Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research最新文献

{"title":"Wet heat energy for reaction of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid with caruba and applications for pharmaceutical dosage forms.","authors":"Wuryanto Hadinugroho, Stephanie Florencia Winarko, Echa Imanuela Sinta, Senny Yesery Esar, Jefri Prasetyo","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_297_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_297_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reaction of 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid (2HT) with caruba (Cb) produces poly-2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid caruba (P-2HTCb). The study aims to determine the effect of temperature and heating time in the P-2HTCb synthesis reaction and to obtain the optimum conditions for P-2HTCb synthesis. Experiments with 2HT (4.76 × 10^-2 M), Cb (4.51 × 10^-5 M), and hydrochloric acid (0.12 M) were carried out in a two-factorial design. Temperature and heating time were the optimization factors (40^○C-60^○C) and heating time (30-45 min). P-2HTCb was characterized by universal attenuated total reflectance, proton magnetic resonance (PMR), differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. All P-2HTCb contained C = O ester at approximately 1736 cm^-1, swelling index (SI) 20.52%-24.82%, pH 3.64-4.88, yield 33.10%-39.30%, and esterification effectiveness (Ee) 10.83%-12.85%. The optimum PMR doublet peak of P-2HTCb was at δ = 2.878-2.652 ppm, melting temperature 146^○C, diffractogram peak at 19.3800^○, and a coral-like wavy surface. Increasing melting temperature, increased SI, increased pH, reduced yield, and reduced Ee. Heating time increased SI, decreased pH, reduced yield, and reduced Ee. The combination of both decreased the SI, pH, yield, and Ee. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of P-2HTCb were 55^○C for 40 min. P-2HTCb accelerated the flow of microcrystalline cellulose and provided tablet friability of ≤1%.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"148-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of antioxidant and antiaging activities of methanol extract from eucalyptus (<i>Melaleuca leucadendron</i>) and patchouli (<i>Pogostemon cablin</i>) leaves.","authors":"Maulidna Ginting, Novia Delza, T Zaid Thariq Gunana, Elly Sufriadi, Binawati Ginting, Chyntia Audhina, Dewi Br Tarigan","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_239_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_239_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants from the Myrtaceae and Lamiaceae families, such as <i>Melaleuca leucadendron</i> and <i>Pogostemon cablin</i>, are known to be used as essential oils. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antiaging activity of the methanol extract of leaves of <i>Melaleuca leucadendron</i> (MEML) and <i>P. cablin</i> (MEPC). Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, and antiaging activity was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. The results of this study showed that each of the MEML and MEPC extracts had a yield of 55.95% and 21.24% and contained alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, steroid, and phenolic compounds. The results of the antioxidant test showed that MEML and MEPC extracts had a very strong category with IC₅₀ values of 3.23 µg/mL and 47.60 µg/mL, respectively. Antiaging activity was shown in the cell viability of MEPC with concentrations of 20 µg/mL (106.879%), 50 µg/mL (95%), 100 µg/mL (85.434%), and 200 µg/mL (35.665%), and MEML with concentrations of 20 µg/mL (108.237%), 50 µg/mL (106.445%), 100 µg/mL (88.006%), and 200 µg/mL (79.451%).</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"115-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical characteristics, medication use, and mortality outcomes in pediatric chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study at national hospital in Jakarta.","authors":"Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff, Selvia Yuliana, Nadiya Nurul Afifah, Ade Heryana","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_207_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_207_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children necessitates the use of a variety of drugs to reduce disease progression and manage complications. Polypharmacy is common in children with CKD, which can increase the occurrence of harmful drug interactions. This study aimed to evaluate drug prescribing patterns and their association with mortality in pediatric CKD patients at X Hospital Jakarta, using disease stage as a critical variable. This retrospective observational study examined 124 children with CKD from January 2020 to December 2024. The correlation among mortality, polypharmacy, and CKD stage was assessed by bivariate analysis (Spearman test). Lexicomp and Stockley's Drug Interactions analyzed drug interactions. