Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research最新文献

{"title":"<i>In silico</i> study of <i>Spatholobus littoralis</i> Hassk. wood compounds on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase receptor.","authors":"Martha Ervina, Marryline A Firdaus, Caroline, Siswandono, Bonifacius I Wiranata","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_323_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_323_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The <i>Spatholobus littoralis</i> Hassk. wood (SLW) is traditionally used for various ailments, including as anticancer. The study aimed to examine SL wood compounds as anticancer agents through the apoptosis mechanism mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (3HEG) with an <i>in silico</i> approach. Ten SLW compounds were chosen based on structure similarity with sorafenib. The ligands and receptor were prepared with Discovery Studio Visualizer (DSV), while AutoDockTools were used to examine the ligand-receptor binding. The method was validated to obtain binding affinity values (ΔG). The interactions and pharmacokinetic profiled with DSV and ADMETLab 3.0. The results showed that the ΔG's of SLW compounds were in range -1.74 to -0.10 kcal/mol, compared to sorafenib - 10.50 kcal/mol. The molecular visualization revealed hydrophobic bond interactions between formononetin and p38's residues on TYR182, LYS118, and VAL183. Among SLW's compounds, the formononetin's pharmacokinetic analysis indicated favorable bioavailability and Lipinski's rule compliance. These findings suggest that flavonoid formononetin has promising potential as a p38 kinase inhibitor, although further work is needed to demonstrate its efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"87-92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycyrrhizic acid mitigates the risk of nicotine addiction and nicotine withdrawal: The modulation of kynurenine aminotransferase II.","authors":"Mahardian Rahmadi, Toetik Aryani, Dhea Anggraini, Syafa Revita Maheswara, Silvika Dwi Rahmaningtyas, Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_119_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_119_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nicotine, a key addictive compound in cigarettes, contributes to withdrawal symptoms that hinder smoking cessation success. Understanding the neurochemical basis of nicotine addiction and withdrawal is critical for developing effective therapies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of glycyrrhizic acid (GL) on nicotine addiction and nicotine withdrawal, with a focus on the kynurenine pathway and kynurenine aminotransferase 2 (KAT-II) mRNA expression. An experimental study using mouse models to evaluate the behavioral and molecular effects of GL in nicotine-induced addiction and withdrawal. In the addiction model, mice received intraperitoneal injections of NaCl (1.0 mL/kg), nicotine (0.5 mg/kg), or GL (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg), and addiction was evaluated using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. In the withdrawal model, mice underwent spontaneous withdrawal after chronic nicotine exposure, with GL (10 or 20 mg/kg) administered twice daily. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the T-maze, whereas hippocampal KAT-2 mRNA levels were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. Nicotine markedly increased CPP scores, confirming its rewarding effect, whereas GL at all doses significantly reduced these scores. During withdrawal, GL improved cognitive deficits and downregulated the nicotine-induced upregulation of hippocampal KAT-2 mRNA expression. GL effectively reduces nicotine-induced reward and mitigates cognitive deficits during withdrawal, likely through inhibition of KAT-2 mRNA expression in the hippocampus.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"128-134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of sucrose palmitate characteristics as a surfactant on the physical stability of red palm oil submicroemulsions.","authors":"Elsa Fitria Apriani, Mahdi Jufri, Tommy Julianto Bustami Effendi, Windy Keumala Budianti","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_268_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_268_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Submicroemulsions are delivery systems that can enhance the solubility and stability of lipophilic compounds, such as red palm oil (RPO). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sucrose palmitate (surfactant) on the characteristics and stability of RPO submicroemulsions. Four sucrose palmitate surfactants (SP1-SP4) with varying ester concentrations and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values were evaluated. Submicroemulsions were characterized based on globule size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Several methods were used to evaluate stability. These included a cycling test, three temperature conditions (5°C ± 3°C, 30°C ± 2°C, 40°C ± 2°C), Ostwald ripening rate, and a Lumifuge test. The results were analyzed using SPSS. Initial results showed that SP3 and SP4, with HLB values of around 17, produced the best globule characteristics, namely globule size below 180 nm, PDI below 0.15, and zeta potential <- 38 mV. However, the stability showed that SP1, with a high monoester concentration (≥90%), had the best stability and was not significantly different from SP4 (<i>P</i> > 0.05). This finding confirms that initial emulsification efficiency does not always correlate with stability. Furthermore, optimal stability of SP1 was found at 30°C ± 2°C, while SP4 was more stable at 5°C ± 3°C, indicating that differences in internal formulations influence the specific thermal behavior of the formulations. The characteristics of sucrose palmitate significantly influence the quality of the submicroemulsion. SP1 and SP4 are the best candidates for development into pharmaceutical products.