Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics最新文献

{"title":"Over Three Decades of Mental Health in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analysis of GBD Data From 1990 to 2023.","authors":"Basile Njei, Yazan A Al-Ajlouni, Samira Y Lemos, Nkengafac Villyen Motaze, Laurent Cleenewerck de Kiev, Luchuo E Bain, Yauba Saidu","doi":"10.1155/ghe3/5570226","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ghe3/5570226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mental disorders are leading causes of disability worldwide but remain underprioritized in many low- and middle-income countries, including sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where access to care, workforce capacity, and mental health infrastructure remain limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study quantified the burden of mental and substance use disorders (SUDs) in SSA from 1990 to 2023 using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 estimates, with attention to long-term trends, late-period changes, country-level heterogeneity, sex differences, and risk-factor attribution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed GBD 2023 estimates for 46 SSA countries from 1990 to 2023, including prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized rates, sex-specific estimates, country-level burden, and selected risk factors. Percentage changes were calculated for 1990-2023, with sensitivity analyses for 1990-2019 and 2019-2023 and segmented log-linear trend models using 2019 as the breakpoint.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 1990 to 2023, the age-standardized prevalence rate of mental disorders increased from 11,138.8 to 14,841.0 per 100,000 (+33.24%), while the age-standardized DALY rate increased from 1634.9 to 2218.9 per 100,000 (+35.73%). Anxiety disorders showed the largest relative increases in age-standardized prevalence (+90.99%) and DALY rates (+92.11%). Depressive disorders also increased, while ADHD age-standardized rates remained largely stable. SUDs showed rising absolute burden despite declining age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates. Late-period analyses showed larger increases after 2019, particularly for anxiety disorders. Females had higher age-standardized rates and larger relative increases for anxiety and depressive disorders, whereas males had higher rates of ADHD and SUDs. Among selected risk factors, sexual violence against children had the highest age-standardized attributable DALY rate in 2023, while bullying victimization and intimate partner violence showed the largest relative increases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mental and SUDs represent a growing public health challenge in SSA. Strengthening mental health systems, integrating services into primary and general healthcare platforms, expanding SUD prevention and treatment, addressing violence-related risk factors, and reducing stigma are essential to improving mental health outcomes across the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e5570226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148632278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Environmental Determinants of Hemoglobin Levels Among Women: A Multilevel Analysis in South and Southeast Asia.","authors":"Abdullah Al Islam, Bodrunnahar Barna, Md Amjad Patwary, Mohammad Romel Bhuia, Md Atiqul Islam","doi":"10.1155/ghe3/5430745","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ghe3/5430745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anemia, mainly caused by hemoglobin (Hb) deficiency, is a serious health issue in countries that are developing, such as Bangladesh, India, Nepal, the Maldives, and Myanmar. This study examines the factors influencing Hb levels in women aged 15-49 across these nations using data from the Demographic Health Surveys (2011-2016). Analyzing 716,273 women from 71 subnational regions, we employed multilevel linear mixed-effect modeling to identify key determinants. The study revealed that its mean Hb level was 117.5 g/L with a standard deviation (SD) of 16.5 g/L overall, with its highest mean in Nepal (123 g/L) with SD 15.4 g/L and the lowest in the Maldives (115.3 g/L) with SD 3.8 g/L. Anemia affected 51.3% of women, with the highest prevalence in the Maldives (58.5%) and the lowest in Nepal (40.6%). Regarding socioeconomic status and education level, Nepal exhibited the highest mean Hb levels among different socioeconomic groups, while the Maldives had the lowest. Linear mixed models identified several factors affecting Hb levels, including socioeconomic status, education level, contraceptive method, menstrual cycle, literacy, pregnancy, marriage, breastfeeding, amenorrhea, age, BMI, parity, access to water, and sanitation. Furthermore, a four-level random intercept model proved more effective than other models in fitting the data. Our findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to reduce anemia rates in South and Southeast Asia, emphasizing socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental influences. These insights are crucial for policymakers and program managers aiming to enhance women's health in these regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e5430745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13243770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148200498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review on Yellow Fever Vaccine and Adverse Events.","authors":"Omar Enzo Santangelo, Anna Sole Pizzamiglio, Vella Carlotta","doi":"10.1155/ghe3/2016905","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ghe3/2016905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Yellow fever (YF) is a hemorrhagic viral infection that can be prevented by a highly effective live attenuated virus vaccine (YFV), which is not free from adverse reactions. This systematic review evaluated the burden of adverse events, including serious ones, due to vaccination.