Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics最新文献

{"title":"A model for point of care testing for non-communicable disease diagnosis in resource-limited countries","authors":"Stuart Malcolm, J. Cadet, Lindsay Crompton, V. DeGennaro","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2019.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2019.6","url":null,"abstract":"Non-communicable disease diagnosis frequently relies on biochemical measurements but laboratory infrastructure in low-income settings is often insufficient and distances to clinics may be vast. We present a model for point of care (POC) epidemiology as used in our study of chronic disease in the Haiti Health Study, in rural and urban Haiti. Point of care testing (POCT) of creatinine, cholesterol, and hemoglobin A1c as well as physical measurements of weight, height, and waist circumference allowed for diagnosis of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemias, and obesity. Methods and troubleshooting techniques for the data collection of this study are presented. We discuss our method of community-health worker (CHW) training, community engagement, study design, and field data collection. We also discuss the machines used and our quality control across CHWs and across geographical regions. Pitfalls tended to include equipment malfunction, transportation issues, and cultural differences. May this paper provide information for those attempting to perform similar diagnostic and screening studies using POCT in resource poor settings.","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2019.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41466512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"You have to be twice as good and work twice as hard: a mixed-methods study of perceptions of sexual harassment, assault and women's leadership among female faculty at a research university in the USA","authors":"Dabney P. Evans, J. Sales, K. Krause, C. del Rio","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2019.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2019.5","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of institutional policies and practices for the prevention of and response to gender inequities as experienced by female faculty working in the health sciences at a US research university. Methods Data from the institution's Faculty Campus Climate Survey (n = 260 female faculty) were coupled with qualitative interviews (n = 14) of females in leadership positions, exploring campus climate, and institutional policies and practices aimed at advancing women. Results Two-thirds (59%) of the female faculty respondents indicated witnessing sexual harassment and 28% reported experiencing sexual harassment. Several organizational themes emerged to address this problem: culture, including cultural change, transparency, and accountability. Conclusions The findings reveal the ways in which university culture mimics the larger societal context. At the same time, the distinct culture of higher education processes for recruitment, career advancement – specifically tenure and promotion – are identified as important factors that require modifications in support of reductions in gender inequalities.","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2019.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45567058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus genotypes in northern Greece in the last decade: descriptive analysis and clinical correlations’","authors":"G. Gioula, E. Sinakos, E. Gigi, I. Goulis, T. Vasiliadis, F. Minti, E. Akriviadis","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2019.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2019.4","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a major public health problem, while the identification of a HCV genotype is clinically very important for therapy prescription. The aim of the present study was to determine the HCV genotype distribution patients from northern Greece with HCV RNA positive viral load and to identify whether there is a shift in this distribution, during 2009–2017. The study was performed on 915 HCV positive patients and according to the results, genotype 3 was the most prevalent genotype (Ν = 395, 43.2%) followed by genotype 1 (Ν = 361, 39.5%). Regarding the gender of the patients, genotype 1 was mostly detected in women. Moreover, genotype 1 was associated with higher viral loads, while genotype 3 was most frequently detected in patients with a history of intravenous drug use. In conclusion, our results show that genotype 3 is the most prevalent genotype in Greece during the last decade as opposed to older epidemiological studies, likely due to intravenous drug use becoming the major source of infection.","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2019.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44825880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between emotional eating and depressive symptoms: a population-based twin study in Sri Lanka.","authors":"Moritz P Herle,&nbsp;Carol Kan,&nbsp;Kaushalya Jayaweera,&nbsp;Anushka Adikari,&nbsp;Sisira Siribaddana,&nbsp;Helena M S Zavos,&nbsp;Milana Smolkina,&nbsp;Athula Sumathipala,&nbsp;Clare Llewellyn,&nbsp;Khalida Ismail,&nbsp;Matthew Hotopf,&nbsp;Janet Treasure,&nbsp;Frühling Rijsdijk","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2019.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2019.