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"93-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CCB-4 and its sugar complexes induce mitotic catastrophe and p53-independent apoptosis through caspase-2 elevation and suppression of c-Myc in T47D cells.","authors":"Ni Putu Linda Laksmiani, Rohmad Yudi Utomo, Riris Istighfari Jenie, Yusuke Suenaga, Mitsunori Kirihata, Edy Meiyanto, Ratna Asmah Susidarti","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_311_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_311_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adding boron to curcumin analogs enhances their ability to inhibit cell growth and facilitates their detection within cells. Derivatives of diboronocurcumin are, therefore, promising options for cancer treatment. Our previous <i>in silico</i> analysis revealed that CCB-4 binds more tightly to proteins associated with breast cancer than Pentagamaboronon-0. We created sugar complexes of CCB-4 using fructose (CCB-4 Fr) and sorbitol (CCB-4 So) to enhance solubility and cellular uptake. This research aimed to assess the cytotoxic activity and anticancer potential of CCB-4, CCB-4 So, and CCB-4 Fr against T47D breast cancer cells (ER+, PR+, p53 mutant). We investigated the expression of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR), c-Myc, HDAC1, and caspase-2 by capillary Western blot analysis, including cytotoxicity using MTT assay, clonogenic survival, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. CCB-4, CCB-4 So, and CCB-4 Fr demonstrated strong cytotoxic effects and had IC₅₀ values of 8, 6, and 5 μM, respectively. All the substances caused G2/M phase arrest and significantly reduced colony formation, leading to mitotic catastrophe. Mechanistically, treatment reduced p-EGFR, c-Myc, and HDAC1 expressions and activated apoptosis through caspase-2 independently of p53. These findings suggest that CCB-4 and its sugar complexes have promising anticancer effects against luminal A breast cancer cells by triggering caspase-2-mediated apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"100-107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-molecular-weight peptides from deer antler velvet: Antioxidant potential, biosafety, and synergistic interaction with nanomelanin.","authors":"Nguyen Dinh Thang, Pham Hai Long, Nguyen Thu Uyen, Tran Hoang Thuy Duong, Ngo Thi Trang, Le Thi Hong Nhung, Nguyen Lai Thanh, Nguyen Thi Bich Loan, Pham Thi Luong Hang, Vu Van In, Vu Minh Hung, Jung-Hyun Lee, Min-Sik Kim","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_357_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_357_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deer antler velvet (DAV) is a precious pharmaceutical source. Low-molecular-weight peptides (LMWPs) extracted from DAV have been reported as promising pharmaceutical ingredients with various potential applications across different health care areas. Components, molecular weights, and bioactivities of DAV's peptides may vary depending on the production protocols. This study optimised an enzyme-based protocol for DAV protein digestion to obtain DAV peptides (as LMWPs form) and investigated bioactivities of the LMWPs. Different enzymes as single forms and/or combined forms were applied for digestion of DAV to create DAV peptides. Then, DAV peptides were mapped by proteomics analysis using LC/MS system. It indicated that sequential treatment with pepsin and trypsin yielded a distinct pool of LMWPs of below 10 kDa. Moreover, 8288 LMWPs from 1405 DAV's proteins digested by combined pepsin and trypsin were mapped. This LMWPs sample exhibited strong antioxidant activity in the ABTS assay, with an antioxidant potential of 1 mg/mL, corresponding to that of 1.7 mg/mL Ascorbic acid. Interestingly, the mixture of LMWPs and nano-melanin exhibited synergistic antioxidant effects, resulting in a ~2-fold increase in relative antioxidant potential. In addition, LMWPs at concentrations ranging from 5 to 1000 µg/mL exhibited very low toxicity toward STO cells, and toward zebrafish embryos, with NOEC and LOEC values estimated at 193 mg/L and 289 mg/L, respectively. This study suggests an enzymatic method to digest DAV's proteins to extract bioactive LMWPs, and implies possible combinations of the DAV's LMWPs and nano-melanin to develop nutritional foods and/or pharmaceutical preparations for antioxidant applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"170-178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactivity assessment of methanolic extract of <i>Rhododendron cowanianum</i>: An endemic species of Nepal.","authors":"Anup Luitel, Rajan Shrestha, Lalit Mohan Pant, Ashwinee Kumar Shrestha, Niru Thapa, Manika Shrestha, Ronak Shrestha, Kirankumar Hullatti, Janardan Lamichhane","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_210_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_210_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Rhododendron cowanianum</i> is an endemic shrub of Nepal. This study investigated the phytochemical profile along with the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of its methanolic extract. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and carbohydrates. Quantitatively, the extract contained 105.4 ± 3.42 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of phenolics and 881.2 ± 5.70 mg quercetin equivalent/g of flavonoids. The extract showed the antioxidant IC₅₀ values of 97.77 μg/mL and 39.63 μg/mL by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'- azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) methods. It showed the zones of inhibition of 19.0 mm, 19.33 mm, 14.83 mm, and 10.67 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations of 156.25 μg/mL, 312.5 μg/mL, 156.25 μg/mL, and 312.5 μg/mL against <i>Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration for <i>S. enterica</i> was 1.25 mg/mL and 0.625 mg/mL for the other three strains. The high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of crude extract identified diverse classes of bioactive compounds, including lucidenic acid A, isopimaric acid, euphorin, and ganoderic acid F, which are linked with different pharmacological properties. This study profiles the phytochemicals of <i>R. cowanianum</i> and integrates them with bioactivity, highlighting its potential as a medicinal plant.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12981710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: The efficacy of herbal medicine in the management of oral stomatitis in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: A systematic review.","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_33_26","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_33_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article on p. 171 in vol. 16, PMID: 41234347.].