Physiologia plantarum最新文献

{"title":"Do guard cells have single or multiple defense mechanisms in response to flg22?","authors":"Zalán Czékus, András Kukri, Atina Martics, Boglárka Pollák, Árpád Molnár, Attila Ördög, Györgyi Váradi, László Galgóczy, Rebeka Papp, Liliána Tóth, Katalin Ágnes Kocsis, Nóra Faragó, Nikolett Bódi, Mária Bagyánszki, Gabriella Szalai, Kamirán Áron Hamow, Péter Poór","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial flagellin (flg22) induces rapid and permanent stomatal closure. However, its local and systemic as well as tissue- and cell-specific effects are less understood. Our results show that flg22 induced local and systemic stomatal closure in intact tomato plants, which was regulated by reactive oxygen- and nitrogen species, and also affected the photosynthetic activity of guard cells but not of mesophyll cells. Interestingly, rapid and extensive local expression of Ethylene response factor 1 was observed after exposure to flg22, whereas the relative transcript levels of Defensin increased only after six hours, especially in systemic leaves. Following local and systemic ethylene emission already after one and six hours, jasmonic acid levels increased in the local leaves after six hours of flg22 treatment. Using immunohistochemical methods, significant defensin accumulation was found in the epidermis and stomata of flg22-treated leaves and above them. Immunogold labelling revealed significant levels of defensins in the cell wall of the mesophyll parenchyma and guard cells. Furthermore, single cell qRT-PCR confirmed that guard cells are able to synthesise defensins. It can be concluded that guard cells are not only involved in the first line of plant defense by regulating stomatal pore size, but can also defend themselves and the plant by producing and accumulating antimicrobial defensins where phytopathogens can penetrate.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 3","pages":"e70249"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12067365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High temperature acclimation of isoprene emission in date palm is associated with enhanced substrate availability and reduction in synthase activity.","authors":"Vinícius Fernandes de Souza, Michelle Robin, Bahtijor Rasulov, Eero Talts, Eliane Gomes Alves, Bader O Almutairi, Ülo Niinemets","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heatwaves enhance plant isoprene emissions, but the relative contributions of instantaneous temperature effects on rate-limiting enzymes and longer-term acclimation remain unclear. We explored the controls on isoprene emission by isoprene synthase (IspS) activity and MEP pathway intermediates, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP) pool size in Phoenix dactylifera cv. Medjool subjected to a temperature transient: stabilization at 25°C (Phase 1), an increase to 37°C (Phase II), and return to 25°C (Phase III). The rapid temperature rise increased isoprene emission due to immediate effects on IspS activity, followed by sustained increases driven by expanded DMADP and MEcDP pools. Upon cooling (Phase III), isoprene emissions dropped below initial levels due to reduced IspS activity, but recovered as substrate pool sizes increased. Acclimation to elevated temperature was driven by increased DMADP availability, which persisted after cooling, while slower MEcDP acclimation maintained carbon flux toward DMADP. The data indicate that the sustained moderate heat stress inhibits IspS, but increases substrate availability for isoprene synthesis. Thus, beyond the immediate IspS response, longer-term rises in isoprene emissions result from reprogrammed DMADP-consuming reactions, enhancing substrate availability. These findings provide new insight into the regulation of isoprene under thermal stress and underscore the need to integrate both intermediate pool dynamics and IspS activity into predictive models of isoprene emission and deepen our understanding of the MEP pathway's role under fluctuating environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 3","pages":"e70256"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exiguobacterium aurantiacum SA100 induces antioxidant enzymes and salinity tolerance gene expression in wheat.","authors":"Soheila Aghaei Dargiri, Shahram Naeimi, Ali Movahedi","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the effects of Exiguobacterium aurantiacum SA100 on wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth under varying levels of salinity stress. Results indicated that SA100 significantly enhanced seed germination, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry biomass across salinity levels, particularly at 50 and 100 mM NaCl. Inoculation improved antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, APX, POD, PPO), increased total phenolic content, and reduced oxidative damage by lowering MDA and H₂O₂ levels under 150 mM salinity. Ionic balance was maintained, with significant increases in K⁺, Mg⁺⁺, and Ca⁺⁺ and a reduction in Na⁺ accumulation. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of salt-tolerance genes (NAC7, NHX1, SOS1) and downregulation of stress-responsive genes (GS1, DREB2, DHN13, WRKY32). Principal component analysis confirmed that SA100 promotes salinity tolerance by modulating both biochemical and molecular responses. These findings suggest E. aurantiacum SA100 as a promising bioinoculant for enhancing wheat resilience under salinity stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 3","pages":"e70258"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploitation of volatile organic compounds for rice field insect-pest management: current status and future prospects.","authors":"Kali Prasad Pattanaik, Somanatha Jena, Arabinda Mahanty, Basana Gowda Gadratagi, Naveenkumar Patil, Govindharaj Guru-Pirasanna-Pandi, Prasanthi Golive, Shyamaranjan Das Mohapatra, Totan Adak","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insect pests are major biotic factors that cause significant damage to rice crops, posing a major challenge to global rice production. Synthetic pesticides are the most effective and reliable technique for pest management. However, their high cost, non-biodegradability, and adverse effects on human and environmental health have driven the search for more sustainable, eco-friendly, and economically viable alternatives. Recently, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), both plant-derived or synthetically made, have emerged as a promising tool for insect pest management in diverse agricultural practices. Rice plants continuously release VOCs that facilitate tritrophic interactions among the plants, their herbivores, and the natural enemies of these herbivores, highlighting their ecological importance. VOCs are being explored as semiochemicals in pest management strategies in various crops, including rice. Although applications of VOCs remain in the laboratory stage, they hold great promise for future field implementation. This review highlights the role of rice VOCs in herbivore-natural enemy interactions and explores the factors regulating their release. It provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements, ongoing challenges, and prospects in using VOCs for rice pest management. Additionally, the review emphasizes the integration of VOCs with precision agriculture and genetic engineering approaches along with advanced monitoring technologies, to develop sustainable and effective pest management practices in rice agroecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 3","pages":"e70240"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthocyanin biosynthesis, quality, and yield in purple sweet potatoes: responses to different potassium fertilizer.","authors":"Jingwei Huang, Qiang Wang, Qingcheng Qiu, Liang Zou, Xueshan Shen, Yan Wan, Huijuan Qu","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Purple sweet potato (PSP) (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) is a nutrient-rich \"K-favoring\" crop. The reasonable application of potassium is an important means of improving the quality and yield of PSP. We designed four different forms of potassium fertilizer treatments: K₂SO₄, KCl, KH₂PO₄, and K₂HPO₄, and used qRT-PCR and HPLC techniques to explore their differences in anthocyanin synthesis, accumulation, quality, and yield in PSP tubers. Our findings indicate that potassium fertilizer treatment enhances the expression of structural genes such as CHI (chalcone--flavonone isomerase), F3H (naringenin,2-oxogluturate 3-dioxygenase-like), F3‧H (flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase), ANS (leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase-like), DFR (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase-like), and CHS (chalcone synthase), which encode key enzymes of the anthocyanin metabolism pathway. This is achieved by stimulating the high levels of expression of the transcription factor MYB, which controls anthocyanin accumulation. Consequently, this leads to increased activities of key anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5), chalcone isomerase (CHI, EC 5.5.1.6), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR, EC 1.1.1.219), and UDP-galactose flavonoid 3-O-galactosyltransferase (UFGT, EC 2.4.1.234), thereby promoting the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins within PSP tubers. This ultimately improves tuber quality and yield. Analysis conducted through hierarchical clustering heat map, principal component analysis (PCA), and comprehensive evaluation revealed that PSP exhibits varying sensitivities to different forms of potassium fertilizer, with KCl treatment significantly enhancing anthocyanin production efficiency. Our results will provide a theoretical basis and data support for the rational selection of potassium fertilizer types for actual PSP production.