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was carried out following the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration and the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology, PRISMA 2020 checklist, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The suitable bibliography on PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science was searched by combining text free, words and titles of medical topics. At the end of the search this systematic review contained 109 records.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The YFV is safe, and serious adverse events are rare although they can be fatal and unpredictable. The most common adverse events are mild even in high-risk population groups. It is still advisable to assess the appropriateness of administration on a case-by-case basis.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e2016905"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13339928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148399604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian Spatial Conditional Logistic Regression Modelling of Overweight/Obesity Prevalence and Determinants Among Women in Ghana, Accounting for Contraceptive Use.","authors":"Killian Asampana Asosega, Eric N Aidoo, Atinuke Olusola Adebanji, Ellis Owusu-Dabo","doi":"10.1155/ghe3/3074676","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ghe3/3074676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Overweight/obesity (OW/OB) poses a major public health challenge among reproductive-aged women across most LMICs, including Ghana. The continuous rise in maternal average BMI coupled with fragile healthcare system makes surveillance and interventions to reverse the trend in Ghana as well as most sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, a pertinent issue.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study identifies risk factors associated with OW/OB among reproductive-aged women in Ghana, accounting for spatial autocorrelation and the potential confounding effect of modern contraceptive use (MCU). It also provides updated information on the distribution of OW/OB risk. MCU was used as a stratification variable to control for potential confounding related to contraceptive-induced metabolic or behavioural influences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The recent cross-sectional Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2022 GDHS) data, made up of 7054 women aged 15-49 years, was used in this study. The Bayesian spatial conditional logistic regression model was developed to determine significant factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>About 36.9% of the women were overweight/obese (OW = 22.5% and OB = 14.4%). A significantly high maternal OW/OB rate (> 50) was observed in the Ashanti and Greater Accra regions and the least prevalence (< 20%) in the North-East region. Regional disparity rates indicate that middle and southern Ghana are associated with higher burden compared to northern Ghana. The Bayesian conditional logistic model with convoluted CAR prior emerged as the best model for studying maternal OW/OB risk while accounting for MCU with the minimum WAIC and DIC values. Significantly higher risk of OW/OB burden is linked to high education (primary [aOR = 1.87, 95% CI:2.27-6.50]; secondary [aOR = 2.02, 95% CI: 2.42-7.60]; and higher [aOR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.59-2.64]), increase in age (20-29 [aOR = 3.34, 95% CI: 2.67-4.17]; 30-39 [aOR = 6.07, 95% CI: 4.66-7.89]; and 40-49 [aOR = 7.22, 95% CI: 5.40-9.65]), being married (aOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.49-2.19), urban residency (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.23-1.61) and the number of children (aOR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03-1.11).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The spatial heterogeneity in OW/OB risk provided evidence for regional targeted preventive strategies, particularly in the Ashanti and Ahafo regions, which are significant hotspots for high OW/OB risk, to help reduce the public health burden of maternal OW/OB in Ghana. This could contribute to ensuring the quality health of women (SDG 3).</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e3074676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13417492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148608536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Incidence and Premature Mortality (Years of Life Lost) From Acute Viral Hepatitis Among Children Under Five in Ethiopia, From 1990 to 2023: A Global Burden of Disease 2023 Study.","authors":"Medhin Mehari, Jemal Bedewi, Zufan Tessema, Abadi Hailay Atsbaha, Alqeer Aliyo, Miesa Gelchu, Tibeso Gemechu, Yohannes Fekadu, Girma Ashenafi, Sebsibe Tadesse","doi":"10.1155/ghe3/5287334","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ghe3/5287334","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Globally, acute viral hepatitis (AVH) causes an estimated 1.5 million new infections annually among children under five, with sub-Saharan Africa bearing a disproportionate burden. In Ethiopia, the Global Burden of Disease Study reported an age-standardized incidence rate of 3616 per 100,000 population across all ages in 2019, with children under five being especially vulnerable to fecal-oral transmission. Despite available vaccines for Hepatitis B and preventive measures for Hepatitis A and E, comprehensive national data on long-term trends and subnational disparities in this age group remained limited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 study to assess the burden of AVH among children under five in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2023. Estimates were disaggregated by region, sex, and hepatitis type. The burden of AVH was described in terms of incidence and years of life lost across all regions in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2023. Each metric was reported with numbers and rates per 100,000 population, along with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Statistical significance was evaluated based on a 95% UI.