Zsigmond György Fleiner , Márk Hunor Juhász , Blanka Kövér , Péter Pál Pach , Csaba Sándor
{"title":"Product representation of perfect cubes","authors":"Zsigmond György Fleiner , Márk Hunor Juhász , Blanka Kövér , Péter Pál Pach , Csaba Sándor","doi":"10.1016/j.ejc.2026.104342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejc.2026.104342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Let <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> be the maximal size of a set <span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>⊆</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> such that the equation <span><span><span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>⋯</mo><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo><</mo><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo><</mo><mo>⋯</mo><mo><</mo><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span></span></span>has no solution with <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub><mo>∈</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span> and integer <span><math><mi>x</mi></math></span>. Erdős, Sárközy and T. Sós studied <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, and gave bounds when <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></math></span> and also in the general case. We study the problem for <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span>, and provide bounds for <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></math></span> and 9, as well as in the general case. In particular, we refute an 18-year-old conjecture of Verstraëte.</div><div>We also introduce another function <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> closely related to <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>: While the original problem requires <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> to all be distinct, we can relax this and only require that the multiset of the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>’s cannot be partitioned into <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span>-tuples where each <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span>-tuple consists of <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> copies of the same number.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50490,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Combinatorics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hans-Christian Herbig , Daniel Herden , Harper Kolehmainen , Christopher Seaton
{"title":"The partial derivative of ratios of Schur polynomials and applications to symplectic quotients","authors":"Hans-Christian Herbig , Daniel Herden , Harper Kolehmainen , Christopher Seaton","doi":"10.1016/j.ejc.2026.104351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejc.2026.104351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We show that a ratio of Schur polynomials <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> associated to partitions <span><math><mi>λ</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>ρ</mi></math></span> such that <span><math><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>⊊</mo><mi>ρ</mi></mrow></math></span> has a negative partial derivative at any point where all variables are positive. This is accomplished by establishing an injective map between sets of pairs of skew semistandard Young tableaux that preserves the product of the corresponding monomials. We use this result and the description of the first Laurent coefficient of the Hilbert series of the graded algebra of regular functions on a linear symplectic quotient by the circle to demonstrate that many such symplectic quotients are not graded regularly diffeomorphic. In addition, we give an upper bound for this Laurent coefficient in terms of the largest two weights of the circle representation and demonstrate that all but finitely many circle symplectic quotients of each dimension are not graded regularly diffeomorphic to linear symplectic quotients by <span><math><msub><mrow><mo>SU</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50490,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Combinatorics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A note on the maximum diversity of intersecting families in the symmetric group","authors":"Jian Wang , Jimeng Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Let <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> be the symmetric group on the set <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>[</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>]</mo></mrow><mo>≔</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>,</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>}</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. A family <span><math><mrow><mi>F</mi><mo>⊂</mo><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> is called intersecting if for every <span><math><mrow><mi>σ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>π</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>F</mi></mrow></math></span> there exists some <span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> such that <span><math><mrow><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>π</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. Deza and Frankl proved that the largest intersecting family of permutations is the full star, that is, the collection of all permutations with a fixed position. The diversity of an intersecting family <span><math><mi>F</mi></math></span> is defined as the minimum number of permutations in <span><math><mi>F</mi></math></span>, whose deletion results in a star. In the present paper, by applying the spread approximation method developed recently by Kupavskii and Zakharov, we prove that for <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>500</mn></mrow></math></span> the diversity of an intersecting subfamily of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is at most <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>!</mo></mrow></math></span>, which is best possible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50490,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Combinatorics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145872451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strong modeling limits of graphs with bounded tree-width","authors":"Andrzej Grzesik , Daniel Král , Samuel Mohr","doi":"10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The notion of first order convergence of graphs unifies the notions of convergence for sparse and dense graphs. Nešetřil and Ossona de Mendez (2019) proved that every first order convergent sequence of graphs from a nowhere-dense class of graphs has a modeling limit and conjectured the existence of such modeling limits with an additional property, the strong finitary mass transport principle. The existence of modeling limits satisfying the strong finitary mass transport principle was proved for first order convergent sequences of trees by Nešetřil and Ossona de Mendez (2016) and for first order sequences of graphs with bounded path-width by Gajarský et al. (2017). We establish the existence of modeling limits satisfying the strong finitary mass transport principle for first order convergent sequences of graphs with bounded tree-width.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50490,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Combinatorics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polynomials counting group colorings in graphs","authors":"Houshan Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.ejc.2026.104348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejc.2026.104348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Jaeger et al. in 1992 introduced group coloring as the dual concept to group connectivity in graphs. Let <span><math><mi>A</mi></math></span> be an additive Abelian group, <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>E</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>→</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mi>D</mi></math></span> an orientation of a graph <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span>. A vertex coloring <span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>V</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>→</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span> is an <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-coloring if <span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>c</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>≠</mo><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> for each oriented edge <span><math><mrow><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>v</mi></mrow></math></span> from <span><math><mi>u</mi></math></span> to <span><math><mi>v</mi></math></span> under <span><math><mi>D</mi></math></span>. Kochol recently introduced the assigning polynomial to count nowhere-zero chains in graphs-nonhomogeneous analogues of nowhere-zero flows in Kochol (2022), and later extended the approach to regular matroids in Kochol (2024). Motivated by Kochol’s work, we define the <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>-compatible graph and the cycle-assigning polynomial <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>k</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> at <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span> in terms of <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>-compatible spanning subgraphs, where <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> is an assigning of <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span> from its cycles to <span><math><mrow><mo>{</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>}</mo></mrow></math></span>. We prove that <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>k</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> evaluates the number of <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-colorings of <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span> for any Abelian group <span><math><mi>A</mi></math></span> of order <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>E</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>→</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span> such that the assigning <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> given by <span><math><mi>f</mi></math></span> equals <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>. Such an assigning is admissible. Based on Kochol’s work, we derive that <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>c</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>k</mi><m","PeriodicalId":50490,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Combinatorics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Path decompositions of oriented graphs","authors":"Viresh Patel , Mehmet Akif Yıldız","doi":"10.1016/j.ejc.2026.104346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejc.2026.104346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We consider the problem of decomposing the edges of a digraph into as few paths as possible. A natural lower bound for the number of paths in any path decomposition of a digraph <span><math><mi>D</mi></math></span> is <span><math><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></mfrac><msub><mrow><mo>∑</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>V</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>|</mo><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>−</mo><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>|</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>; any digraph that achieves this bound is called consistent. Alspach et al. 1976 conjectured in 1976 that every tournament of even order is consistent and this was recently verified for large tournaments by Girão et al. 2023. A more general conjecture of Pullman (Reid and Wayland, 1987) states that for odd <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span>, every orientation of a <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span>-regular graph is consistent. We prove that the conjecture holds for random <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span>-regular graphs with high probability i.e. for fixed odd <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> and as <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>∞</mi></mrow></math></span> the conjecture holds for almost all <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span>-regular graphs. Along the way, we verify Pullman’s conjecture for graphs whose girth is sufficiently large (as a function of the degree).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50490,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Combinatorics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unions of intervals in codes based on powers of sets","authors":"Thomas Karam","doi":"10.1016/j.ejc.2026.104350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejc.2026.104350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We prove that for every integer <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> there exists a dense collection of subsets of <span><math><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>[</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup></math></span> such that no two of them have a symmetric difference that may be written as the <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span>th power of a union of at most <span><math><mrow><mo>⌊</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>⌋</mo></mrow></math></span> intervals. This provides a limitation on reasonable tightenings of a question of Alon from 2023 and of a conjecture of Gowers from 2009, and investigates a direction analogous to that of recent works of Conlon, Kamčev, Leader, Räty and Spiegel on intervals in the Hales–Jewett theorem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50490,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Combinatorics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A self-conjugate partition analog of (t,t+1)-core partitions with distinct parts","authors":"Huan Xiong, Lihong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simultaneous core partitions have been extensively studied over the past two decades. In 2013, Amdeberhan proposed several conjectures regarding the number, the average size, and the largest size of <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-core partitions with distinct parts. These conjectures were proved and generalized by Straub, Nath-Sellers, Zaleski-Zeilberger, Xiong, Paramonov, and many other mathematicians. In this paper, we introduce a natural self-conjugate partition analog of <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-core partitions with distinct parts and derive their number, average size, and largest size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50490,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Combinatorics","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 104322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Order polytopes of crown posets","authors":"Teemu Lundström , Leonardo Saud Maia Leite","doi":"10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the last decade, the order polytope of the zigzag poset has been thoroughly studied. A related poset, called <em>crown poset</em>, obtained by adding an extra cover relation between the endpoints of an even zigzag poset, is not so well understood. In this paper, we study the order polytopes of crown posets. We provide explicit formulas for their <span><math><mi>f</mi></math></span>-vectors. We provide recursive formulas for their Ehrhart polynomial, giving a counterpart to formulas found in the zigzag case by Petersen and Zhuang (2025). We use these formulas to simplify a computation by Ferroni, Morales and Panova (2025) of the linear term of the order polynomial of these posets. Furthermore, we provide a combinatorial interpretation for the coefficients of the <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>-polynomial in terms of the cyclic swap statistic on cyclically alternating permutations, which provides a circular version of a result by Coons and Sullivant (2023).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50490,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Combinatorics","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 104304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acyclic subgraphs of digraphs with high chromatic number","authors":"Raphael Yuster","doi":"10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejc.2025.104323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For a digraph <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span>, let <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> be the maximum chromatic number of an acyclic subgraph of <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span>. For an <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-vertex digraph <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span> it is proved that <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>≥</mo><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>o</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>14</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>9</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> where <span><math><mi>s</mi></math></span> is the bipartite independence number of <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span>, i.e., the largest <span><math><mi>s</mi></math></span> for which there are two disjoint <span><math><mi>s</mi></math></span>-sets of vertices with no edge between them. This generalizes a result of Fox, Kwan and Sudakov, who proved this for the case <span><math><mrow><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> (i.e., tournaments and semicomplete digraphs). Consequently, if <span><math><mrow><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>o</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, then <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>≥</mo><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>o</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> which polynomially improves the folklore bound <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>≥</mo><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>o</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. As a corollary, with high probability, all orientations of the random <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-vertex graph with edge probability <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>o</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> (in particular, constant <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>, hence almost all <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-vertex graphs) satisfy <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>≥</mo><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>o</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. Our proof uses a theorem of Gallai and Milgram that together with several additional ideas, essentially reduces to the proof of Fox, Kwan and Sudakov.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50490,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Combinatorics","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 104323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}