Physiologia plantarum最新文献

{"title":"Exogenous Methyl Jasmonate Promotes Glucosinolate Accumulation and Antioxidant Capacity in Kale Sprouts.","authors":"Huixia Bai, Yafang Luo, Wang Huan, Linlin Zhao, Qi Hu, Yi Kong, Yushu Wang","doi":"10.1111/ppl.71094","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ppl.71094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glucosinolates in two genotypes of kale sprouts treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). This approach enabled the identification of 13 distinct glucosinolates (GSLs) and the quantitative determination of their individual contents. Our results show that MeJA induced GSL biosynthesis, resulting in a significant increase in the total content of aliphatic, indolic, and aromatic GSLs, while also altering their compositional profiles. Notably, the contents of sinigrin (SIN), glucoraphanin (GRA), glucobrassicin (GBC), and glucotropaeolin (GTL) were significantly increased, accompanied by upregulation of key biosynthetic genes, including BoMYB51, BoMYB122, BoSOT18, BoST5a, and BoCYP79A2. MeJA also promoted the accumulation of total phenolics and flavonoids and enhanced CAT and POD activities, associated with improved DPPH radical scavenging activity. However, these metabolic changes were associated with significant growth inhibition, suggesting a trade-off between phytochemical enhancement and biomass production. Genotype-dependent differences were observed between the two lines, with R6 showing stronger anthocyanin induction but weaker GSL responses than W3, indicating that pre-existing metabolic background determines MeJA efficacy. These findings confirm the elicitor effects of MeJA while highlighting the need to balance growth and nutritional quality in potential applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"178 5","pages":"e71094"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13536181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148875447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alleviation of CO₂-Induced Reductions in Tomato Photosynthesis Under Deficit Irrigation by Purple Nonsulfur Photosynthetic Bacteria.","authors":"Bin Du, Jian Kang, M K Shukla, Taisheng Du","doi":"10.1111/ppl.71096","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ppl.71096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The stimulatory effect of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) on photosynthesis in most C3 crops under water deficit often declines over time due to photosynthetic acclimation. An exception occurs in plants inoculated with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB), specifically anoxygenic purple nonsulfur bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris in this study), a group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, are effective in enhancing crop photosynthesis. Therefore, this study investigated the synergistic effects of PSB and eCO₂ in alleviating the effects of deficit irrigation and enhancing photosynthetic capacity in tomato plants during prolonged exposure. Our results showed that photosynthetic efficiency was significantly reduced in noninoculated plants under eCO₂, and this reduction was more pronounced under water deficit. Proteomic analysis revealed that in eCO₂-treated plants, the downregulation of cell wall proteins increased mesophyll resistance to CO₂ diffusion, while the suppression of the photosynthetic apparatus impaired electron transport capacity, ultimately reducing CO₂ assimilation efficiency. In contrast, these negative effects were alleviated by PSB inoculation. PSB promoted the upregulation of proteins involved in photosynthesis under deficit irrigation, as well as proteins related to chlorophyll biosynthesis, components of photosystem I and II, and light-harvesting complex proteins. These proteins contributed to improved photosynthetic efficiency during deficit irrigation and photosynthetic acclimation. Physiological analyses further confirmed that PSB inoculation enhanced nitrogen content, electron transport capacity, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and overall photosynthetic performance under eCO₂ and deficit irrigation, resulting in improved plant growth. These findings suggest that PSB inoculation is a promising strategy to sustain and enhance the CO₂ fertilization effect on crop productivity under water-limited conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"178 5","pages":"e71096"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13543926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148892159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Resilience: Mechanisms of Drought and Salinity Stress Tolerance.","authors":"Wenjing Rui, Jiangtao Du, Jing Li, Junfeng Zhang, Jing Zhang, Jianming Xie","doi":"10.1111/ppl.71092","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ppl.71092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Terrestrial plants are frequently exposed to fluctuating abiotic stresses throughout their life cycle, and mycorrhizae can markedly enhance host plant resistance to such challenges. