Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics最新文献

{"title":"Characterisation and correlates of stunting among Malaysian children and adolescents aged 6-19 years.","authors":"Uttara Partap, Elizabeth H Young, Pascale Allotey, Manjinder S Sandhu, Daniel D Reidpath","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2019.1","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2019.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite emerging evidence regarding the reversibility of stunting at older ages, most stunting research continues to focus on children below 5 years of age. We aimed to assess stunting prevalence and examine the sociodemographic distribution of stunting risk among older children and adolescents in a Malaysian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used cross-sectional data on 6759 children and adolescents aged 6-19 years living in Segamat, Malaysia. We compared prevalence estimates for stunting defined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) references, using Cohen's <i>κ</i> coefficient. Associations between sociodemographic indices and stunting risk were examined using mixed-effects Poisson regression with robust standard errors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The classification of children and adolescents as stunted or normal height differed considerably between the two references (CDC <i>v</i>. WHO; <i>κ</i> for agreement: 0.73), but prevalence of stunting was high regardless of reference (crude prevalence: CDC 29.2%; WHO: 19.1%). Stunting risk was approximately 19% higher among underweight <i>v</i>. normal weight children and adolescents (<i>p</i> = 0.030) and 21% lower among overweight children and adolescents (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and decreased strongly with improved household drinking water sources [risk ratio (RR) for water piped into house: 0.35, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.30-0.41, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Protective effects were also observed for improved sanitation facilities (RR for flush toilet: 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.88, <i>p</i> = 0.023). Associations were not materially affected in multiple sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings justify a framework for strategies addressing stunting across childhood, and highlight the need for consensus on a single definition of stunting in older children and adolescents to streamline monitoring efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"4 ","pages":"e2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6415126/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37072304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of data accuracies within a comprehensive geospatial-health data surveillance platform: SOMAARTH Demographic Development and Environmental Surveillance Site, Palwal, Haryana, India.","authors":"Natasha J Howard,&nbsp;Shikha Dixit,&nbsp;Hasan Raja Naqvi,&nbsp;Atiqur Rahman,&nbsp;Catherine Paquet,&nbsp;Mark Daniel,&nbsp;Narendra K Arora","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence exists of an increasing prevalence of chronic conditions within developed and developing nations, notably for priority population groups. The need for the collection of geospatial data to monitor the health impact of rapid social-environmental and economic changes occurring in these countries is being increasingly recognized. Rigorous accuracy assessment of such geospatial data is required to enable error estimation, and ultimately, data utility for exploring population health. This research outlines findings from a field-based evaluation exercise of the SOMAARTH DDESS geospatial-health platform. Participatory-based mixed methods have been employed within Palwal-India to capture villager perspectives on built infrastructure across 51 villages. This study, conducted in 2013, included an assessment of data element position and attribute accuracy undertaken in six villages, documenting mapping errors and land parcel changes. Descriptive analyses of 5.1% (<i>n</i> = 455) of land parcels highlighted some discrepancies in position (6.4%) and attribute (4.2%) accuracy, and land parcel changes (17.4%). Furthermore, the evaluation led to a refinement of the existing geospatial health platform incorporating ground-truthed reflections from the participatory field exercise. The evaluation of geospatial data accuracies contributes to understandings on global public health surveillance systems, outlining the need to systematically consider assessment of environmental features in relation to lifestyle-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.17","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36859746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between early life antibiotic use and childhood overweight and obesity: a narrative review.","authors":"Uttara Partap,&nbsp;Sophie H Allcock,&nbsp;Edyth Parker,&nbsp;Deepti Gurdasani,&nbsp;Elizabeth H Young,&nbsp;Manjinder S Sandhu","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent research implicates antibiotic use as a potential contributor to child obesity risk. In this narrative review, we examine current observational evidence on the relation between antibiotic use in early childhood and subsequent measures of child body mass.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library to identify studies that assessed antibiotic exposure before 3 years of age and subsequent measures of body mass or risk of overweight or obesity in childhood.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 13 studies published before October 2017, based on a total of 6 81 332 individuals, which examined the relation between early life antibiotic exposure and measures of child body mass. Most studies did not appropriately account for confounding by indication for antibiotic use. Overall, we found no consistent and conclusive evidence of associations between early life antibiotic use and later child body mass [minimum overall adjusted odds ratio (aOR) reported: 1.01, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.98-1.04, <i>N</i> = 2 60 556; maximum overall aOR reported: 2.56, 95% CI 1.36-4.79, <i>N</i> = 616], with no clinically meaningful increases in weight reported (maximum increase: 1.50 kg at 15 years of age). Notable methodological differences between studies, including variable measures of association and inclusion of confounders, limited more comprehensive interpretations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Evidence to date is insufficient to indicate that antibiotic use is an important risk factor for child obesity, or leads to clinically important differences in weight. Further comparable studies using routine clinical data may help clarify this association.