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression. The study results showed that the population was predominantly male (52.4%) and aged 13-16 years (33.06%), with 70.16% of patients having CKD Stage G5. Prescribed drugs included antihypertensives, antibiotics, anemia treatments, and immunosuppressants. The majority of medication interactions (89.4%) were classified as moderate in severity. Although polypharmacy was highest in Stage G5, the correlation test revealed no significant relationship between CKD stage and polypharmacy (Spearman's coefficient, 0.105; <i>P</i> = 0.247). There were 14 deaths in total, with 10 of them occurring in Stage G5. However, survival analysis (log-rank <i>P</i> = 0.987; Cox regression <i>P</i> = 0.988) demonstrated no statistically significant difference in mortality risk among the CKD stages. This study highlights that, despite a greater number of fatalities in Stage G5, the survival models did not show a statistically significant relationship between CKD stage and mortality, nor between CKD stage and polypharmacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"108-114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeing through the patient's Eyes: Exploring quality of life in glaucoma patients.","authors":"Nour Aymn Ahmad, Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar, Javedh Shareef, Ajay Kamath","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_304_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_304_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glaucoma remains the predominant cause of irreversible blindness and has a profound multidimensional impact on every patient's life. Assessment of vision-related quality of life (VR-QOL) is paramount for comprehensive glaucoma management. To evaluate VR-QOL among patients with glaucoma at a secondary care hospital in the United Arab Emirates. This cross-sectional study was undertaken in the ophthalmology outpatient clinic between July 2021 and February 2022. Individuals were recruited using stratified random sampling, and controls were frequency-matched by age and gender. VR-QOL was measured using the validated NEI-VFQ-25 questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-tests, Spearman correlation, and to analyze predictors associated with VR-QOL, multiple linear regression were used. The study was completed by 130 individuals with glaucoma and 130 control subjects. The average composite NEI-VFQ-25 score for glaucoma patients was lower than control groups. VR-QOL was strongly related to disease severity, age, number of medications, and occupation status (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Significant difference was observed across multiple functional domains in patient with glaucoma compared to controls (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Glaucoma substantially affects VR-QOL, particularly in advanced stages of the disease. Elderly, duration of the illness, and long-term treatment greatly influence diminishing patient well-being. These findings underscore the need for ongoing monitoring, patient-centered engagement, and most importantly, the early detection of glaucoma to preserve vision.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"141-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative multi-omics, network pharmacology, and molecular simulation of herbal compounds targeting immune tolerance mechanisms in food allergy.","authors":"Honey Dzikri Marhaeny, Delis Susilawati, Fittree Hayeeawaema, Alma Nuril Aliyah, Yusuf Alif Pratama, Wa Ode Nurfinti, Hijrawati Ayu Wardani, Faisal Akhmal Muslikh, Angeline Felisca Tanujaya, Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan, Tri Widiandani, Bambang Tri Purwanto, Andang Miatmoko, Junaidi Khotib","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_283_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_283_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food allergies (FAs) significantly impact quality of life. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) shows promise but faces limitations such as prolonged treatment duration, systemic side effects, and poor compliance, especially in pediatric and elderly populations. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) may enhance AIT efficacy and safety, yet the mechanisms underlying immune tolerance remain poorly understood. This study employed an integrated <i>in silico</i> approach combining network pharmacology, molecular simulation, and metabolomics to investigate anti-allergic <i>Jamu</i> medicinal plants in FA. Active compounds from 13 medicinal plants were analyzed to predict key targets and pathways. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations assessed compound-target binding affinities, while metabolomics evaluated tissue distribution and bioavailability in lymphoid tissues. The results identified transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFB1) as a key target associated with the FoxO signaling pathway and Th17 cell differentiation, both of which are critical for promoting allergic tolerance. MAPK1 and MAPK14 emerged as additional targets, providing insights into the mechanisms of allergy development. Molecular simulations demonstrated strong binding affinities, with quercetin (-9.1 kcal/mol) and genistein (-8.1 kcal/mol) binding to TGFB1, and isoprocurcumenol (-7.1 kcal/mol) and dicinnamoylmethane (-10.1 kcal/mol) binding to MAPK1 and MAPK14, respectively. Metabolomic analysis further showed high genistein accumulation in lymph nodes. In summary, these findings suggest that CAM-AIT integration could significantly improve FA therapeutic outcomes by promoting immune tolerance and modulating inflammatory pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of pomegranate seed oil on lower-extremity ischemia-reperfusion damage: Insights into oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death.","authors":"Murooj Luai Majeed Altimimi","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_204_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_204_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lower-extremity ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury causes oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. Pomegranate seed oil (PSO) contains polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may protect against IR injury. In this single-center, randomized, double-blind trial, 60 patients undergoing reperfusion for lower-limb ischemia were allocated to four arms: Control (<i>n</i> = 15), IR + placebo (<i>n</i> = 20), IR + PSO low dose (<i>n</i> = 10), and IR + PSO high dose (<i>n</i> = 15). Muscle biopsies of the gastrocnemius were obtained at baseline and 72 h after reperfusion. The primary endpoint was total histological injury score. The secondary outcomes included total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, caspase-3, and cytochrome-C. PSO significantly reduced histological injury: Median total injury score was 9 (7-11) in IR, 6 (4-8) in IR + PSO low, and 3 (2-5) in IR + PSO high (<i>P</i> < 0.001). TOS was lower and TAS higher in PSO groups (TOS: IR - 26.36 ± 9.18 µmol/L vs. IR + PSO high - 8.14 ± 3.40 µmol/L, TAS: IR - 0.63 ± 0.05 mmol/L vs. IR + PSO high - 1.12 ± 0.32 mmol/L). Multivariable logistic regression showed that PSO treatment was associated with lower odds of severe IR injury (odds ratio: 0.40, 95% confidence interval: 0.18-0.90). In this exploratory study, PSO supplementation was associated with reduced histological and biochemical markers of IR injury, with greater effects at higher dose. Larger, registered randomized trials are required to confirm efficacy, optimal dosing, and safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"135-140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive potential of <i>Rhododendron lowndesii</i>: Extraction, antioxidant analysis, antimicrobial assay, and Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry profiling.","authors":"Anup Luitel, Rajan Shrestha, Lalit Mohan Pant, Ashwinee Kumar Shrestha, Niru Thapa, Manika Shrestha, Ronak Shrestha, Ganesh Datt Joshi, Kirankumar Hullatti, Janardan Lamichhane","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_235_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_235_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Rhododendron lowndesii</i> Davidian is an endemic medicinal plant of Nepal found in an altitude range of 3000-4100 m. This study investigates the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of its methanolic extract. The aerial part of the plant was extracted through methanol maceration to achieve 31.50% ± 0.92% yield. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, terpenoids, coumarins, and carbohydrates, with a total phenolic content of 175.63 ± 1.37 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 1090.36 ± 2.29 mgQE/g. Antioxidant activity assay of the extract suggested its strong radical scavenging activity through DPPH (IC₅₀:19.46 ± 1.85 µg/mL) and ABST is 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays (IC_50: 13.4 ± 0.20 µg/mL). Antibacterial activity as determined by the disc diffusion method, showed significant effect against <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (minimum inhibitory concentration: 312.5-1250 µg/mL) but limited efficacy against <i>Salmonella enterica</i>. High-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified pharmacologically significant compounds, including zapotin and cepharanthine. These findings suggest that <i>R. lowndesii</i> has rich phytochemical profile and bioactivity; this supports its potential as a medicinal plant and need of its pharmacological research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"121-127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hesperidin increases the <i>in vitro</i> anticancer activity of Pentagamavunon-1 in triple-negative breast cancer with limited effects on normal cells.","authors":"Muthi Ikawati, Mila Hanifa, Nadzifa Nugraheni, Novia Permata Hapsari, Anif Nur Artanti, Dhania Novitasari, Rohmad Yudi Utomo, Mukh Syaifudin, Muchtaridi Muchtaridi, Endah Puji Septisetyani, Okid Parama Astirin, Edy Meiyanto","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_270_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_270_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pentagamavunon-1 (PGV-1) is a potential anticancer candidate due to its specific targeting of cancer cells with minimal toxicity to normal cells. This study examined the potency of hesperidin (HSD) in improving the anticancer effects of PGV-1 for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The 4T1 and NIH-3T3 cell lines were used as the model of TNBC and normal fibroblast, respectively. The cytotoxicity was quantified using MTT and clonogenic assays, whereas the cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. Cell migration was assessed by scratch-wound healing assay. Senescence was measured using the SA-β-gal assay, and the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 9 was examined using gelatin zymography. Protein expression level was analyzed through capillary Western blot. The collected data were quantified using one-way ANOVA. PGV-1 significantly reduced 4T1 cell viability, with IC₅₀ values of 7 and 2 µM at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Its cytotoxic effect persisted up to 7 days after removal. HSD alone showed no cytotoxicity against 4T1 cells, but in combination with 1 µM of PGV-1, it synergistically enhanced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. This synergism is likely due to ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibition, leading to