Physiologia plantarum最新文献

{"title":"Exogenous Melatonin Increased Soybean Yield Under Saline-Alkali Stress by Enhancing Plant Carbohydrate Metabolism and Transportation.","authors":"Feng Ruiqi, Wang Weiyu, Du Yanli, Xu Junjie, Cao Liang, Zhou Changjun, Zhao Qiang, Zhang Yuxian","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Saline-alkali (SA) stress is one of the most widespread abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. Melatonin is an auxin-like analogue that can improve plant tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Herein, two soybean cultivars, Heihe 49 and Henong 95 were pot cultured and treated with 80 mM SA stress solution (mixed with NaCl:Na₂CO₃:NaHCO₃:Na₂SO₄ = 1:1:9:9) at the V1 stage. The 0-300 μM melatonin was foliar sprayed at the V3 stage to explore the effects of exogenous melatonin treatments on soybean plant growth at the grain-filling stage under SA stress. Compared with the control, SA stress significantly reduced the growth, biomass accumulation and yield of both soybean cultivars. As expected, melatonin treatments significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and pod number of soybean plants under SA stress. In addition, MT treatments significantly increased the chlorophyll content, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of soybean leaves under SA stress, which were conducive to the accumulation of soluble sugars, sucrose, fructose and starch in the leaves, pod skins and grains. MT treatments promote the carbohydrate metabolic cycle by increasing the activity of sucrose and starch-metabolizing enzymes and upregulating the expression levels of correlative genes in the leaves, pod skins, and grains of both soybean cultivars. MT treatments upregulated the expression levels of GmSWEETs and GmSUC2 in soybean tissues to increase the transportation of sucrose into grains, promote grain development, and finally increase soybean yield under SA stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 4","pages":"e70378"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Integrated Analysis Provide Insights Into the Differential Accumulation of Bitterness in Pummelo (Citrus grandis).","authors":"Chenyu Xu, Qinyi Chen, Yang Xu, Yi He, Dandan Hong, Huiling Xiao, Haijian Yang, Juxun Wu, Hualin Yi","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural flavonoids give citrus its unique color and flavor, and directly affect its bitterness. However, the variations in bitterness and the underlying mechanisms among different citrus varieties remain poorly understood. In this study, three pummelo varieties with distinct bitter flavor profiles were selected for metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the accumulation of bitter compounds in citrus. A total of 439 reliable metabolites were identified, with pathway analysis revealing significant enrichment of \"Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis\" and \"Flavonoid biosynthesis\" pathways in both bitter and non-bitter pummelo varieties. Comparative analysis identified 18 differentially expressed flavonoids, and HPLC analysis confirmed that naringin and neohesperidin are the primary contributors to bitterness. All 8658 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were clustered into eight groups using K-means analysis. Cluster 5 exhibited an expression trend consistent with the bitter taste accumulation pattern across the three pummelo varieties. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs in cluster 5 were significantly associated with the phenylalanine metabolic pathway. Using the enhanced 'GFAnno' flavonoid gene annotation tool, four 7-Glct, five 1,2-Rhat, and five 1,6-Rhat flavone-related genes, along with phenylalanine-related genes, were identified. Expression analysis and RT-qPCR results demonstrated that key genes PAL, C4H, and 4CL in the upstream phenylpropanoid pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis were highly expressed in the two bitter pummelo cultivars, but low in the non-bitter pummelo. Joint analysis further revealed that the transcription factors MUTE/bHLH (XGF149920) and NID1/MYB-like (XGF105200) were co-expressed with naringin and neohesperidin, suggesting their involvement in regulating bitter flavanone metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 4","pages":"e70374"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144591971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Bacteriophage-Derived Primase-Helicase Orchestrates Plant Organellar DNA Replication.","authors":"Carlos M Morales-Vázquez, Mayra A Dagio-Hernandez, Laura D Camacho-Manriquez, Antolin Peralta-Castro, Claudia D Raygoza, Diana Solano-Argüello, Josue D Mora-Garduño, Rogelio Gonzalez-Gonzalez, Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo, Corina Díaz-Quezada, Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez, Stefan de Folter, José Antonio Pedroza-García, Luis G Brieba","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70379","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ppl.70379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mechanisms underlying the assembly and regulation of enzymatic complexes responsible for plant organellar DNA replication remain poorly characterized. Unlike the monophyletic origin of the gene products involved in animal mitochondrial replication, derived from T-odd bacteriophages, plant organellar DNA replication relies on genes either unique to plants or with origins traceable