</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12981706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of <i>Saurauia vulcani</i> Korth. on hepatic CD4⁺ T-cell profiles and serum interleukin-2 levels in rats induced by <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>.","authors":"Haslinda, Ahasan Ulah Khan, Sana Noreen, Yunita Sari Pane","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_143_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_143_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CD4⁺ T-cells and interleukin-2 (IL-2) are key regulators of the immune response, particularly during <i>Salmonella</i> infections. <i>Saurauia vulcani</i> Korth., commonly referred to as pirdot, is a traditional medicinal plant rich in flavonoids known for their anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ethanol extract of pirdot leaves on hepatic CD4⁺T-cell expression and serum IL-2 levels in rats challenged with <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. A posttest-only control group design was used with 32 male Wistar rats divided into four groups: Group I (normal/K0), Group II (negative/Kneg), Group III (positive control, Imboost^® 22.5 mg/kg BW), and Group IV (treatment, pirdot extract 500 mg/kg BW). On day 4, all groups except the normal control were infected with <i>S. typhimurium</i>. At day 14, blood and liver samples were collected. Serum IL-2 concentrations were measured, and liver tissues were examined histologically and assessed for CD4⁺ T-cell immunoreactivity score (IRS) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Kruskal-Wallis analysis followed by Mann-Whitney test showed that the group given pirdot extract had the highest IL-2 levels (2.23 ± 0.18 ng/ml), followed by positive (1.86 ± 0.33 ng/ml), normal (1.71 ± 0.40 ng/ml), and negative (1.64 ± 0.28 ng/ml) with a significant difference (<i>P</i> = 0.009). Then, histopathology scores were observed for hydropic degeneration, necrosis, inflammation, granuloma formation, and portal triad damage in all groups, followed by calculating the CD4⁺ T-cell IRS by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination. The results showed statistically significantly different values between all groups (<i>P</i> = 0.004). The ethanol extract of pirdot leaves at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW was found to enhance CD4⁺ T-cell expression and elevate serum IL-2 levels, indicating its potential as an immunomodulatory agent against <i>Salmonella</i> infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"78-84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12981707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant activities and toxicity of dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts of <i>Annona squamosa</i> L. leaves.","authors":"Mustanir Yahya, Binawati Ginting, Nurdin Saidi, Cantika Dwi Riski, Agnia Purnama, Teuku Ivan Auliansyah, T Zaid Thariq Gunana","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_231_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_231_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Annona squamosa</i> contains some secondary metabolites and has significant biological activities, including antioxidant. The toxicity of n-hexane and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts from <i>A. squamosa</i> leaves was evaluated using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test, while their antioxidant activity was evaluated through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The antioxidant activity results showed inhibition concentration 50 (IC₅₀) values of 152.76 ppm for the n-hexane extract and 57.87 ppm for the DCM extract. Toxicity tests of both extracts had lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) values below 1000 ppm that indicated that the extracts are considered toxic. The results of fraction testing showed that fraction F6 was the most active as an antioxidant, with an IC₅₀ of 86.49 ppm, and F5 had the highest toxicity with an LC₅₀ of 75.30 ppm. Further gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the most active extract and fraction identified 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and benzenepropanoic acid derivatives, which are suggested to contribute to the observed antioxidant and toxicity-related activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"24-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12981712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metformin ameliorates pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice by modulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, nuclear factor-kappa B, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and caspase-3.","authors":"Waleed K Abdulsahib, Sattar J Abood, Mohanad Y Al-Radeef","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_174_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_174_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Owing to less efficiency of currently available antiepileptic medications, research is continuing toward the most effective solution. It was observed that the antidiabetic drug metformin (MET) is getting more attention in the modern world due to its good anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective characteristics, and this is the main purpose of this investigation for assessing the antiepileptic impact of MET. In this study, we sought to assess MET's antiepileptic effectiveness in a model of mice by examining its effects on the duration, frequency, and intensity of seizures. Furthermore, we aimed to figure out the neurological mechanisms behind MET's antiepileptic effects. Six groups of 48 mice were allocated. The first group was administered normal saline (vehicle group), while in the second group, to induce seizure, administered pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 45 mg/kg). Valproic acid (300 mg/kg) was given to the third group as the positive group. The remaining groups were injected with prophylactic doses of MET at 200, 250, and 300 mg/kg for 7 days. After 30 min of the last dose, Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 were induced by PTZ. The results showed that MET exerted antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects across behavioral, biochemical, and mortality parameters. The mortality rate, the length of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, the frequency of seizures, and the seizure scores (<i>P</i> < 0.001) were all substantially reduced by the MET. Additionally, MET raised levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, nuclear factor-kappa B, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (<i>P</i> < 0.001) while lowering blood levels of caspase-3 (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Findings revealed MET's antiepileptic role, lowering both seizure activity and mortality in the target mouse.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12981709/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147467954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}