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance host plant tolerance through multiple mechanisms. AMF promote stress tolerance through diverse mechanisms, including nutrient solubilization, polyamine accumulation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, physiological improvements, maintenance of ultrastructural stability via membrane integrity, accumulation of osmolytes such as trehalose, proline, polyamine, and glycine betaine, and activation of antioxidant enzymes to alleviate oxidative stress. While substantial progress has been made, the underlying AMF-mediated stress tolerance mechanisms remain underexplored. Future research should focus on dissecting how signaling pathways interact to regulate gene expression in mycorrhizal plants and elucidating the complex regulatory networks operating at the plant-AMF interface. We also outline key research directions for clarifying plant-AMF interactions under stress conditions, as current research highlights the use of beneficial soil microbes to mitigate stress and enhance crop resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"178 5","pages":"e71092"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13531396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148866274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tandem Kinase WTK1 Triggers Waves of Transcriptional Reprogramming Underlying Wheat Resistance to Stripe Rust.","authors":"Liubov Govta, Nikolai Govta, Evgenii Potapenko, Hanan Sela, Gitta Coaker, Tzion Fahima","doi":"10.1111/ppl.71103","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ppl.71103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tandem kinases are emerging regulators of plant immunity, but the downstream defense programs they activate remain poorly understood. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a major constraint on global wheat production. The Yr15 resistance gene, derived from wild emmer wheat, encodes the tandem kinase protein WTK1. To define the temporal basis of this resistance, we analysed resistant and susceptible near-isogenic lines across a 7-day infection time course using histopathology, ROS phenotyping, RNA sequencing, co-expression network analysis, and qRT-PCR validation. WTK1-mediated resistance limited fungal colonization, enhanced ROS accumulation, and triggered extensive transcriptional reprogramming. We identified 2509 pathogen-responsive differentially expressed genes, including 1530 genes upregulated in the resistant line, revealing an early phase enriched for ROS and Ca²⁺ signaling, autophagy-related processes, and metacaspases consistent with hypersensitive cell death observed in pathogen-invaded cells. This was followed by later defense reinforcement and metabolic reprogramming in later stages of infection, including pathogenesis-related proteins, cell-wall reinforcement, and phytoalexin biosynthesis, consistent with the confinement of Pst to localized necrotic lesions. Our results show that WTK1 triggers coordinated waves of transcriptional reprogramming and co-expression network responses during infection, providing insight into tandem kinase-mediated immunity and a framework for improving durable stripe rust resistance in wheat.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"178 5","pages":"e71103"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13581431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148983356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Light, Temperature, and Hormonal Signaling in Plant Development Under Variable Environments.","authors":"Gayatri Mishra, Akshay Kumar Sahu, Aman Kumar, Anish Dash, Joshua Joseph Julison, Soubhagya Ranjan Bastia, Soumyaranjan Barik, Subhrakanta Parida, Kishore Chandra Panigrahi","doi":"10.1111/ppl.71134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.71134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant growth and development occur under environmental conditions in which light and temperature fluctuate across temporal and spatial scales, yet developmental outcomes remain stable and coordinated. Although light, temperature, and phytohormone signaling pathways have been extensively characterized, less attention has been given to how these signals are coordinated and integrated to regulate development under variable and often conflicting environmental conditions. While previous studies have primarily emphasized pathway-level interactions, this review focuses on how environmental signals are integrated to regulate developmental outcomes under variable conditions. We synthesize current understanding of light-temperature-hormone interactions and propose an integrative perspective in which environmental cues are coordinated over time and translated into regulated developmental outcomes rather than immediate, proportional responses. We suggest that developmental progression reflects transitions among permissive, restrained, and committed states differing in responsiveness, buffering capacity, and reversibility. Hormonal feedback networks and chromatin-based environmental memory further shape these states by integrating current environmental information with prior exposure. This conceptual view explains how plants filter transient fluctuations, delay development under unfavorable or conflicting cues, and stabilize developmental transitions once regulatory thresholds are crossed. By examining germination, elongation growth, branching, flowering, seed development, and stress-adaptive responses, we identify common principles underlying hormone-mediated developmental regulation. This integrative perspective provides a unifying view of how environmental signals shape developmental plasticity while maintaining stability, with implications for crop improvement and predicting plant responses under changing environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"178 5","pages":"e71134"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149075624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevation-Driven Adaptive Shifts in Phloem Anatomy and Non-Structural Carbohydrates: Differential Responses of Pinus koraiensis and Acer mono.","authors":"Kexin Jin, Xiangyi Li, Yuxin Bai, Guanhua Dai, Xiaochun Wang","doi":"10.1111/ppl.71121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.71121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phloem is crucial for long-distance transport, but its coordinated phenological, anatomical, and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) responses to