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the genetic and environmental contributions to emotional overeating (EOE) and depressive symptoms, and their covariation, in a Sri-Lankan population, using genetic model-fitting analysis. In total, 3957 twins and singletons in the Colombo Twin and Singleton Study-Phase 2 rated their EOE behaviour and depressive symptoms, which were significantly associated (men: <i>r</i> = 0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06-0.16, women: <i>r</i> = 0.12, 95% CI 0.07-0.16). Non-shared environmental factors explained the majority of variance in men (EOE <i>e</i>² = 87%, 95% CI 78-95%; depressive symptoms <i>e</i>² = 72%, 95% CI 61-83%) and women (EOE <i>e</i>² = 76%, 95% CI 68-83%; depressive symptoms <i>e</i>² = 64%, 95% CI 55-74%). Genetic factors were more important for EOE in women (<i>h</i>² = 21%, 95% CI 4-32%) than men (<i>h</i>² = 9%, 95% CI 0-20%). Shared-environmental factors were more important for depressive symptoms in men (<i>c</i>² = 25%, 95% CI 10-36%) than women (<i>c</i>² = 9%, 95% CI 0-35%). Non-shared environmental factors explained the overlap between depressive symptoms and EOE in women but not in men. Results differed from high-income populations, highlighting the need for behavioural genetic research in global populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2019.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37255938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Africa: a hidden danger.","authors":"Imran M Paruk, Fraser J Pirie, Ayesha A Motala","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2019.2","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2019.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a dearth of data on the burden and spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in African populations. The limited available information suggests that the prevalence of NAFLD in the general population is lowest for the Africa region. However, this is likely to be an underestimate and also does not take into consideration the long-term impact of rising rates of obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and high human immunodeficiency virus infection burden in Africa. A racial disparity in the prevalence of NAFLD has been observed in some studies but remains unexplained. There is an absence of data from population-based studies in Africa and this highlights the need for such studies, to reliably define the health service needs for this region. Screening for NAFLD at a population-based level using ultrasound is perhaps the ideal method for resource-poor settings because of its relative cost-effectiveness. What is required as a priority from Africa, are well-designed epidemiologic studies that screen for NAFLD in the general population as well as high-risk groups such as patients with T2DM or obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6465678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37181915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lifestyle intervention programme for Indian women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus.","authors":"Deksha Kapoor,&nbsp;Yashdeep Gupta,&nbsp;Ankush Desai,&nbsp;Devarsetty Praveen,&nbsp;Rohina Joshi,&nbsp;Roya Rozati,&nbsp;Neerja Bhatla,&nbsp;Dorairaj Prabhakaran,&nbsp;Prasuna Reddy,&nbsp;Anushka Patel,&nbsp;Nikhil Tandon","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention (diet and physical activity) among women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), delivered by trained facilitators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-six normoglycaemic or prediabetic women with prior GDM were recruited at mean of 17 months postpartum. Socio-demographic, medical and anthropometric data were collected. Six sessions on lifestyle modification were delivered in groups (total four groups, with 12-15 women in each group). Pre and post intervention (6 months) weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, blood pressure (BP) and lipid parameters were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The intervention was feasible, with 80% of women attending four or more sessions. Post-intervention analyses showed a significant mean reduction of 1.8 kg in weight, 0.6 kg/m² in BMI and 2 cm in waist circumference. There was also a significant drop of 0.3 mmol/L in fasting plasma glucose, 0.9 mmol/L in 2 h post glucose load value of plasma glucose, 3.6 mmHg in systolic BP, and 0.15 mmol/L in triglyceride levels. Changes in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and diastolic BP were non-significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study showed feasibility of the lifestyle intervention delivered in group sessions to women with prior gestational diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37072303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation and correlates of stunting among Malaysian children and adolescents aged 6-19 years.","authors":"Uttara Partap, Elizabeth H Young, Pascale Allotey, Manjinder S Sandhu, Daniel D Reidpath","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2019.1","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2019.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite emerging evidence regarding the reversibility of stunting at older ages, most stunting research continues to focus on children below 5 years of age. We aimed to assess stunting prevalence and examine the sociodemographic distribution of stunting risk among older children and adolescents in a Malaysian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used cross-sectional data on 6759 children and adolescents aged 6-19 years living in Segamat, Malaysia. We compared prevalence estimates for stunting defined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) references, using Cohen's <i>κ</i> coefficient. Associations between sociodemographic indices and stunting risk were examined using mixed-effects Poisson regression with robust standard errors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The classification of children and adolescents as stunted or normal height differed considerably