Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics最新文献

{"title":"Out of the shadows: women in global health leadership.","authors":"Pascale Allotey","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.15","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2018.15","url":null,"abstract":"In a call launched on International Women’s Day in 2016, Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics (GHEG) was one of the first peer-reviewed journals to invite submissions that specifically explored the state of and reasons behind the gender imbalance in science and global health leadership [1]. The submissions highlighted the competing responsibilities inherent in gender roles that hindered leadership opportunities for women [2] as well as the extent of injustice, including violence and discrimination that deterred or actively prevented women from seeking or reaching higher levels of seniority [3, 4]. The papers noted the exceptional contributions that women have made in the field [2] and also reviewed a range of best practice examples of how change to achieve gender equality could be catalysed and sustained [4–6]. The intention of the GHEG call, and others like it, was to shed light on the pervasiveness of the gender power dynamics in all aspects of society, including in the scientific community. There is strong evidence to demonstrate that the exclusion of women as research participants, particularly in clinical research, has restricted our understanding of effective care [7, 8]. Furthermore, the lack of sex disaggregation and gender analysis in findings increases the risk of exacerbating inequality [9, 10]. The European Association of Science Editors has recently introduced the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines as a framework to encourage a reversal of this gender blindness. A number of scientific journals and research funding agencies have responded by mandating reporting against the SAGER guidelines for both authors and reviewers of research submissions [11–13]. With a focus on women as current or potential producers of global health knowledge, the GHEG submissions raise two distinct but related issues. The first outlines the more general challenges faced by women in entering and maintaining careers in science and global health; the restrictions in educational opportunities for girls, the expectation of career breaks or dropout in order to prioritise family and care giving roles and the structural and institutional factors that remain unforgiving of these career breaks and flexible work conditions [2]. While these challenges occur across disciplines, science and medicine have particular traditions of male dominance [14]. Evidence of this was epitomised by public comments from Nobel Laureat Tim Hunt about the distraction of having women in laboratories [14]. The lack of women on the research teams, unsurprisingly also translates to lower representation in authorship. There are gendered differences in opportunities to publish, women’s representations in the editorial process and the quality of and reactions to the peer-review process [8, 15]. National Initiatives like the Athena SWAN Charter in the UK and the Science in Australia Gender Equity project (SAGE) and industry-specific ones like the Sex in Science (SiS) programme ","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36590041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of fathers in overweight prevention: an analysis of a Caribbean cohort.","authors":"J A Smith,&nbsp;K D Rocke,&nbsp;S M Charles,&nbsp;S M Chang,&nbsp;A S Wright,&nbsp;S P Walker,&nbsp;E M Taveras,&nbsp;M K Tulloch-Reid","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Family-based strategies to reduce the risk of overweight in childhood are needed in the Caribbean.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the associations between parental characteristics and risk of overweight and explore possible mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from a parenting intervention were analysed. Parental characteristics were obtained by questionnaire at enrolment. At 18 months, 501 infants (82.9% of cohort) had weight and length measured using standardized methods. The association of parents' characteristics with risk of infant overweight was assessed using random-effects logistic regression. Four focus groups among mothers in Jamaica were conducted to explore mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 20.6% of infants were 'at risk of overweight'. Fathers were present in 52% of households. Fathers' presence [OR (95% CI) 0.60 (0.37-0.96)] was associated with reduced risk of overweight independent of socioeconomic status. Mothers reported that fathers encouraged healthier practices.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fathers may be important agents of change in intervention strategies to prevent childhood overweight.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A biomarker feasibility study in the South East Asia Community Observatory health and demographic surveillance system.","authors":"U Partap,&nbsp;E H Young,&nbsp;P Allotey,&nbsp;M S Sandhu,&nbsp;D D Reidpath","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Integration of biomarker data with information on health and lifestyle provides a powerful tool to enhance the scientific value of health research. Existing health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSSs) present an opportunity to create novel biodata resources for this purpose, but data and biological sample collection often presents challenges. We outline some of the challenges in developing these resources and present the outcomes of a biomarker feasibility study embedded within the South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO) HDSS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed study-related records to determine the pace of data collection, response from potential participants, and feedback following data and sample collection. Overall and stratified measures of data and sample availability were summarised. Crude prevalence of key risk factors was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately half (49.5%) of invited individuals consented to participate in this study, for a final sample size of 203 (161 adults and 42 children). Women were more likely to consent to participate compared with men, whereas children, young adults and individuals of Malay ethnicity were less likely to consent compared with older individuals or those of any other ethnicity. At least one biological sample (blood from all participants - finger-prick and venous [for serum, plasma and whole blood samples], hair or urine for adults only) was successfully collected from all participants, with blood test data available from over 90% of individuals. Among adults, urine samples were most commonly collected (97.5%), followed by any blood samples (91.9%) and hair samples (83.2%). Cardiometabolic risk factor burden was high (prevalence of elevated HbA1c among adults: 23.8%; of elevated triglycerides among adults: 38.1%; of elevated total cholesterol among children: 19.5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, we show that it is feasible to create biodata resources using existing HDSS frameworks, and identify a potentially high burden of cardiometabolic risk factors that requires further evaluation in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of unmanned aerial vehicles for health purposes: a systematic review of experimental studies.","authors":"R M Carrillo-Larco,&nbsp;M Moscoso-Porras,&nbsp;A Taype-Rondan,&nbsp;A Ruiz-Alejos,&nbsp;A Bernabe-Ortiz","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs) have had a rapid escalation in manageability and affordability, which can be exploited in healthcare. We conducted a systematic review examining the use of drones for health-related purposes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search was conducted in Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, CINAHL and SciELO. Experimental studies were selected if the population included human subjects, the intervention was the use of UAVs and there was a health-related outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 500 results, five met inclusion criteria during an initial search. An updated search yielded four additional studies. Nine studies, all in high-income countries, were included for systematic syntheses: four studies addressed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest emergencies, three assessed drones for identification of people after accidents, one used drones to transport blood samples and one used drones to improve surgical procedures in war zones.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Research on the use of drones in healthcare is limited to simulation scenarios, and this review did not retrieve any studies from low- and middle-income countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomics research in Africa and its impact on global health: insights from African researchers.","authors":"N S Munung, B M Mayosi, J de Vries","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.3","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2018.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Africa may be heading for an era of genomics medicine. There are also expectations that genomics may play a role in reducing global health inequities. However, the near lack of genomics studies on African populations has led to concerns that genomics may widen, rather than close, the global health inequity gap. To prevent a possible genomics divide, the genomics 'revolution' has been extended to Africa. This is motivated, in part, by Africa's rich genetic diversity and high disease burden. What remains unclear, however, are the prospects of using genomics technology for healthcare in Africa. In this qualitative study, we explored the views of 17 genomics researchers in Africa on the prospects and challenges of genomics medicine in Africa. Interviewees were researchers in Africa who were involved in genomics research projects in Africa. Analysis of in-depth interviews suggest that genomics medicine may have an impact on disease surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. However, Africa's capacity for genomics medicine, current research priorities in genomics and the translation of research findings will be key defining factors impacting on the ability of genomics medicine to improve healthcare in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6152488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between multimorbidity and undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea severity and their impact on quality of life in men over 40 years old.","authors":"G Ruel,&nbsp;S A Martin,&nbsp;J-F Lévesque,&nbsp;G A Wittert,&nbsp;R J Adams,&nbsp;S L Appleton,&nbsp;Z Shi,&nbsp;A W Taylor","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Multimorbidity is common but little is known about its relationship with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods. Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress Study participants underwent polysomnography. Chronic diseases (CDs) were determined by biomedical measurement (diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity), or self-report (depression, asthma, cardiovascular disease, arthritis). Associations between CD count, multimorbidity, apnea-hyponea index (AHI) and OSA severity and quality-of-life (QoL; mental & physical component scores), were determined using multinomial regression analyses, after adjustment for age. Results. Of the 743 men participating in the study, overall 58% had multimorbidity (2+ CDs), and 52% had OSA (11% severe). About 70% of those with multimorbidity had undiagnosed OSA. Multimorbidity was associated with AHI and undiagnosed OSA. Elevated CD count was associated with higher AHI value and increased OSA severity. Conclusion. We demonstrate an independent association between the presence of OSA and multimorbidity in this representative sample of community-based men. This effect was strongest in men with moderate to severe OSA and three or more CDs, and appeared to produce a greater reduction in QoL when both conditions were present together.","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body mass index and