Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics最新文献

{"title":"A biomarker feasibility study in the South East Asia Community Observatory health and demographic surveillance system.","authors":"U Partap,&nbsp;E H Young,&nbsp;P Allotey,&nbsp;M S Sandhu,&nbsp;D D Reidpath","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Integration of biomarker data with information on health and lifestyle provides a powerful tool to enhance the scientific value of health research. Existing health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSSs) present an opportunity to create novel biodata resources for this purpose, but data and biological sample collection often presents challenges. We outline some of the challenges in developing these resources and present the outcomes of a biomarker feasibility study embedded within the South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO) HDSS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed study-related records to determine the pace of data collection, response from potential participants, and feedback following data and sample collection. Overall and stratified measures of data and sample availability were summarised. Crude prevalence of key risk factors was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately half (49.5%) of invited individuals consented to participate in this study, for a final sample size of 203 (161 adults and 42 children). Women were more likely to consent to participate compared with men, whereas children, young adults and individuals of Malay ethnicity were less likely to consent compared with older individuals or those of any other ethnicity. At least one biological sample (blood from all participants - finger-prick and venous [for serum, plasma and whole blood samples], hair or urine for adults only) was successfully collected from all participants, with blood test data available from over 90% of individuals. Among adults, urine samples were most commonly collected (97.5%), followed by any blood samples (91.9%) and hair samples (83.2%). Cardiometabolic risk factor burden was high (prevalence of elevated HbA1c among adults: 23.8%; of elevated triglycerides among adults: 38.1%; of elevated total cholesterol among children: 19.5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, we show that it is feasible to create biodata resources using existing HDSS frameworks, and identify a potentially high burden of cardiometabolic risk factors that requires further evaluation in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of unmanned aerial vehicles for health purposes: a systematic review of experimental studies.","authors":"R M Carrillo-Larco,&nbsp;M Moscoso-Porras,&nbsp;A Taype-Rondan,&nbsp;A Ruiz-Alejos,&nbsp;A Bernabe-Ortiz","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs) have had a rapid escalation in manageability and affordability, which can be exploited in healthcare. We conducted a systematic review examining the use of drones for health-related purposes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search was conducted in Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, CINAHL and SciELO. Experimental studies were selected if the population included human subjects, the intervention was the use of UAVs and there was a health-related outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 500 results, five met inclusion criteria during an initial search. An updated search yielded four additional studies. Nine studies, all in high-income countries, were included for systematic syntheses: four studies addressed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest emergencies, three assessed drones for identification of people after accidents, one used drones to transport blood samples and one used drones to improve surgical procedures in war zones.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Research on the use of drones in healthcare is limited to simulation scenarios, and this review did not retrieve any studies from low- and middle-income countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomics research in Africa and its impact on global health: insights from African researchers.","authors":"N S Munung, B M Mayosi, J de Vries","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.3","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2018.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Africa may be heading for an era of genomics medicine. There are also expectations that genomics may play a role in reducing global health inequities. However, the near lack of genomics studies on African populations has led to concerns that genomics may widen, rather than close, the global health inequity gap. To prevent a possible genomics divide, the genomics 'revolution' has been extended to Africa. This is motivated, in part, by Africa's rich genetic diversity and high disease burden. What remains unclear, however, are the prospects of using genomics technology for healthcare in Africa. In this qualitative study, we explored the views of 17 genomics researchers in Africa on the prospects and challenges of genomics medicine in Africa. Interviewees were researchers in Africa who were involved in genomics research projects in Africa. Analysis of in-depth interviews suggest that genomics medicine may have an impact on disease surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. However, Africa's capacity for genomics medicine, current research priorities in genomics and the translation of research findings will be key defining factors impacting on the ability of genomics medicine to improve healthcare in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6152488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between multimorbidity and undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea severity and their impact on quality of life in men over 40 years old.","authors":"G Ruel,&nbsp;S A Martin,&nbsp;J-F Lévesque,&nbsp;G A Wittert,&nbsp;R J Adams,&nbsp;S L Appleton,&nbsp;Z Shi,&nbsp;A W Taylor","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.9","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Multimorbidity is common but little is known about its relationship with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods. Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress Study participants underwent polysomnography. Chronic diseases (CDs) were determined by biomedical measurement (diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity), or self-report (depression, asthma, cardiovascular disease, arthritis). Associations between CD count, multimorbidity, apnea-hyponea index (AHI) and OSA severity and quality-of-life (QoL; mental & physical component scores), were determined using multinomial regression analyses, after adjustment for age. Results. Of the 743 men participating in the study, overall 58% had multimorbidity (2+ CDs), and 52% had OSA (11% severe). About 70% of those with multimorbidity had undiagnosed OSA. Multimorbidity was associated with AHI and undiagnosed OSA. Elevated CD count was associated with higher AHI value and increased OSA severity. Conclusion. We demonstrate an independent association between the presence of OSA and multimorbidity in this representative sample of community-based men. This effect was strongest in men with moderate to severe OSA and three or more CDs, and appeared to produce a greater reduction in QoL when both conditions were present together.","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body mass index and wealth index: positively correlated indicators of health and wealth inequalities in Nairobi slums.","authors":"T N Haregu,&nbsp;S F Mohamed,&nbsp;S Muthuri,&nbsp;C Khayeka-Wandabwa,&nbsp;C Kyobutungi","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.10","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Wealth index is a known predictor of body mass index (BMI). Many studies have reported a positive association between BMI and socioeconomic status (SES). However, an in-depth investigation of the relationship between BMI and wealth index is lacking for urban slum settings. Objective To examine the association between BMI and wealth index in an urban slum setting in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods A total of 2003 adults between 40 and 60 years of age were included. BMI was derived from direct weight and height measurements. Wealth Index was computed using the standard principal component analysis of household amenities ownership. The relationship between BMI and wealth index was assessed using both linear and logistic regression models. Results We found that BMI linearly increased across the five quintiles of wealth index in both men and women, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. The prevalence of obesity increased from 10% in the first wealth quintile to 26.2% in the fifth wealth quintile. The average BMI for women entered the overweight category at the second quintile wealth status, or the third quintile for the total population. Conclusion There exists a strong positive relationship between BMI and wealth index in slum settings. Health promotion interventions aimed at reducing obesity may consider using wealth index in priority setting.","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for screening cord blood for a public cord blood bank in high HIV prevalence regions.","authors":"M Meissner-Roloff,&nbsp;L Gaggia,&nbsp;M Vermeulen,&nbsp;A F H Mazanderani,&nbsp;N M du Plessis,&nbsp;H C Steel,&nbsp;M S Pepper","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The probability of a Black African finding a matched unrelated donor for a hematopoietic stem cell transplant is minimal due to the high degree of genetic diversity amongst individuals of African origin. This problem could be resolved in part by the establishment of a public cord blood (CB) stem cell bank. The high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) amongst women attending antenatal clinics in sub-Saharan Africa together with the risk of mother-to-child transmission increases the risk of transplant transmissible infection. In addition to screening the mother in a period inclusive of 7 days prior to the following delivery, we propose that all CB units considered for storage undergo rigorous and reliable screening for HIV. The Ultrio-plus^® assay is a highly specific and sensitive test for detecting HIV, hepatitis-B and hepatitis-C viruses in peripheral blood. We validated the Ultrio-plus^® assay for analytical sensitivity in detecting HIV in CB at the level of detection of the assay. Until more comprehensive and sensitive methods are developed, the sensitivity and reliability of the Ultrio-plus^® assay suggest that it could be used for the routine screening of CB units in conjunction with currently recommended maternal screening to reduce the risk of transplant transmissible infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetics of breast cancer in African populations: a literature review.","authors":"A Abbad,&nbsp;H Baba,&nbsp;H Dehbi,&nbsp;M Elmessaoudi-Idrissi,&nbsp;Z Elyazghi,&nbsp;O Abidi,&nbsp;F Radouani","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most complex, diverse and leading cause of death in women worldwide. The present investigation aims to explore genes panel associated with BC in different African regions, and compare them to those studied worldwide. We extracted relevant information from 43 studies performed in Africa using the following criteria: case-control study, association between genetic variations and BC risk. Data were provided on mutations and polymorphisms associated with BC without fixing a specific date. Case-only studies and clinical trials were excluded. Our study revealed that the majority of African BC genetic studies remain restricted to the investigation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and differences in their mutations spectrum. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage African researchers to characterize more genes involved in BC using methods generating global information such as next-generation sequencing in order to guide specific and more effective therapeutic strategies for the African community.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GROW: a model for mentorship to advance women's leadership in global health.","authors":"K M Yount, S Miedema, K H Krause, C J Clark, J S Chen, C Del Rio","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.5","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2018.