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.16","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36660133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An upward trajectory of genomic publications from Africa: cautious optimism for a turning tide.","authors":"Michèle Ramsay","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36614311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out of the shadows: women in global health leadership.","authors":"Pascale Allotey","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.15","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2018.15","url":null,"abstract":"In a call launched on International Women’s Day in 2016, Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics (GHEG) was one of the first peer-reviewed journals to invite submissions that specifically explored the state of and reasons behind the gender imbalance in science and global health leadership [1]. The submissions highlighted the competing responsibilities inherent in gender roles that hindered leadership opportunities for women [2] as well as the extent of injustice, including violence and discrimination that deterred or actively prevented women from seeking or reaching higher levels of seniority [3, 4]. The papers noted the exceptional contributions that women have made in the field [2] and also reviewed a range of best practice examples of how change to achieve gender equality could be catalysed and sustained [4–6]. The intention of the GHEG call, and others like it, was to shed light on the pervasiveness of the gender power dynamics in all aspects of society, including in the scientific community. There is strong evidence to demonstrate that the exclusion of women as research participants, particularly in clinical research, has restricted our understanding of effective care [7, 8]. Furthermore, the lack of sex disaggregation and gender analysis in findings increases the risk of exacerbating inequality [9, 10]. The European Association of Science Editors has recently introduced the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines as a framework to encourage a reversal of this gender blindness. A number of scientific journals and research funding agencies have responded by mandating reporting against the SAGER guidelines for both authors and reviewers of research submissions [11–13]. With a focus on women as current or potential producers of global health knowledge, the GHEG submissions raise two distinct but related issues. The first outlines the more general challenges faced by women in entering and maintaining careers in science and global health; the restrictions in educational opportunities for girls, the expectation of career breaks or dropout in order to prioritise family and care giving roles and the structural and institutional factors that remain unforgiving of these career breaks and flexible work conditions [2]. While these challenges occur across disciplines, science and medicine have particular traditions of male dominance [14]. Evidence of this was epitomised by public comments from Nobel Laureat Tim Hunt about the distraction of having women in laboratories [14]. The lack of women on the research teams, unsurprisingly also translates to lower representation in authorship. There are gendered differences in opportunities to publish, women’s representations in the editorial process and the quality of and reactions to the peer-review process [8, 15]. National Initiatives like the Athena SWAN Charter in the UK and the Science in Australia Gender Equity project (SAGE) and industry-specific ones like the Sex in Science (SiS) programme ","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36590041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of fathers in overweight prevention: an analysis of a Caribbean cohort.","authors":"J A Smith,&nbsp;K D Rocke,&nbsp;S M Charles,&nbsp;S M Chang,&nbsp;A S Wright,&nbsp;S P Walker,&nbsp;E M Taveras,&nbsp;M K Tulloch-Reid","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Family-based strategies to reduce the risk of overweight in childhood are needed in the Caribbean.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the associations between parental characteristics and risk of overweight and explore possible mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from a parenting intervention were analysed. Parental characteristics were obtained by questionnaire at enrolment. At 18 months, 501 infants (82.9% of cohort) had weight and length measured using standardized methods. The association of parents' characteristics with risk of infant overweight was assessed using random-effects logistic regression. Four focus groups among mothers in Jamaica were conducted to explore mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 20.6% of infants were 'at risk of overweight'. Fathers were present in 52% of households. Fathers' presence [OR (95% CI) 0.60 (0.37-0.96)] was associated with reduced risk of overweight independent of socioeconomic status. Mothers reported that fathers encouraged healthier practices.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fathers may be important agents of change in intervention strategies to prevent childhood overweight.