wealth index: positively correlated indicators of health and wealth inequalities in Nairobi slums.","authors":"T N Haregu,&nbsp;S F Mohamed,&nbsp;S Muthuri,&nbsp;C Khayeka-Wandabwa,&nbsp;C Kyobutungi","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.10","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Wealth index is a known predictor of body mass index (BMI). Many studies have reported a positive association between BMI and socioeconomic status (SES). However, an in-depth investigation of the relationship between BMI and wealth index is lacking for urban slum settings. Objective To examine the association between BMI and wealth index in an urban slum setting in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods A total of 2003 adults between 40 and 60 years of age were included. BMI was derived from direct weight and height measurements. Wealth Index was computed using the standard principal component analysis of household amenities ownership. The relationship between BMI and wealth index was assessed using both linear and logistic regression models. Results We found that BMI linearly increased across the five quintiles of wealth index in both men and women, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. The prevalence of obesity increased from 10% in the first wealth quintile to 26.2% in the fifth wealth quintile. The average BMI for women entered the overweight category at the second quintile wealth status, or the third quintile for the total population. Conclusion There exists a strong positive relationship between BMI and wealth index in slum settings. Health promotion interventions aimed at reducing obesity may consider using wealth index in priority setting.","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for screening cord blood for a public cord blood bank in high HIV prevalence regions.","authors":"M Meissner-Roloff,&nbsp;L Gaggia,&nbsp;M Vermeulen,&nbsp;A F H Mazanderani,&nbsp;N M du Plessis,&nbsp;H C Steel,&nbsp;M S Pepper","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The probability of a Black African finding a matched unrelated donor for a hematopoietic stem cell transplant is minimal due to the high degree of genetic diversity amongst individuals of African origin. This problem could be resolved in part by the establishment of a public cord blood (CB) stem cell bank. The high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) amongst women attending antenatal clinics in sub-Saharan Africa together with the risk of mother-to-child transmission increases the risk of transplant transmissible infection. In addition to screening the mother in a period inclusive of 7 days prior to the following delivery, we propose that all CB units considered for storage undergo rigorous and reliable screening for HIV. The Ultrio-plus^® assay is a highly specific and sensitive test for detecting HIV, hepatitis-B and hepatitis-C viruses in peripheral blood. We validated the Ultrio-plus^® assay for analytical sensitivity in detecting HIV in CB at the level of detection of the assay. Until more comprehensive and sensitive methods are developed, the sensitivity and reliability of the Ultrio-plus^® assay suggest that it could be used for the routine screening of CB units in conjunction with currently recommended maternal screening to reduce the risk of transplant transmissible infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetics of breast cancer in African populations: a literature review.","authors":"A Abbad,&nbsp;H Baba,&nbsp;H Dehbi,&nbsp;M Elmessaoudi-Idrissi,&nbsp;Z Elyazghi,&nbsp;O Abidi,&nbsp;F Radouani","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most complex, diverse and leading cause of death in women worldwide. The present investigation aims to explore genes panel associated with BC in different African regions, and compare them to those studied worldwide. We extracted relevant information from 43 studies performed in Africa using the following criteria: case-control study, association between genetic variations and BC risk. Data were provided on mutations and polymorphisms associated with BC without fixing a specific date. Case-only studies and clinical trials were excluded. Our study revealed that the majority of African BC genetic studies remain restricted to the investigation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and differences in their mutations spectrum. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage African researchers to characterize more genes involved in BC using methods generating global information such as next-generation sequencing in order to guide specific and more effective therapeutic strategies for the African community.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GROW: a model for mentorship to advance women's leadership in global health.","authors":"K M Yount, S Miedema, K H Krause, C J Clark, J S Chen, C Del Rio","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.5","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2018.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this essay, we discuss the under-representation of women in leadership positions in global health (GH) and the importance of mentorship to advance women's standing in the field. We then describe the mentorship model of GROW, Global Research for Women. We describe the theoretical origins of the model and an adapted theory of change explaining how the GROW model for mentorship advances women's careers in GH. We present testimonials from a range of mentees who participated in a pilot of the GROW model since 2015. These mentees describe the capability-enhancing benefits of their mentorship experience with GROW. Thus, preliminary findings suggest that the GROW mentorship model is a promising strategy to build women's leadership in GH. We discuss supplemental strategies under consideration and next steps to assess the impact of GROW, providing the evidence to inform best practices for curricula elsewhere to build women's leadership in GH.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5921959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36193136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}