Iranian Journal of Child Neurology最新文献

{"title":"Gender and Age Differences in Seronegative Pediatric Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Profiles: Results and Insights from a Tertiary Center.","authors":"Reza Nejad Shahrokh Abadi, Farrokh Seilanian Toosi, Javad Akhoondian, Mehran Beiraghi Toosi, Farah Ashrafzadeh, Mohammadali Nahayati, Shima Shekari, Samaneh Kamali, Shima Imannezhad, Ahmad Sohrab Niazi, Narges Hashemi","doi":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i2.46613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijcn.v19i2.46613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rapid-onset inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder in children, causing demyelination, encephalopathy, and neurological deficits, often following infections.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>This 10-year retrospective study evaluated pediatric patients with seronegative acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), focusing on clinical, laboratory, and imaging profiles. The various profiles were assessed to determine age- and/or sex-based differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study reviewed 36 patients, with an average age of 6.08 years and predominantly male (61.1%). Clinical presentations included fever, nausea, vomiting, and seizures, with left facial hemiparesis being more common in girls (P-value = 0.023), while abnormal deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) and right-sided pathologies were more common in older patients (P-value < 0.05). Recent laboratory results have revealed differences between peripheral lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells. Imaging revealed predominantly bilateral lesions, with older patients more likely to show lesions in the right parietal and occipital lobes (P-value = 0.01 and 0.04). Bilateral parietal lobe lesions were significantly correlated with several laboratory findings across the different subgroups. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that these findings were statistically significant in regards to peripheral PMN and lymphocytes in the age category and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein in the gender category (P-value < 0.05). Additionally, girls, particularly those who were older, had significantly higher involvement of the cervical spine (P-value = 0.04 and 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals age and sex-related differences in the clinical presentation and imaging findings of seronegative pediatric ADEM, showcasing the various demographic factors in patient profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":14537,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology","volume":"19 2","pages":"77-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11994128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haberland Syndrome (Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis): A Case Report and Review of Literature.","authors":"Ala Torabi, Reza Shervin Badv, Masoud Mohammadpour, Fatemeh Zamani, Masoumeh Sadat Sadeghzadeh, Neda Pak","doi":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i1.37492","DOIUrl":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i1.37492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL), also known as Haberland syndrome, is a rare, nonhereditary, nonprogressive congenital neurocutaneous syndrome with underlying ectodermal dysgenesis. The classic triad of this syndrome is central nervous system (CNS), ocular, and cutaneous involvement as unilateral lipomatous lesions of the scalp, neck, and face with ipsilateral brain anomalies and ipsilateral ocular choristoma. Herein, this study reports a case of a 2-year-old boy presented with status epilepticus for the first time. Intraspinal lipoma, arachnoid cyst, cerebral hemiatrophy, asymmetric hydrocephaly, choristoma, and corneal clouding were noted. This case fulfilled Moog's clinical criteria for diagnosis of Haberland syndrome. Additionally, this study introduces linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis and cerebral periventricular white matter hyperintensity as novel manifestations of this syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":14537,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology","volume":"19 1","pages":"127-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11781344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of hippotherapy simulation on balance, postural control, and spasticity of thigh adductor muscles in children with spastic bilateral Cerebral Palsy: A single-blind clinical trial study.","authors":"Kiana Ramezani, Minoo Kalantari, Marzieh Pashmdarfard, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghba, Ghodrat Khavari","doi":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i1.46567","DOIUrl":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i1.46567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of movement disorders. A recently proposed occupational therapy approach to reduce spasticity and improve balance and postural control is Hippotherapy Simulation (HS). The present study attempts to investigate how HS impacts balance, postural control, and spasticity of adductor muscles in children with spastic bilateral CP.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>Thirty-one children with bilateral spastic CP, five to nine years old, were selected via availability sampling and divided into the intervention group (n=16) and the control (n=15) through stratified block randomization. Assessment tools, including Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), and goniometry, were completed by an assessor unaware of the children's grouping.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After the intervention, the average total scores of all variables in the HS group significantly exceeded those in the control group (P<0.01). However, no significant differences were observed between the groups at follow-up, underlining the necessity of providing long-term or recurrent interventions to maintain improvements in gross motor function. This approach also constructively influenced postural control and mitigated the spasticity of adductor thigh muscles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study showed the multimodal effect of simulated hippotherapy combined with occupational therapy routine exercises on the physical performance of children with bilateral spastic CP.