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A biomarker feasibility study in the South East Asia Community Observatory health and demographic surveillance system.","authors":"U Partap,&nbsp;E H Young,&nbsp;P Allotey,&nbsp;M S Sandhu,&nbsp;D D Reidpath","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Integration of biomarker data with information on health and lifestyle provides a powerful tool to enhance the scientific value of health research. Existing health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSSs) present an opportunity to create novel biodata resources for this purpose, but data and biological sample collection often presents challenges. We outline some of the challenges in developing these resources and present the outcomes of a biomarker feasibility study embedded within the South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO) HDSS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed study-related records to determine the pace of data collection, response from potential participants, and feedback following data and sample collection. Overall and stratified measures of data and sample availability were summarised. Crude prevalence of key risk factors was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately half (49.5%) of invited individuals consented to participate in this study, for a final sample size of 203 (161 adults and 42 children). Women were more likely to consent to participate compared with men, whereas children, young adults and individuals of Malay ethnicity were less likely to consent compared with older individuals or those of any other ethnicity. At least one biological sample (blood from all participants - finger-prick and venous [for serum, plasma and whole blood samples], hair or urine for adults only) was successfully collected from all participants, with blood test data available from over 90% of individuals. Among adults, urine samples were most commonly collected (97.5%), followed by any blood samples (91.9%) and hair samples (83.2%). Cardiometabolic risk factor burden was high (prevalence of elevated HbA1c among adults: 23.8%; of elevated triglycerides among adults: 38.1%; of elevated total cholesterol among children: 19.5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, we show that it is feasible to create biodata resources using existing HDSS frameworks, and identify a potentially high burden of cardiometabolic risk factors that requires further evaluation in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of unmanned aerial vehicles for health purposes: a systematic review of experimental studies.","authors":"R M Carrillo-Larco,&nbsp;M Moscoso-Porras,&nbsp;A Taype-Rondan,&nbsp;A Ruiz-Alejos,&nbsp;A Bernabe-Ortiz","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs) have had a rapid escalation in manageability and affordability, which can be exploited in healthcare. We conducted a systematic review examining the use of drones for health-related purposes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search was conducted in Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, CINAHL and SciELO. Experimental studies were selected if the population included human subjects, the intervention was the use of UAVs and there was a health-related outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 500 results, five met inclusion criteria during an initial search. An updated search yielded four additional studies. Nine studies, all in high-income countries, were included for systematic syntheses: four studies addressed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest emergencies, three assessed drones for identification of people after accidents, one used drones to transport blood samples and one used drones to improve surgical procedures in war zones.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Research on the use of drones in healthcare is limited to simulation scenarios, and this review did not retrieve any studies from low- and middle-income countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomics research in Africa and its impact on global health: insights from African researchers.","authors":"N S Munung, B M Mayosi, J de Vries","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.3","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2018.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Africa may be heading for an era of genomics medicine. There are also expectations that genomics may play a role in reducing global health inequities. However, the near lack of genomics studies on African populations has led to concerns that genomics may widen, rather than close, the global health inequity gap. To prevent a possible genomics divide, the genomics 'revolution' has been extended to Africa. This is motivated, in part, by Africa's rich genetic diversity and high disease burden. What remains unclear, however, are the prospects of using genomics technology for healthcare in Africa. In this qualitative study, we explored the views of 17 genomics researchers in Africa on the prospects and challenges of genomics medicine in Africa. Interviewees were researchers in Africa who were involved in genomics research projects in Africa. Analysis of in-depth interviews suggest that genomics medicine may have an impact on disease surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. However, Africa's capacity for genomics medicine, current research priorities in genomics and the translation of research findings will be key defining factors impacting on the ability of genomics medicine to improve healthcare in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6152488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between multimorbidity and undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea severity and their impact on quality of life in men over 40 years old.","authors":"G Ruel,&nbsp;S A Martin,&nbsp;J-F Lévesque,&nbsp;G A Wittert,&nbsp;R J Adams,&nbsp;S L Appleton,&nbsp;Z Shi,&nbsp;A W Taylor","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Multimorbidity is common but little is known about its relationship with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods. Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress Study participants underwent polysomnography. Chronic diseases (CDs) were determined by biomedical measurement (diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity), or self-report (depression, asthma, cardiovascular disease, arthritis). Associations between CD count, multimorbidity, apnea-hyponea index (AHI) and OSA severity and quality-of-life (QoL; mental & physical component scores), were determined using multinomial regression analyses, after adjustment for age. Results. Of the 743 men participating in the study, overall 58% had multimorbidity (2+ CDs), and 52% had OSA (11% severe). About 70% of those with multimorbidity had undiagnosed OSA. Multimorbidity was associated with AHI and undiagnosed OSA. Elevated CD count was associated with higher AHI value and increased OSA severity. Conclusion. We demonstrate an independent association between the presence of OSA and multimorbidity in this representative sample of community-based men. This effect was strongest in men with moderate to severe OSA and three or more CDs, and appeared to produce a greater reduction in QoL when both conditions were present together.","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}