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 3","pages":"e70247"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143975702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Bisphenol A on Parsley: A Biochemical and Metabolomics Integrative Perspective.","authors":"Hajar Salehi, Leilei Zhang, Fevzi Elbasan, Gokhan Zengin, Busra Arikan-Abdulveli, Melike Balci, Aysegul Yildiztugay, Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci, Evren Yildiztugay, Luigi Lucini","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used industrial chemical, poses environmental concerns due to its persistence and potential effects on plant systems. This study examines the impact of three BPA exposure levels on parsley plants, focusing on physiological, biochemical, and metabolomic responses. BPA exposure significantly shaped the plant's defense mechanisms, mainly through increased phenolic (up to 16.81%) and flavonoid (up to 37.94%) accumulation compared to the control group, which, in turn, enhanced antioxidant activity [up to 34% in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 51% in cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC)]. A moderate correlation between phenolic content and radical scavenging ability [R: 0.61 for DPPH and R: 0.44 for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)] highlights phenolics' role in mitigating BPA-induced oxidative stress. Low BPA concentrations stimulated gas exchange and photosynthesis, while higher levels (≥3 mg/L) disrupted these processes, causing physiological damage, especially in stomatal conductance (g_s) and photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_o). Metabolomic profiling revealed concentration-dependent shifts in secondary metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, and stress-response pathways. At higher BPA levels, plants elicited defense mechanisms, such as flavonoids (rhamnetin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucronide, and quercetin-7-O-glucoside) and anthocyanin pathways, to tackle oxidative stress, though these systems became overwhelmed. Our findings show that while parsley can initially adapt to low BPA exposure, higher concentrations compromise its physiological and metabolic balance, threatening plant health and productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 3","pages":"e70262"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the LysR-type transcription factor PacR in regulating nitrogen metabolism in Anabaena sp. PCC7120.","authors":"Elisa Werner, Tuomas Huokko, Anita Santana-Sánchez, Silvia Picossi, Lauri Nikkanen, Antonia Herrero, Yagut Allahverdiyeva","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, heterocyst formation is triggered by changes in the C/N-ratio and relies on transcriptional reprogramming. The transcription factor PacR is considered a global regulator of carbon assimilation under photoautotrophic conditions, influencing the carbon concentrating mechanism and photosynthesis. It plays a role in balancing reducing power generation while protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from oxidative damage. However, PacR also binds to promoters of genes associated with heterocyst formation, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To explore this, we studied the response of a PacR-deletion mutant to a nitrogen source shift from ammonium to nitrate. The absence of PacR led to heterocyst formation in nitrate-containing media, as well as reduced growth and chlorophyll content. We observed impaired nitrate uptake and disrupted ammonium assimilation via the GS/GOGAT-cycle. This phenotype may stem from PacR-mediated regulation of key genes of nitrogen and carbon metabolism as well as photosynthesis. An impact on photosynthesis is also apparent in the mutant, including a slight decrease in the size of the photo-reducible Fed-pool, suggesting that a shortage of reducing equivalents may contribute to nitrogen metabolism impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 3","pages":"e70248"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12052932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological mechanisms and drought resistance assessment of four dominant species on the Loess Plateau under drought stress.","authors":"Qing Liu, Xiaoyang Xu, Jing Liang, Shiqi Zhang, Guoliang Wang, Ying Liu","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The escalating frequency and severity of droughts have caused growth decline and increased mortality risk for plantations on the Loess Plateau. The main aim of this study was to explore the physiological mechanisms of four native dominant species during drought-induced mortality and evaluate their drought resistance capabilities. Drought was induced by withholding water from potted seedings, and we compared patterns in pit membrane damage, hydraulic function, and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) dynamics across four tree species with distinct anatomical features. Our findings reveal species-specific vulnerability thresholds: Pinus tabulaeformis (-2.86 Mpa), Quercus liaotungensis (-1.92 Mpa), Robinia pseudoacacia (-0.109 Mpa), and Syringa reticulata (-0.93 Mpa). Additionally, drought stress was found to compromise pit membrane integrity, with water potential thresholds identified as R.pseudoacacia (-1.37 Mpa), S. reticulata (-2.20 Mpa), Q. liaotungensis (-2.39 Mpa), and P. tabulaeformis (-1.85 Mpa). The study concludes that R. pseudoacacia and S. reticulata exhibit greater susceptibility to hydraulic failure under severe drought conditions, leading to increased mortality risks. In contrast, Q. liaotungensis and P. tabulaeformis demonstrate enhanced drought tolerance and survival capacity. Our research elucidates the physiological mechanisms of drought-induced mortality, emphasizing the critical role of pit membrane damage in this process. These findings not only provide valuable insights into the drought resistance of native dominant species but also establish a scientific foundation for future artificial forest transformation initiatives on the Loess Plateau.