to bacteria and bacteriophages. Here, we demonstrate that the bacteriophage-related primase-helicase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtTwinkle) is essential for double-stranded DNA unwinding. AtTwinkle functionally interacts with bacterial-related organellar DNA polymerases (AtPolIs), which lack the ability to unwind large regions of dsDNA, coupling DNA unwinding to processive DNA synthesis at the leading strand of the replisome. Analysis of two T-DNA insertion mutants of AtTwinkle reveals distinct phenotypic outcomes; these mutant lines are hereafter referred to as ph. The ph1 (-/-) mutant, which carries a T-DNA insertion in the 5´ UTR region, is viable and exhibits no noticeable developmental differences compared to wild-type plants. In contrast, the ph2 mutant, with a T-DNA insertion in the 19th exon, displays embryo lethality. Despite these differences, both ph1 (-/-) and heterozygous ph2 (+/-) mutants show a reduction in organellar DNA copy numbers under non-stress conditions and exhibit heightened sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. In summary, our findings demonstrate that AtTwinkle is essential for organellar DNA replication. The heightened sensitivity of insertion mutants to organelle-specific genotoxic agents indicates that loss of AtTwinkle function reduces the availability of template DNA necessary for double-strand break (DSB) repair. Collectively, our findings reveal that two proteins of distinct evolutionary origins-AtTwinkle and plant organellar DNA polymerases-coevolved to coordinate DNA replication in plant organelles.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 4","pages":"e70379"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12230644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144576111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Trends in Small Molecule Gases for Maintaining the Postharvest Quality of Horticultural Products: A Review.","authors":"Xiuqiao Wu, Yue Zhong, Lingling Zhang, Weining Wei, Shouhui Wei, Lijuan Wei, Yiqing Liu","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most horticultural products are highly perishable, which seriously affects their shelf life and postharvest quality. Thus, there is an urgent demand for innovative preservation techniques to reduce postharvest losses. In recent years, small-molecule gases small-molecule gases have been found to be involved in regulating the postharvest quality of horticultural products. These compounds include nitric oxide (NO), ethylene (ETH), hydrogen (H₂), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). This review discusses the functions and mechanisms of small signaling molecules involved in the postharvest quality of horticultural products. In addition, the crosstalk between these compounds in the preservation of horticultural products has been emphasized. Small-molecule gases improve the postharvest quality of horticultural products by modulating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulating ETH biosynthesis, modulating antioxidant systems, increasing secondary metabolites, regulating the expression of senescence-related genes, participating in signaling, and activating resistance pathways to mitigate cold damage and enhance disease resistance. Research has focused on the role of synergies between gas molecules in the postharvest stages of horticultural products. Thus, the role of small-molecule gases in improving the postharvest quality of horticultural products is a potential direction for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 4","pages":"e70361"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144584480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Photoregulatory Mechanisms of Capsaicinoids Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Capsaicinoids in Capsicum annuum In Vitro Cultures.","authors":"Monisha Arya, Gyanendra Kumar, Parvatam Giridhar","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Light is one of the essential environmental factors that significantly influences the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. To explicate their effect, exposure of monochromatic LED light spectra (yellow, blue, green, red, and white) on the accumulation of capsaicinoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and regulation of transcriptional changes in capsaicinoids biosynthesis genes at 24, 48, and 72 h in chili callus cultures was investigated. Blue light significantly increased capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin contents by 41.43-fold and 4.36-fold, respectively, compared to white light. Pearson correlation analysis confirmed a strong positive correlation between total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity (r > 0.85). Gene expression analysis revealed that the biosynthetic genes (pAMT, KAS, ACS, ACL, CL, C4H, and CS) were upregulated, and their associated transcription factors-MYB, ERF, and JERF-showed varied expression, indicating their putative regulatory role in capsaicinoid biosynthesis under different monochromatic LED conditions. Our findings demonstrate that the targeted monochromatic LED lights can enhance bioactive compound production in C. annuum callus cultures, providing a favorable strategy for feasible production of the industrially important compound \"capsaicin\" on a large scale for pharmaceutical and food applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 