</p>","PeriodicalId":14537,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology","volume":"19 1","pages":"79-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11781343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ataxia Telangiectasia with Giant Suprasellar Arachnoid Cyst - A Case Report and a Brief Review.","authors":"Mahmoud Reza Ashrafi, Ali Nikkhah, Morteza Heidari, Golazin ShahbodaghKhan, Roya Sinaei, Solmaz Aziz-Ahari, Hossein Yousefimanesh","doi":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i2.45580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijcn.v19i2.45580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ataxiatelangiectasia (A-T) is an infrequent genetic neurodegenerative disorder inherited autosomal recessively. It is mainly characterized by early-onset progressive cerebellar ataxia and dilated capillaries in the oculocutaneous regions especially conjunctivae so-called telangiectasia. A-T is a multisystem disorder and requires multi-disciplinary approach to management. Diagnosis is difficult in some cases because presentation is not in the same manner and showing a phenotypic spectrum. In atypical cases serum immunoglobulins and alfa fetoprotein are normal and telangiectasia is absent. We present a 5.5-year-old boy with progressive cerebellar ataxia and history of repeated sino-pulmonary infections that was homozygote for ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene and had a giant arachnoid cyst in left hemisphere. It is important to keep in mind those cases with ataxia and repeated sino-pulmonary infections may be ataxia telangectasia patients. Genetic study is helpful and confirms the diagnosis by showing ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene.</p>","PeriodicalId":14537,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology","volume":"19 2","pages":"143-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11994129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143965768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Prevalence of Neurological Soft Signs in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their Siblings: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Katayoon Razjouyan, Abbas Babazadeh Dezfoly, Rozita Davari Ashtiani, Mojgan Khademi, Fariba Arabgol, Mohammad Javad Nasiri, Nahid Piri, Mohammad Ali Miri","doi":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i1.44589","DOIUrl":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i1.44589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Autism is determined by children's inability to communicate with others through language. More studies have shown that neurological soft signs (NSS) can be one of the symptoms of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, complete and proven evidence regarding the role of NSS in the pathogenesis of autism has not been determined. For this purpose, this research investigated the prevalence of NSS in children with autism spectrum and their siblings and compared it with the control group.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>The current study was cross-sectional. In this study, thirty-two children aged 7-17 who had been referred to the pediatric psychiatry clinics of Imam Hossein Hospital and the Autism Charitable Association in Tehran, Iran, were entered; they were diagnosed with an autism disorder by a child and adolescent psychiatrist based on the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Furthermore, thirty-two siblings of children with autism in the age group of 7-17 years who did not have any neurological and mental disorders were included; thirty-two healthy individuals (controls) who did not have any disorders were evaluated with the K-SADS checklist. Gilliam Autism Rating Scale 3rd Edition (GARS-3) was also used to confirm the diagnosis and severity of the disease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the incidence of NSS in the patient group was higher than in the other two groups, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Furthermore, the results indicated that these signs had a high diagnostic value in identifying patients from healthy people.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In general, using the NSS score in patients with autism can be considered a prediction factor compared to their siblings. In addition, the score had no effect on the prediction between sibling and control subjects.</p>","PeriodicalId":14537,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology","volume":"19 1","pages":"25-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11781334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes of Neonatal Stroke: Ibn Thalaj's (Died in 975 AD) Viewpoints.","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Asadi, Saeed Changizi-Ashtiyani, Saeed Amini","doi":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i1.37978","DOIUrl":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i1.37978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although stroke has long been recognized as an adult health problem that causes significant morbidity and mortality, it is also an important cause of brain injury in infants and children. The present article deals with this issue from the perspective of medical history. Physicians have tried throughout history to diagnose and treat this disease. One of the physicians who first accurately described this disease was Ibn Thalaj, who died in 975 AD. The hypotheses that he has raised about the causes of neonatal stroke, along with his recommendations for prevention and treatment, are intriguing. Exploring these hypotheses highlights the ongoing human endeavor to comprehend and combat diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14537,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology","volume":"19 1","pages":"9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11781340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horner Syndrome Following Permcath Insertion in a Child with End-Stage Renal Disease: A Case Report.","authors":"Masoumeh Mohkam, Shiva Fatollahierad, Farzad Ahmadabadi, Mitra Khalili","doi":"10.22037/ijcn.V19i2.44855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijcn.V19i2.44855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Horner syndrome, characterized by the triad of unilateral ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis, typically arises following a stroke, surgical interventions in the neck and chest, or trauma. Horner syndrome is rare in children. This study presents the case of a 9-year-old girl with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) caused by renal hypodysplasia. After permcath insertion, she developed a severe headache and anisocoria, followed by ptosis and a progressively expanding neck hematoma. Physical examination and MRI of the neck revealed that Horner syndrome, caused by hematoma formation following permcath placement, was the diagnosis. Supportive interventions were implemented, leading to significant improvement in Horner syndrome over a six-month period. Complications from permcath insertion can be a cause of Horner syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":14537,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology","volume":"19 2","pages":"153-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11994131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Craniorachischisis Totalis: A Detailed Case Report.","authors":"Sayan Biswas, Praisy Joy, Manisha Gaikwad, Jasmina Begum, Nerbadyswari Deep, Suranjana Banik","doi":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i2.44334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijcn.v19i2.44334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital anomalies resulting from improper neural tube closure. Craniorachischisis totalis, the most extreme form, involves failure of neural tube formation along the entire cranio-spinal axis. This rare condition is fatal, with limited reported cases globally. We report a case of a 35-year-old G3P1L1A1 woman admitted at 20 weeks and 4 days gestation for medical termination of pregnancy following second-trimester ultrasound findings of anencephaly and spinal dysraphism. The patient began folic acid supplementation only after pregnancy confirmation. The fetus exhibited acrania, bifid vertebrae, exposed neural tissue, frog-eye deformity, and limb contractures. Butterfly vertebrae was observed in infantogram. Retrospective ultrasound review revealed an absent cranial vault, disorganized brain matter, and a large open spinal defect extending to the upper lumbar region. Genetic and infectious panels were largely unremarkable, except for reactive rubella IgG. Craniorachischisis totalis arises from failure of neural tube closure, potentially linked to genetic mutations, folate deficiency, and multiple maternal risk factors. Here, we also revisit the various theories of neural tube closure. Early prenatal diagnosis and counseling are critical for managing craniorachischisis. Periconceptional folic acid supplementation remains the most effective preventive measure.</p>","PeriodicalId":14537,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology","volume":"19 2","pages":"149-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11994127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143996307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Neurofeedback on Cognitive Function in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Mehdi Rezaee, Mohammad Effatpanah, Mohamad Mahdi Nasehi, Leila Ghamkhar, Nazanin Barati","doi":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i2.46578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijcn.v19i2.46578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative deficits in behavior and social interaction patterns. Recently, cognitive impairments commonly associated with ASD have been well-documented. Neurofeedback (NFB) has been proposed as a potential treatment for individuals with autism, but its effectiveness in improving cognitive issues remains uncertain despite multiple trials. This review aims to summarize the estate of documents regarding the cognitive efficacy of NFB for participants with ASD.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>Conducting a systematic review adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this study scrutinized NFB studies specific to ASD treatment. Its inclusion criteria focused on studies involving individuals with ASD without comorbidities, employing JBI checklists to assess study quality. Utilizing PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus, supplemented by manual paper reviews, we initially identified 474 papers. After deduplication and full-text review, 12 studies were selected for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings revealed that 83% of the chosen studies highlighted a positive impact of NFB on cognition in individuals with ASD. The findings suggest NFB as a promising alternative treatment, demonstrating efficacy in addressing attention, memory, executive function, and speech difficulties. Additionally, six studies indicated sustained long-term effectiveness of NFB in improving cognitive functioning among ASD patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review supports the potential of NFB as a viable intervention for cognitive challenges in ASD. Furthermore, the results hint at broader applications of NFB beyond ASD, suggesting efficacy in addressing conditions like Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), sleep apnea, depression, and epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14537,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology","volume":"19 2","pages":"27-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11994135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Relationship of Age and Gender with the Prevalence of Seizure Types in Children with COVID-19: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study in Firouzabadi Hospital.","authors":"Maryam Kachuie, Zahra Adel, Azita Tavasoli, Mohammad Rezazadeh, Zohre Zamani","doi":"10.22037/ijcn.v19i2.43612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/ijcn.v19i2.43612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>One of the clinical presentations of COVID-19 infection in children is seizure. Furthermore, based on other studies during the epidemy of the Omicron variant in Iran and other parts of the world, the incidence of seizure in children increased. Moreover, the distribution of different seizure types remains to be discovered due to the newness of the Omicron variant epidemic and the lack of studies in this field. Understanding the connections between demographic factors and different seizure types is crucial, as managing this disorder varies based on the type of seizure and the individual characteristics of each patient. This study aims to investigate the relationship between age and gender with the type of seizures in children under 18 years of age with the Omicron type of COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>In this this analytical cross-sectional study included 45 children diagnosed with COVID-19 and having seizures. The required information, including demographic characteristics and clinical findings of seizures, was recorded in them.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No statistically significant relationship was observed between demographic characteristics and the type of seizures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although this study contains significant clinical results, more studies are needed to clarify this issue due to its limitations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14537,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology","volume":"19 2","pages":"109-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11994132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143971619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}