environmental changes remain unclear. Along a 750-1150 m elevational gradient on the Changbai Mountains of China, we monitored phloem growth, anatomy, and total NSC (soluble sugars and starch) in Pinus koraiensis and Acer mono during the 2024 growing season. Elevation delayed phloem formation and compressed the growing season in both species. However, the two wood types diverged in adaptive strategies. P. koraiensis employed an active structural compensation under cold stress: thickened sieve cell walls to resist freeze-thaw, enlarged axial parenchyma for enhanced storage, and increased sieve cell density to compensate for reduced lumen area, while operating under a sink limitation regime where low temperatures suppress growth and surplus carbon is channeled into starch. By contrast, A. mono adopted a conservative anatomical response: sieve tube dimensions and wall thickness remained stable across elevations, while lignified fibers increased at mid elevation to maintain structural integrity, with phloem growth governed by developmental duration under a more source-sink balanced dynamic. Elevational stress tightened the functional coupling between phloem structure and NSC storage in P. koraiensis, whereas structural and carbon dynamics remained decoupled in A. mono. Thus, conifer and angiosperm phloems respond to elevational stress through different coordination regimes-coupling in gymnosperms versus decoupling in angiosperms-which challenges the view of a uniform phloem response and provides a mechanistic framework for understanding wood-type-specific carbon allocation under cold stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"178 5","pages":"e71121"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foliar Application of Biostimulants Reprograms Antioxidants and Molecular Networks of Wheat Plants Grown in Saline-Alkali Environments.","authors":"Gehad A Ragab, Khalil M Saad-Allah, Ghalia S Aljeddani, Ameina S ALmoshadak, Wessam F Felemban, Hanan K Anazi, Shuhao Huo, Xinjuan Hu, Doaa E Elsherif","doi":"10.1111/ppl.71124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.71124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Saline-alkali stress severely impairs plant growth by disrupting osmotic balance, inducing oxidative damage, and suppressing metabolic processes. This study investigates the efficacy of biostimulants including Trametes odorata extract (TOE), camphor, and xanthine, in mitigating Na₂CO₃-induced stress in wheat plants. Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Sakha 95) was grown under controlled conditions, with saline-alkali stress (100 mM Na₂CO₃) and weekly foliar treatments applied. After 60 days, comprehensive growth, biochemical, and molecular assessments were conducted. TOE exhibited a rich phytochemical profile, with soluble carbohydrates and alkaloids as major constituents in addition to high nitrogen and essential micronutrients, alongside significant antioxidant capacity. Na₂CO₃ stress reduced plant height, shoot water content, and photosynthetic pigments. Biostimulant applications reversed these effects, with TOE restoring Chl a and b, and xanthine enhancing carotenoids. Na₂CO₃ stress increased osmolytes (amino acids, proline, glycine betaine) but decreased soluble proteins. Biostimulants regulated these levels, with xanthine restoring soluble proteins to near-control values. Oxidative stress markers (H₂O₂, and MDA) were relieved by all biostimulants, with xanthine most effective in decreasing MDA. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, APX) and stress-responsive gene expression (SOD, and CAT) were elevated under stress but differentially modulated by biostimulants, with TOE restoring homeostasis, while xanthine further enhanced MAPK and BADH expressions. TOE acted via ROS scavenging and nutrition, camphor boosted glutathione defense, while xanthine was associated with upregulated MAPK expression and enhanced flavonoid biosynthesis. Collectively, TOE, camphor, and xanthine effectively alleviated saline-alkali stress by enhancing antioxidant defenses, osmotic regulation, and photosynthetic efficiency, demonstrating their potential as sustainable crop stress mitigators.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"178 5","pages":"e71124"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149017823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Far-Red Light Supplementation in Tomato Cultivation: A Quantitative Review of Morphological and Physiological Responses.","authors":"Anna Fischer, Irene Vänninen, Kristiina Himanen","doi":"10.1111/ppl.71141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.71141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Far-red (FR) light at wavelengths 700-800 nm is abundant in sunlight but largely absent from artificial light sources. Standard Light-Emitting Diodes emit little to no FR light. Recently, research has focused on the effects of FR light on the growth and development of crops, like tomatoes. However, findings on FR effects on tomatoes vary, with some effects even depending on the geographic location. To unravel the variability of the results, this review identified all relevant studies that quantified the FR-induced responses in tomato growth, morphology, fruit development and photosynthetic parameters. The studies were categorised into controlled-environment studies with artificial lighting (23 studies) and semi-controlled studies with mixed artificial and sunlight (20 studies). To allow comparison between the FR treatments, three categories were established representing the given FR proportions at shade, sunlight or artificial levels. While FR responses were often cultivar-dependent, known responses were confirmed for several parameters. Supplemental FR light increased plant height and often enhanced fresh weight, dry