4","pages":"e70370"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144529302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Flocculation as a Preconcentration Step in the Microalgae Harvesting Process.","authors":"Zivan Gojkovic, Aleksandra Skrobonja, Vuk Radojicic, Benedetta Mattei","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70366","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ppl.70366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flocculation is a widely utilized separation technique in colloid chemistry, the chemical industry, and wastewater treatment. However, its application in microalgal biomass production and downstream processing remains limited. Biomass harvesting represents a significant cost factor in large-scale microalgae production, with the separation of biomass from the liquid medium accounting for up to one-third of total production expenses. The use of flocculants as a pre-treatment step has emerged as a promising approach to reducing these costs. Laboratory-scale flocculation is commonly employed to optimize flocculant dosage and assess strain-specific flocculation efficiencies. Meanwhile, pilot-scale flocculation, when applied before centrifugation, provides critical insights into the applicability of specific flocculant-strain combinations and their impact on yield and biomass quality. Numerous studies have investigated the flocculation behavior of various microalgal strains using a wide range of chemically distinct flocculants at the laboratory scale. This review highlights recent advancements in microalgal flocculation as a pre-centrifugation strategy and outlines future perspectives for achieving cost-effective, large-scale microalgal biomass production as a globally viable resource.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 4","pages":"e70366"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12203642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144507465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photosynthetic Adjustments Maintain Lettuce Growth Under Dynamically Changing Lighting in Controlled Indoor Farming Setups.","authors":"Arttu Mäkinen, Hirofumi Ishihara, Sylvain Poque, Nina Sipari, Kristiina Himanen, Ilona Varjus, Juho Heininen, Matti Pastell, Paula Elomaa, Alexey Shapiguzov, Titta Kotilainen, Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70405","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ppl.70405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies have uncovered delicate mechanisms that enable plant acclimation to fluctuating light. Translating the knowledge to controlled environment agriculture could advance the development of cost-effective dynamic lighting strategies where the light intensity is purposely alternated, mirroring the spot electricity price, but its effects on vegetable crops remain poorly understood. Here, we recorded photosynthetic parameters, metabolic responses, and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. \"Katusa\" under dynamic lighting. The light intensity was altered at different times of the photoperiod with uniform daily light integral. Three different setups, including a plant phenotyping facility, a small-scale vertical farm testbed and a larger-scale vertical farm, were utilized to address the physiological responses and scalability of lighting strategies. The lettuces readily adjusted their photosynthetic light reactions and carbon metabolism according to the changing light intensities. However, the overall metabolic composition of lettuce leaves did not respond to dynamic lighting. Upon simulation of commercial production in the larger-scale vertical farm, constant and dynamic lighting regimes yielded lettuce heads with equal saleable sizes of 87-89 g, even under artificial \"Split-Night\" regimes where the photoperiod was interrupted by two periods of darkness. These findings suggest that dynamic lighting strategies enable cost-effective lighting via optimization of electricity use in indoor cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 4","pages":"e70405"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12254939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144619734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Multivariate Analysis: Overturning Long-Held Beliefs About Non-Photochemical Quenching.","authors":"Lennart A I Ramakers, Jeremy Harbinson, Herbert van Amerongen","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70420","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ppl.70420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When light absorption exceeds photochemical quenching, plants activate non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) to dissipate excess energy as heat. Recently, we have developed a novel multivariate pipeline for NPQ induction analysis. Applying this pipeline to NPQ induction curves of several Arabidopsis thaliana NPQ genotypes, overturns the long-held belief that zeaxanthin (Zx) accelerates NPQ induction upon light-adaptation. We demonstrate that the observed acceleration is solely due to the action of PsbS. Our approach allows the synergistic inter-relationships between PsbS and Zx to be unambiguously explored. Specifically, we applied our analysis to dark- and light-adapted wild-type (wt), Zx-lacking (npq1), Zx-rich (npq2) and PsbS-lacking (npq4) A. thaliana. Only the PsbS-dependent quenching in npq2, wt and npq1 plants exhibited faster induction kinetics following light adaptation. Changes in the Zx-levels (npq1 → wt → npq2) lead to changes in the overall amplitudes of the PsbS-components, revealing a Zx-driven amplification of PsbS-dependent quenching. In the presence of PsbS (npq2/wt), Zx also provides its own distinct contribution to NPQ. Together, this reveals the distinct roles of Zx in NPQ and the multilayered synergistic relationship between PsbS and Zx. Combined with mutant genotypes, our unique analysis is an invaluable toolkit to answer mechanistic questions and will allow different NPQ models to be experimentally explored.