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 3","pages":"e70261"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and metabolic adjustments for enhanced oxygen transport in Phragmites australis under anaerobic stress.","authors":"Motoka Nakamura, Takatoshi Nakamura, Ko Noguchi","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wetland plants with high aeration capacity can produce energy and maintain growth in waterlogged, anaerobic soils. In this study, we aimed to gain insight into the survival mechanisms of wetland plants in anaerobic soils by comparing the morphological characteristics and respiratory metabolism of Phragmites australis with high aeration capacity under aerobic and anaerobic hydroponic conditions. We examined growth, root aerenchyma formation, O₂ concentration in roots, and respiratory traits in shoots and roots. In low-O₂ treatments,  P. australis exhibited morphological changes, including shorter shoots, more tillers, and increased adventitious root formation, which enhanced O₂ transport in waterlogged soils. The O₂ concentration in root aerenchyma significantly decreased toward the root tip in low-O₂ treatment. The O₂ uptake rates and maximal activities of alternative pathways were comparable between two O₂ treatments in both organs. The ratio of ATP production rate of the whole roots to that of the whole plant was low in plants grown in low-O₂ treatment. The maximal enzyme activities in the glycolysis and the TCA cycle were also comparable between O₂ treatments. However, under low-O₂ conditions, estimated ATP production rates and total ATP contents of whole shoots increased, but those of whole roots did not. The enhanced ATP production in shoots may support growth under low-O₂ conditions. In conclusion,  P. australis, with high aeration capacity, can adapt to long-term rhizosphere hypoxia by modifying morphological and respiratory traits in both shoots and roots. These ecophysiological traits may have applications in ecological engineering for improving wastewater and soil quality in anaerobic rhizospheres.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 3","pages":"e70236"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144028529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fulvic acid-releasing chitosan nanoparticles promote the growth and salt stress tolerance of soybean plants.","authors":"Vu Ngoc Huy, Nusrat Jahan Methela, Tiba Nazar Ibrahim Al-Azawi, Murtaza Khan, Mwondha Faluku, Alexander Brown, Da-Sol Lee, Ashim Kumar Das, Rabia Amir, Liny Lay, Bong-Gyu Mun, Yoohna Kim, Adil Hussian, Byung-Wook Yun","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotechnology offers several advantages over conventional inputs, with widespread application in agriculture. The current climate change crisis has accelerated the accumulation of salts in soils, which is a major challenge to global food security. Here, we synthesized fulvic acid-releasing chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-FANPs) for promoting soybean growth and salt stress tolerance. In a screening hydroponic experiment, 0.1 mM Ch-FANPs promoted plant growth and enhanced the growth parameters of pot-grown soybean plants significantly and modulated stomatal movement under control as well as salt stress conditions induced by 150 mM NaCl. Salt stress affected overall plant growth and reduced the chlorophyll content. However, plants treated with Ch-FANPs not only accumulated significantly higher chlorophyll under both control and salt conditions but also enhanced several above- and below-ground growth parameters by more than 50%. Interestingly, the Ch-FANP-treated salt-exposed plants accumulated ~30% less soluble proteins than untreated salt-stressed plants. Ch-FANPs-mediated protection against salt stress was related to the activation of antioxidant machinery as the highest ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was recorded in Ch-FANPs-treated salt-stressed plants along with significantly low MDA and H₂O₂ contents. ICP-MS analysis showed a tremendously higher accumulation of Na⁺ ions (~35 ppm) in the leaves of salt-stressed plants compared to 19 ppm Na⁺ ions when also treated with Ch-FANPs. Salt-exposed plants treated with Ch-FANPs had the highest K⁺ content (~76 ppm) and Ca²⁺ (62 ppm). Furthermore, Ch-FANPs-mediated protection against salt stress was associated with a significant increase in the expression of salt stress marker genes GmSOS1, GmSOS2, GmNHX1, and GmP5CS1.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 3","pages":"e70254"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12053295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144042508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}