weight and leaf area, while stem diameter showed a decreasing response to FR. FR typically reduced leaf chlorophyll content, but its effects on photosynthetic efficiency varied. Importantly, variability in results appeared to arise from factors related to experimental setups rather than from confirmed FR quantities. To our knowledge, this is the first review providing a deep comparative analysis of FR treatments and experimental conditions in relation to tomato responses. This knowledge is crucial for planning controlled-environment lighting strategies and will greatly facilitate and increase the value of future studies on tomato performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"178 5","pages":"e71141"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13633127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149112962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-Wide Identification of Poplar YABBY Transcription Factors Reveals Dual Roles of PtoYABBY6 in Leaf Polarity and Floral Initiation.","authors":"Kaiyuan Han, Hanxin Wang, Yingying Hao, Tianyun Zhao, Xiong Yang, Xinmin An, Liming Jia, Zhong Chen","doi":"10.1111/ppl.71142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.71142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>YABBY transcription factors are an essential class of plant-specific macromolecules that regulate cellular processes, response to stress, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and developmental regulation. Despite their significance in plant macromolecular networks, their roles in woody perennials remain underexplored. In this study, we identified and classified 13 YABBY proteins from Populus trichocarpa and 22 YABBY proteins from P. tomentosa into five distinct subfamilies. Subsequently, we constructed a phylogenetic tree based on the YABBY proteins of five plant species, and we analyzed the conserved structural domains, motifs, promoter regions, and collinearity of the poplar YABBYs. Expression patterns of the poplar YABBYs were characterized in vegetative organs and male/female flower buds. The results indicated that PtoYABBY6 is predominantly expressed in reproductive organs, with higher expression levels observed in female flower buds compared to male flower buds. Functional analysis of PtoYABBY6 demonstrated that its overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana led to partial alterations in the adaxial-abaxial axis polarity of leaves and delayed flowering. Additionally, the expression levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a gene associated with flowering time, as well as FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL), KANADI (KAN), REVOLUTA (REV), and PHAVOLUTA (PHV; genes related to leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity) were altered in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, transient overexpression of PtoYABBY6 in poplar leaves induced subtle changes in adaxial epidermal cell morphology and increased the palisade-to-spongy tissue ratio, providing partial evidence suggesting a potential role in leaf development within a poplar cellular context. These findings provide a foundation for future functional studies and contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying YABBY protein functions in poplar.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"178 5","pages":"e71142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UAV-Based High-Throughput Phenotyping for Early Canopy Vigor Quantification in Wheat.","authors":"Fara Muqaddas, Muhammad Asad Ullah, Latifa AlHusnain, Muneera D F AlKahtani, Muhammad Kashif Naeem, Muhammad Uzair, Sajad Ali, Muhammad Hamza, Muhammad Aqeel, Kotb A Attia, Sajid Fiaz, Seung Hwan Yang, Muhammad Ramzan Khan","doi":"10.1111/ppl.71145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.71145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate quantification of early wheat growth is essential for improving productivity, resource-use efficiency, and stress adaptation; however, conventional phenotyping approaches remain labor-intensive and difficult to scale for breeding programs. This study evaluated the potential of UAV-based multispectral phenotyping to rapidly and non-destructively estimate early vegetation vigor across diverse wheat genotypes and identify vegetation indices most strongly associated with canopy development. A panel of 221 historical wheat genotypes was evaluated under irrigated field conditions at NIGAB-NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. Multispectral imagery was acquired at 47 and 61 days after sowing using a MicaSense Altum-PT sensor mounted on a DJI MATRICE 200 RTK V2 platform, producing ultra-high-resolution imagery (1.12-1.50 cm GSD). Eighteen vegetation indices (VIs) were extracted and validated against Canopeo-derived ground cover measurements. Significant variation was observed for all indices, while principal component analysis showed that the first two components explained 92% of the total variation, primarily driven by greenness- and biomass-related traits. Most VIs exhibited strong positive correlations with ground cover, with nine indices showing correlation coefficients greater than 0.85. Among these, GNDVI, CIRE, and RENDVI consistently provided the highest predictive accuracy across both developmental stages, achieving R² values of 0.86-0.91 with RMSE and MAE values below 0.055 and 0.045, respectively. These findings demonstrate that UAV-based multispectral phenotyping provides a rapid, precise, and scalable framework for early-stage wheat monitoring and offers strong potential for integration into high-throughput breeding and precision agriculture programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"178 5","pages":"e71145"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}