between the two references (CDC <i>v</i>. WHO; <i>κ</i> for agreement: 0.73), but prevalence of stunting was high regardless of reference (crude prevalence: CDC 29.2%; WHO: 19.1%). Stunting risk was approximately 19% higher among underweight <i>v</i>. normal weight children and adolescents (<i>p</i> = 0.030) and 21% lower among overweight children and adolescents (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and decreased strongly with improved household drinking water sources [risk ratio (RR) for water piped into house: 0.35, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.30-0.41, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Protective effects were also observed for improved sanitation facilities (RR for flush toilet: 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.88, <i>p</i> = 0.023). Associations were not materially affected in multiple sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings justify a framework for strategies addressing stunting across childhood, and highlight the need for consensus on a single definition of stunting in older children and adolescents to streamline monitoring efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6415126/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37072304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of data accuracies within a comprehensive geospatial-health data surveillance platform: SOMAARTH Demographic Development and Environmental Surveillance Site, Palwal, Haryana, India.","authors":"Natasha J Howard,&nbsp;Shikha Dixit,&nbsp;Hasan Raja Naqvi,&nbsp;Atiqur Rahman,&nbsp;Catherine Paquet,&nbsp;Mark Daniel,&nbsp;Narendra K Arora","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence exists of an increasing prevalence of chronic conditions within developed and developing nations, notably for priority population groups. The need for the collection of geospatial data to monitor the health impact of rapid social-environmental and economic changes occurring in these countries is being increasingly recognized. Rigorous accuracy assessment of such geospatial data is required to enable error estimation, and ultimately, data utility for exploring population health. This research outlines findings from a field-based evaluation exercise of the SOMAARTH DDESS geospatial-health platform. Participatory-based mixed methods have been employed within Palwal-India to capture villager perspectives on built infrastructure across 51 villages. This study, conducted in 2013, included an assessment of data element position and attribute accuracy undertaken in six villages, documenting mapping errors and land parcel changes. Descriptive analyses of 5.1% (<i>n</i> = 455) of land parcels highlighted some discrepancies in position (6.4%) and attribute (4.2%) accuracy, and land parcel changes (17.4%). Furthermore, the evaluation led to a refinement of the existing geospatial health platform incorporating ground-truthed reflections from the participatory field exercise. The evaluation of geospatial data accuracies contributes to understandings on global public health surveillance systems, outlining the need to systematically consider assessment of environmental features in relation to lifestyle-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.17","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36859746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between early life antibiotic use and childhood overweight and obesity: a narrative review.","authors":"Uttara Partap,&nbsp;Sophie H Allcock,&nbsp;Edyth Parker,&nbsp;Deepti Gurdasani,&nbsp;Elizabeth H Young,&nbsp;Manjinder S Sandhu","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent research implicates antibiotic use as a potential contributor to child obesity risk. In this narrative review, we examine current observational evidence on the relation between antibiotic use in early childhood and subsequent measures of child body mass.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library to identify studies that assessed antibiotic exposure before 3 years of age and subsequent measures of body mass or risk of overweight or obesity in childhood.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 13 studies published before October 2017, based on a total of 6 81 332 individuals, which examined the relation between early life antibiotic exposure and measures of child body mass. Most studies did not appropriately account for confounding by indication for antibiotic use. Overall, we found no consistent and conclusive evidence of associations between early life antibiotic use and later child body mass [minimum overall adjusted odds ratio (aOR) reported: 1.01, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.98-1.04, <i>N</i> = 2 60 556; maximum overall aOR reported: 2.56, 95% CI 1.36-4.79, <i>N</i> = 616], with no clinically meaningful increases in weight reported (maximum increase: 1.50 kg at 15 years of age). Notable methodological differences between studies, including variable measures of association and inclusion of confounders, limited more comprehensive interpretations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Evidence to date is insufficient to indicate that antibiotic use is an important risk factor for child obesity, or leads to clinically important differences in weight. Further comparable studies using routine clinical data may help clarify this association.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.16","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36660133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An upward trajectory of genomic publications from Africa: cautious optimism for a turning tide.","authors":"Michèle Ramsay","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36614311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}