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 4","pages":"e70420"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12275998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin Mediates Methylglyoxal Homeostasis and Autophagy During Seed Germination Under Polyethylene Glycol-Induced Drought Stress in Upland Cotton.","authors":"Deepika Dake, Laha Supriya, Amarjeet Kumar, Padmaja Gudipalli","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methylglyoxal (MGO), a toxic byproduct of glycolysis, acts as a signaling molecule at low levels, but its overaccumulation during drought stress disrupts redox balance and accelerates cell death in plants. Contrarily, melatonin maintains redox balance, particularly during stress. The redox status and MGO levels might differ in drought-sensitive and drought-tolerant varieties, so shall the melatonin's effect. This present study evaluated the effect of melatonin priming on MGO detoxification and autophagy during seed germination under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress in drought-sensitive (L-799) and drought-tolerant (Suraj) varieties of upland cotton. Melatonin priming increased endogenous melatonin content, reduced MGO accumulation and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and downregulated the expression of MGO biosynthesis genes in L-799 under stress. The expression and activities of glyoxalases and nonglyoxalases were upregulated, showing melatonin's effectiveness in MGO detoxification. Additionally, melatonin priming upregulated TPI1, PGK5, and PK1 expressions and downregulated HK3 expression, allowing better conversion of glucose to pyruvate, leading to reduced MGO in L-799. The downregulated expression of necrosis-related genes with reduced cell death in L-799 shows the potential of melatonin priming in maintaining cell viability under stress. Furthermore, the upregulated expression of SnRK1.1 and SnRK2.6 genes and the KIN10 protein levels confirmed improved autophagy in melatonin-primed L-799 under stress, as evidenced by enhanced autophagy markers (ATGs, MDC-stained bodies, lipidated-ATG8). Despite lowered ABA, melatonin-mediated MGO homeostasis likely activated MAPK6, thus inducing autophagy independent of ABA in stressed plants. Conversely, Suraj seedlings showed a limited response to melatonin priming under stress possibly owing to its inherent stress tolerance and higher endogenous melatonin. Overall, this study illustrates melatonin's role in regulating MGO homeostasis and autophagy under drought stress in cotton.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 4","pages":"e70380"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abolishing ANAC017-Mediated Mitochondria Retrograde Signalling Alleviates Ammonium Toxicity in  Arabidopsis thaliana.","authors":"Meiyan Ren, Ricarda Jost, Ghazanfar Abbas Khan, Joshua Linn, Yanqiao Zhu, Oliver Berkowitz, Jennifer Selinski, James Whelan","doi":"10.1111/ppl.70353","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ppl.70353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), an important nitrogen source, often fails to stimulate plant growth as a sole nitrogen source, a phenomenon known as ammonium toxicity syndrome. NH₄ ⁺ is believed to disrupt cellular redox status by increasing chloroplast reducing capacity and exporting excess reducing equivalents, which trigger retrograde signalling. The precise role of mitochondria in this process remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the loss of ARABIDOPSIS NAC DOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR17 (ANAC017, rao2-1), a master regulator of mitochondrial retrograde signalling, significantly increased shoot biomass under both nitrate (NO₃ ^-) and NH₄ ⁺, thus utilising NH₄ ⁺ more effectively than Col-0 wildtype. In contrast, loss of function of ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE1A (aox1a) improved recovery of nitrogen-starved seedlings with NO₃ ^- but had no effect with NH₄ ⁺. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the rao2-1 mutant assimilated NH₄ ⁺ more efficiently than the wild type, incorporating it into nitrogen-rich metabolites. Transcriptomic analyses showed that with NO₃ ^- resupply, ANAC017 acted to stimulate photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and NO₃ ^- reduction. Under NH₄ ⁺ resupply, however, ANAC017 suppressed plastid biogenesis and metabolism through classical retrograde signalling pathways. In rao2-1, a variety of chloroplast retrograde pathways were de-repressed. Unlike NO₃ ^-, NH₄ ⁺ fails to generate the signals necessary to suppress ANAC017-dependent retrograde stress responses, thereby impairing nitrogen assimilation and growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":20164,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia plantarum","volume":"177 4","pages":"e70353"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12214446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}