reduced levels of Bcl-2 and elevated levels of Bax. In NIH-3T3 cells, higher concentration PGV-1 (10 µM) induced early senescence-associated features, but 100 µM HSD prevented this and suppressed MMP-2 and 9 secretion. PGV-1 and HSD combination demonstrates potential as a co-treatment strategy for effective anticancer therapy while preserving normal cell integrity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"163-169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a synbiotic water kefir, dragon fruit, and inulin-medium-chain triglyceride drink as a candidate for an antihyperlipidemic beverage.","authors":"Senny Yesery Esar, Kuncoro Foe, Caroline, Yudy Tjahjono, Hendy Wijaya, Martha Ervina","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_265_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_265_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Consumer demand for palatable functional beverages with metabolic health benefits is increasing. Water kefir is a plant-based probiotic drink associated with improved metabolic profiles, immune modulation, and anti-inflammatory effects. Combining probiotics with prebiotics (synbiotics) may further enhance these benefits, although synbiotic beverages remain underdeveloped. This study aimed to develop and characterize a synbiotic water kefir beverage formulated with red dragon fruit and 20% inulin-medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) as a potential Indonesian functional beverage. Physicochemical stability (pH and viscosity) was evaluated during 95 days of production. Microbiological safety (<i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>), sensory acceptability, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, ethanol concentration, carbohydrate content, and cholesterol-lowering activity in an obesity-induced mouse model were assessed. The beverage exhibited stable physicochemical properties (pH 4.18 ± 0.01; viscosity 197.8 ± 0.15 cP) throughout production. <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>E. coli</i> were not detected. Hedonic evaluation indicated overall acceptance, with all attributes scoring ≥3 (\"liked\"); the dragon fruit color received the highest score, while fermented aroma was acceptable but scored lowest. Total phenolics reached 2.514 ± 0.333 mg GAE/100 mL, titratable acidity was 0.399% ± 0.054%, ethanol content was 0.44% ± 0.0026% (w/w), and carbohydrate content was 22.73% ± 0.38% (w/w). In obese mice, the synbiotic beverage significantly reduced total cholesterol levels. The dragon fruit 20% inulin-MCT synbiotic water kefir is microbiologically safe, sensorially acceptable, and physicochemically stable, with antioxidant potential and cholesterol-lowering activity <i>in vivo</i>, supporting its potential as a functional beverage.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"198-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan-based <i>Moringa oleifera</i> nanoparticles attenuate hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor upregulation in human lens epithelial cells.","authors":"Hendra Susanto, Moch Sholeh, Nashi Widodo, Nurina Febriyanti Ayuningtyas, Miftakhul Cahyati, Adeodatus Yuda Handaya","doi":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_327_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/JAPTR.JAPTR_327_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress and stress-responsive signaling in ocular tissues, contributing to the progression of diabetic eye complications. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of hyperglycemia-induced cellular dysfunction. <i>Moringa oleifera</i>, rich in antioxidant flavonoids and phenolics, exhibits potential protective effects against metabolic stress. This study evaluated whether chitosan-based <i>M. oleifera</i> nanoparticles attenuate hyperglycemia-induced upregulation of VEGF in human lens epithelial (HLE) cells. HLE-B3 cells were exposed to high glucose to establish an <i>in vitro</i> model of hyperglycemia. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with <i>M. oleifera</i> seed (NMS) and leaf (NML) extracts were fabricated and characterized for physicochemical properties and bioactive compound content. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assays under normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. VEGF expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence and semi-quantitative image analysis following nanoparticle treatment. Nanoparticle characterization confirmed successful encapsulation of flavonoids and phenolic compounds with stable physicochemical properties. Both NMS and NML were well tolerated under normoglycemic conditions (IC₅₀ >3500 µg/mL), while hyperglycemia-induced cells exhibited greater sensitivity (IC_50: 1517 µg/mL for NMS; 1943 µg/mL for NML). High glucose exposure significantly increased VEGF expression, whereas treatment with NMS and NML markedly attenuated VEGF upregulation. Chitosan-based <i>M. oleifera</i> nanoparticles attenuate hyperglycemia-induced VEGF expression in HLE cells, indicating a protective effect against epithelial stress signaling. These findings highlight the potential of nanoencapsulated <i>M. oleifera</i> as a strategy to modulate hyperglycemia-driven ocular epithelial dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":14877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"184-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13262915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148251653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}