Shun Yamaguchi;Takashi Hisakado;Osami Wada;Mahfuzul Islam
{"title":"A Fully Integrated Digital LDO With Adaptive Sampling and Statistical Comparator Selection","authors":"Shun Yamaguchi;Takashi Hisakado;Osami Wada;Mahfuzul Islam","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3385233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3385233","url":null,"abstract":"Digital LDOs are gaining attention for their operation with small output capacitance. Adaptive sampling with a large frequency scaling ratio is required for fast transient response with low-power operation. Furthermore, the design of a fluctuation detector to deal with large load steps is important. This letter describes an adaptive-sampling digital LDO with a built-in clock generator and fluctuation detector based on statistical comparator selection. Statistical comparator selection utilizes offset voltage variation to realize stable implicit references. We apply order statistics for run-time calibration. Our proposed LDO fabricated in a commercial 65-nm low-power CMOS process operates from 0.6 to 1.2 V and achieves a maximum current efficiency of 99.99 %. The transient FoM is 0.25 ps.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"163-166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140818784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taylor Barton;Shea Smith;Yu Hao;Ryan Watson;Kyle Rogers;Parker Allred;Bibhu Datta Sahoo;Nancy Fulda;Jordan T. Yorgason;Karl F. Warnick;Mau-Chung Frank Chang;Yen-Cheng Kuan;Shiuh-Hua Wood Chiang
{"title":"A Subthreshold Time-Domain Analog Spiking Neuron With PLL-Based Leak Circuit and Capacitive DAC Synapse","authors":"Taylor Barton;Shea Smith;Yu Hao;Ryan Watson;Kyle Rogers;Parker Allred;Bibhu Datta Sahoo;Nancy Fulda;Jordan T. Yorgason;Karl F. Warnick;Mau-Chung Frank Chang;Yen-Cheng Kuan;Shiuh-Hua Wood Chiang","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3384762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3384762","url":null,"abstract":"The design and measurement of a time-domain analog spiking neuron is described. The proposed neuron leverages time-domain processing using voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) and a time-domain comparator to integrate the input spike and trigger the output spike. A novel leaky circuit uses a phase-locked loop (PLL) to drive the phase difference between the two VCOs toward zero. A weighted capacitive digital-to-analog converter (CDAC) synapse merges the input spikes and phase-frequency detector (PFD) outputs to generate the VCO control voltage. The neuron is implemented in a 28-nm CMOS technology and operates under a subthreshold supply voltage of 0.35 V. Occupying \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$154~mu {mathrm{ m}}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, measurement shows a maximum spike rate of 5.5 MHz and energy consumption of 159 fJ/spike.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"143-146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140639424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peng Xu;Tao Wang;Xueli Zhang;Peng Cao;Jiawei Xu;Zhiliang Hong
{"title":"Design and Stability Analysis of the Variable-Sawtooth-Based PWM Controller for the AC-Coupled Envelope Tracking Supply Modulator","authors":"Peng Xu;Tao Wang;Xueli Zhang;Peng Cao;Jiawei Xu;Zhiliang Hong","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3384345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3384345","url":null,"abstract":"This letter analyzes the proposed variable-sawtooth-based PWM controller for the ac-coupled envelope tracking (ET) supply modulator (SM). The ET SM includes a linear amplifier and a switching power modulator (SPM). The SPM maintains the voltage across the ac-coupling capacitor and provides an output current in a power-efficient manner. A 10-MHz constant frequency is employed in the proposed SPM to reduce the interference to the communication system. It utilizes a pulse-width-modulation controller but contains a voltage main loop and a current auxiliary loop, improving the transient response performance at the expense of complicated control loops. This letter analyzes the stability condition and design methodology to determine key parameters. The simulation and measurement have verified these theoretical analyses.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"151-154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140813914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An 18-nW CMOS Current and Voltage Reference Circuit With Low Line Sensitivity and Wide Temperature Range","authors":"I-Fan Lin;Yu-Chu Tsai;Heng-Li Lin;Yu-Te Liao","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3407583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3407583","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a design for a voltage and current reference (VCR) that utilizes a 0.18-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m CMOS process. The design employs stacked-diode MOS transistors (SDMTs) to generate a voltage that is complementary to absolute temperature for the current reference (CR). By adjusting the transistor size ratio, this bias voltage exhibits the similar temperature coefficient (TC) as that of the resistor in the CR. To enhance temperature compensation, a reversely biased transistor is employed in the voltage reference (VR). Additionally, the cascode current mirror and SDMTs in the VR mitigate supply sensitivity in both voltage and current outputs. The VCR achieves a TC of 124 ppm/°C in VR and 264 ppm/°C in CR over a temperature range of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$- 40~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$130~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C. Furthermore, it achieves a line sensitivity of 0.011 %/V in VR and 0.094 %/V in CR while operating at 18.51 nW at room temperature. The active chip area of the VCR is approximately \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$25~000~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m2.