational alterations induced by carboplatin in ovarian cancer models. Mechanistic validation was achieved through the integration of gain- and loss-of-function methodologies, nuclear localization assays, and quantitative assessment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage through enumeration of gamma-H2AX (phosphorylated histone H2AX at serine 139) foci, supplemented by alkaline comet analysis. The therapeutic significance was corroborated using subcutaneous xenograft models derived from patient-derived ovarian cancer cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The micropeptide carboplatin-induced upregulation factor (CARUF), derived from lncRNA LOC101926915, was markedly upregulated in response to carboplatin treatment, with ribosome profiling showing significant enrichment of ribosome-associated LOC101926915 transcripts (adjusted <i>P</i> < 0.01 and log2FC >1). In clinical specimens, elevated CARUF expression was positively correlated with platinum resistance (r = 0.425, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Functional analyses showed that CARUF overexpression promoted DNA damage repair (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and enhanced carboplatin resistance both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (<i>P</i> < 0.001). In contrast, CARUF inhibition impaired DNA damage repair (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and restored carboplatin sensitivity (<i>P</i> < 0.001), resulting in reduced cell viability <i>in vitro</i> (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and suppressed tumor growth <i>in vivo</i> (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Mechanistically, carboplatin-induced DNA lesions activated ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, which phosphorylated CARUF, facilitated its localization to DNA lesion sites, and enhanced DNA repair capacity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings identify CARUF as a critical mediator of aberrant DNA damage response signaling in carboplatin-resistant ovarian cancer, indicating its potential as a druggable target for overcoming carboplatin resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":49082,"journal":{"name":"Cytojournal","volume":"23 ","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13441445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of clinical and histopathological features between serum IgG4-negative and serum IgG4-positive patients with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis: A single-center, retrospective study.","authors":"Xiaorong Tian, Dongling Wan, Hanbin Zhu, Wanshun Li, Yuyan Zhou, Hanxiao Cui, Jiaheng Xu, Zhenghui Yang, Jiayu Li, Deyu Zhang, Liqi Sun, Zhendong Jin, Haojie Huang","doi":"10.25259/Cytojournal_185_2025","DOIUrl":"10.25259/Cytojournal_185_2025","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;In type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) has a complex correlation with pathology. In this study, clinical/histopathological traits of serum IgG4-negative/positive (N/P) patients were compared, and serum IgG4-tissue IgG4 correlations were explored to aid accurate diagnosis/typing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Material and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A retrospective analysis was performed on 78 type 1 AIP patients (screened from 160 eligible cases through inclusion/exclusion criteria, International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria-confirmed at Changhai Hospital (December 2019-2023). At diagnosis, patients with serum IgG4 &lt;135 mg/dL (n = 19) were assigned to the serum IgG4-N group, and those with serum IgG4 ≥135 mg/dL (n = 59) were assigned to the serum IgG4-P group. Clinical baseline data, laboratory indicators, imaging features (computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging/endoscopic ultrasound guided [EUS]), and histopathological findings (from EUS fine-needle aspiration/fine-needle biopsy [EUS-FNA/FNB] or surgery) were compared. Statistical analysis (R 4.4.0) was conducted with Chi-square/Fisher's exact tests (categorical data) and Mann‒Whitney U tests (continuous data); Spearman correlation was used to assess serum IgG4-tissue IgG4 links. A Bonferroni-corrected &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt;0.050 was considered to indicate statistical significance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;No significant differences in sex, age, most comorbidities (e.g., hypertension), or symptoms (e.g., abdominal discomfort) were observed between the serum IgG4-N and serum IgG4-P groups (all &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.050). The rate of bile duct stenosis was higher in the serum IgG4-P group than in the serum IgG4-N group (55.93% vs. 26.32%, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.047), as were the rates of EUS examination (84.75% vs. 52.63%, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.010), EUS-FNA/FNB (84.75% vs. 52.63%, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.010). The 84.75% vs 52.63% (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.010) represents the EUS examination receiving rate between serum IgG4-P and serum IgG4-N groups, rather than the diagnostic positive rate of FNA/FNB subtypes. The serum IgG4-P group also had a higher histopathological confirmation rate (71.19% vs. 36.84%, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.015) and a greater median number of tissue IgG4-P cells (36 vs. 8 cells per high-power field (HPF), &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.035). In contrast, the serum IgG4-N group had a higher median carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) level (32.14 vs. 5.97 U/mL, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.035), a higher rate of long/multiple pancreatic duct narrow sections (30% vs. 2%, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.013), and a higher surgical rate (47.37% vs. 15.25%, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.010). Across both groups, no significant correlation was detected between serum IgG4 levels and tissue IgG4-P plasma cell counts (Spearman's rho = 0.113, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.322; linear regression coefficient = 0.004, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.538).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Serum IgG4 typing is associated with the clinical-pathological features of type 1 AIP. The serum IgG4-P group often shows b","PeriodicalId":49082,"journal":{"name":"Cytojournal","volume":"23 ","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13441444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exosomal lactate dehydrogenase A and histone lactylation: Redefining the metabolic language of cytopathology.","authors":"Hai Nguyen Ngoc Dang, Thang Viet Luong, Trung Nguyen Tran","doi":"10.25259/Cytojournal_204_2025","DOIUrl":"10.25259/Cytojournal_204_2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49082,"journal":{"name":"Cytojournal","volume":"23 ","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13441441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting the autophagic network: A new frontier in colorectal cancer chemotherapy response.","authors":"Ilektra Kyrochristou, Christina Bali, Michail Mitsis, Konstantinos Vlachos, Georgios Lianos","doi":"10.25259/Cytojournal_201_2025","DOIUrl":"10.25259/Cytojournal_201_2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49082,"journal":{"name":"Cytojournal","volume":"23 ","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13378975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From cytology to systems pathology: Decoding the molecular heterogeneity of resectable non-small-cell lung cancer.","authors":"Claudia Bardoni, Monica Casiraghi, Luca Bertolaccini, Juliana Guarize, Lorenzo Spaggiari","doi":"10.25259/Cytojournal_190_2025","DOIUrl":"10.25259/Cytojournal_190_2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49082,"journal":{"name":"Cytojournal","volume":"23 ","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13378971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}