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this essay, we discuss the under-representation of women in leadership positions in global health (GH) and the importance of mentorship to advance women's standing in the field. We then describe the mentorship model of GROW, Global Research for Women. We describe the theoretical origins of the model and an adapted theory of change explaining how the GROW model for mentorship advances women's careers in GH. We present testimonials from a range of mentees who participated in a pilot of the GROW model since 2015. These mentees describe the capability-enhancing benefits of their mentorship experience with GROW. Thus, preliminary findings suggest that the GROW mentorship model is a promising strategy to build women's leadership in GH. We discuss supplemental strategies under consideration and next steps to assess the impact of GROW, providing the evidence to inform best practices for curricula elsewhere to build women's leadership in GH.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5921959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36193136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilevel correlates of household anthropometric typologies in Colombian mothers and their infants.","authors":"D C Parra,&nbsp;L F Gomez,&nbsp;L Iannotti,&nbsp;D Haire-Joshu,&nbsp;A K Sebert Kuhlmann,&nbsp;R C Brownson","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to establish the association of maternal, family, and contextual correlates of anthropometric typologies at the household level in Colombia using 2005 Demographic Health Survey (DHS/ENDS) data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Household-level information from mothers 18-49 years old and their children <5 years old was included. Stunting and overweight were assessed for each child. Mothers were classified according to their body mass index. Four anthropometric typologies at the household level were constructed: normal, underweight, overweight, and dual burden. Four three-level [households (<i>n</i> = 8598) nested within municipalities (<i>n</i> = 226), nested within states (<i>n</i> = 32)] hierarchical polytomous logistic models were developed. Household log-odds of belonging to one of the four anthropometric categories, holding 'normal' as the reference group, were obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study found that anthropometric typologies were associated with maternal and family characteristics of maternal age, parity, maternal education, and wealth index. Higher municipal living conditions index was associated with a lower likelihood of underweight typology and a higher likelihood of overweight typology. Higher population density was associated with a lower likelihood of overweight typology.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Distal and proximal determinants of the various anthropometric typologies at the household level should be taken into account when framing policies and designing interventions to reduce malnutrition in Colombia.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36193137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The unmet global burden of COPD.","authors":"S A Quaderi,&nbsp;J R Hurst","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.1","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic respiratory diseases receive little attention and funding in comparison with other major causes of global morbidity and mortality [1]. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. COPD is the end result of a susceptible lung being exposed to sufficient environmental stimulus. Caused principally by tobacco smoking and household air pollution (HAP), COPD is a silent killer in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs): an estimated 328 million people have COPD worldwide [2], and in 15 years, COPD is expected to become the leading cause of death [3]. The relentless decline in lung function that characterises COPD is associated with progressive symptoms and functional impairment, with susceptibility to respiratory infections called ‘exacerbations’. Exacerbations are responsible for much of the morbidity and mortality. COPD has a significant impact on quality of life for those living with the condition, and on local economies for those affected, those caring for the affected and health services. A population literally struggling for breath is, in consequence, unproductive. The majority of cases of chronic lung disease are preventable. Exposure reduction initiatives must focus on tobacco control, and cook-stove interventions: either cleaner fuel (ideally), or better ventilation (at the least). Awareness campaigns and health programmes have the potential to revolutionise the diagnosis and management of COPD and COPD exacerbations, improving quality of life and health service cost and burden. LMICs face unique challenges in managing COPD, including sub-optimal and diverse primary care systems which present challenges with diagnosis and management, especially during exacerbations. A better understanding of how to prevent, diagnose and manage COPD in both rural and urban settings would make a real difference in countries of need. Two important aspects to consider when addressing the global economic burden of COPD are that of underdiagnosis and comorbidities [4]. Firstly, COPD remains underdiagnosed in many jurisdictions [5]. Studies included in reviews focusing on the global economic burden of COPD are all based on diagnosed COPD, and a simple multiplication of these values by the number of COPD patients to calculate the overall economic burden of COPD will underestimate the contribution of undiagnosed COPD [5]. Secondly, COPD is known to be associated with a significant number of comorbid conditions, and estimating costs that are directly attributable to COPD fails to consider the burden of such comorbidities [4]. Adjusting for comorbidities by calculating excess costs with an appropriate comparison group can provide a better opportunity, but even this results in an underestimation of the costs of the comorbidities [6–8].","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36193135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}