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"179-182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141474867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 23.9-μW 13.6-Bit Period Modulation-Based Capacitance-to-Digital Converter With Dynamic Current Mirror Front-End","authors":"Hyeyeon Lee;Donguk Seo;Young-Jin Woo;Yoonmyung Lee;Inhee Lee;Youngcheol Chae","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3382813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3382813","url":null,"abstract":"This letter proposes a low-power high-precision capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) utilizing a dynamic current mirror (DCM) to transform a sensor input capacitance \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$(C_{mathrm{ IN}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 into an output current. The resulting current is directly proportional to the ratio of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$C_{mathrm{ IN}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 to an internal reference capacitor \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$(C_{mathrm {REF}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and subsequently converted into a period-modulated output, facilitating simple digitization by a digital counter. The CDC achieves an extensive \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$C_{mathrm{ IN}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 range of 1 to 68 pF without the need for a power-hungry reference buffer. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, the prototype IC occupies a small area of 0.05-mm2 and consumes only \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$23.9~mu text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 even with a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$C_{mathrm{ IN}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of 47 pF. It achieves a capacitance resolution of 1.65 fF for a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$C_{mathrm{ IN}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of 1 pF with a conversion time of 4 ms, corresponding to a 13.6-bit effective number of bit.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"135-138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140606068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Compact Phase-Domain Delta–Sigma Time-to-Digital Converter With 8.5-ps Resolution for LiDAR Applications","authors":"Yoondeok Na;Myung-Jae Lee;Youngcheol Chae","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3382594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3382594","url":null,"abstract":"This letter introduces a compact, high-resolution time-to-digital converter (TDC) for lidar applications. In contrast to a conventional histogram-based peak detection method, this letter proposes a mean detection method using a highly digitized phase-domain delta–sigma (PD\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta Sigma$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) TDC. The proposed TDC operates in an incremental \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 manner for a compact implementation and utilizing a digital integrator as a loop filter that facilitates an extended counting, resulting in significantly improved resolution. By utilizing a dual gated-ring oscillator (GRO) structure, time-quantization noise due to a residue phase of GRO is effectively mitigated. To address the issue of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) signals due to their stochastic nature, a dual time window is proposed to compensate for counting error when SPAD trigger missing occurs. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, the prototype TDC occupies only an area of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2000~mu text{m}~^{mathrm{ 2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. It achieves a noise level of 27.6 ps for the number of cycles of 32. When the cycle is 1000, it achieves a maximum integral nonlinearity (INL) of 80 ps (+53 ps/-27 ps) with a resolution of 8.5 ps.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"127-130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140559311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 50–67-GHz Transformer-Based Six-Port Balanced-to-Unbalanced Quadrature Hybrid Coupler","authors":"Yang Gao;Howard C. Luong","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3381811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3381811","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents the first on-chip transformer-based six-port balanced-to-unbalanced quadrature hybrid coupler (QHBC). The proposed six-port QHBC employs three transformers to replace eight inductors design in conventional LC-based couplers for miniaturization. Fabricated in CMOS 28 nm, the overall size of the proposed coupler is 0.23 mm \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$times0.17$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm, which is equivalent to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.046cdot lambda _{0} times 0.034cdot lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, around 20 times smaller compared to the state-of-the-art six-port QHBC. Operating from 48 to 67 GHz, the measured differential and common mode return loss are <−8>−2.2 dB, respectively. The measured output phase and magnitude imbalance are within 10° and 2 dB, respectively. The measured voltage gain varies from −5.8 to −2.8 dB.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"139-142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140619579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Injune Yeo;Wangxin He;Yuan-Chun Luo;Shimeng Yu;Jae-Sun Seo
{"title":"Corrections to “A Dynamic Power-Only Compute-in-Memory Macro With Power-of-Two Nonlinear SAR ADC for Nonvolatile Ferroelectric Capacitive Crossbar Array”","authors":"Injune Yeo;Wangxin He;Yuan-Chun Luo;Shimeng Yu;Jae-Sun Seo","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3371728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3371728","url":null,"abstract":"In the article \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>Table 2</xref>\u0000 was incorrectly copied from Table I. The correct \u0000<xref>Table 2</xref>\u0000 in \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000 is shown below.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"110-110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10477667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140188372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ziyi Lin;Haikun Jia;Chuanming Zhu;Wei Deng;Huabing Liao;Bao Shi;Lujie Hao;Xiangrong Huang;Baoyong Chi
{"title":"A 4-Element Ka-Band Phased-Array Receiver With Code-Domain Hybrid Beamforming","authors":"Ziyi Lin;Haikun Jia;Chuanming Zhu;Wei Deng;Huabing Liao;Bao Shi;Lujie Hao;Xiangrong Huang;Baoyong Chi","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3379562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3379562","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a 4-element phased-array receiver with code-domain hybrid beamforming (CDHBF) in 65-nm CMOS technology. Code-division multiplexing is used to fully preserve the flexibility in the digital domain while using a single RF interface, which reduces the RF chain complexity, reduces the chip area, and improves power efficiency. Phase and amplitude control circuits are also integrated into each path to keep the flexibility to use the receiver as a traditional 4-element phased-array. The phased-array and code modulator can be turned on or off to reconfigure this structure into an analog beamformer, hybrid beamformer, and digital beamformer according to applications. An over-the-air wireless measurement is set up and two streams from different directions are simultaneously received and processed by the proposed receiver. The measured EVMs in CDHBF mode are -22.7 and -20.5 dB for 100 and 200-Ms/s data streams, respectively, without any digital domain equalization.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"123-126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140559360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhao Zhang;Yidan Zhang;Yiqing Xu;Xinyu Shen;Guike Li;Nan Qi;Jian Liu;Nanjian Wu;Liyuan Liu
{"title":"A Wideband Low-Noise Linear LiDAR Analog Front-End Achieving 1.6-GHz Bandwidth, 2.7-pA/Hz0.5 Input-Referred Noise, and 103-dBΩ Transimpedance Gain","authors":"Zhao Zhang;Yidan Zhang;Yiqing Xu;Xinyu Shen;Guike Li;Nan Qi;Jian Liu;Nanjian Wu;Liyuan Liu","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3378093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3378093","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a low-noise wideband analog front-end (AFE) circuit for long-range linear LiDAR. The nMOS feedforward transimpedance amplifier with inner feedback resistor (NFFR-TIA) is proposed to extend the bandwidth to around 400 MHz and reduce the input referred noise (IRN) concurrently with high-transimpedance gain and improved stability. Two stage continuous-time linear feedback circuits are introduced to further boost the bandwidth to over-1 GHz with flatten in-band AC response and negligible extra noise. Fabricated in a 40-nm CMOS process, our AFE achieves an average IRN of 2.7 pA/Hz \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{mathrm{ 0.5}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, 1.6-GHz bandwidth, 103-dB\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 transimpedance gain, and 10-mW power consumption.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"131-134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140559359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}