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;This study examined trends in AVH incidence and premature mortality among Ethiopian children under five from 1990 to 2023. The analysis revealed a statistically significant national decline in hepatitis B incidence, with an annualized rate of change of -0.68% (95% UI: -0.72, -0.63) per year. However, the overall acute hepatitis incidence showed only a modest decline of -0.07% (95% UI: -0.10, -0.05) per year, as declines in Hepatitis B were offset by stagnant rates of Hepatitis A and E. The most substantial regional decreases in Hepatitis B occurred in Addis Ababa and Southwest Ethiopia. Premature mortality, measured in years of life lost, also showed significant improvement, decreasing at an annual rate of -0.52% (95% UI: -0.79, -0.08) per year nationally. While these positive trends were observed, most variation between regions and across sexes did not reach statistical significance, indicating relatively consistent progress across different demographic groups and geographic areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The observed decline in Hepatitis B incidence is likely attributable to the introduction of the Hepatitis B vaccination program, while the persistent burden of Hepatitis A and E probably reflects ongoing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) challenges. To build on this progress and address persistent inequities, targeted vaccination campaigns in high-burden regions must be combined with comprehensive water and sanitation improvements, alongside regionally adapted healthcare strategies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence before this study: &lt;/strong&gt;We searched PubMed, Embase, and the GBD repository for studies published from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2023, using the terms \"acute viral hepatitis,\" \"children,\" \"under-five,\" \"incidence,\" \"mort","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e5287334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13463311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Mouthwash, Rinses, Salt Water, and Toothpastes on the Oral Health of Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review: Pregnancy and Oral Health.","authors":"Muhammad Mohsin Javaid, Mariyum Sarfraz, Khola Noreen, Ume Habiba Johar, Muhammad Mutahir Mehdi, Najam Ul Hassan, Shumaila Zofeen, Shazia Iqbal, Shahzad Ahmad, Muhammad Farooq Umer","doi":"10.1155/ghe3/2627524","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ghe3/2627524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pregnancy is linked to hormonal fluctuations, making pregnant women more susceptible to gingival and periodontal diseases. Hence, oral hygiene interventions, such as mouthwashes and toothpastes, play a crucial role in maintaining oral hygiene among women. However, the interventions used should be effective as well as safe to use. Hence, this systematic review assesses the effectiveness of various oral hygiene interventions, which include mouthwashes, saltwater rinses, and toothpastes, on the oral health of pregnant women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A detailed literature search was done using PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, including studies published in the last 6 years. Only randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, and systematic reviews relevant to the objective of this study were included. The quality assessment of the included studies was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. According to this tool, all the selected studies had moderate-to-high quality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The three studies were finally selected that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria based on the PRISMA flowchart. Alcohol-free mouthwashes including fluorides, antibacterial toothpastes, and saltwater rinses were found to improve gingival health and decrease plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Some additional agents were found to be as effective as chlorhexidine during pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Oral hygiene interventions based on saltwater rinses, fluoridated mouthwashes, and toothpastes improve oral health in pregnant women. These agents are effective and easily available for better oral hygiene during pregnancy and better pregnancy outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e2627524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13199912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148017994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Exploring the Influence of Oral Health on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Narrative Review\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1155/ghe3/9757858","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ghe3/9757858","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e9757858"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13595399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149018069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Family Health Performance in Bangladesh: Evidence From MICS-6.","authors":"Robiul Islam Akash, Mohammad Anamul Haque, Nahid Sultana, Mohammad Ohid Ullah","doi":"10.1155/ghe3/3678203","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ghe3/3678203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health developments are based on family-specific health traditions, which play a central role as a foundation of individuals' growth and development in Southeast Asia. Families can influence disease susceptibility and promote well-being by encouraging healthy habits, providing support and aiding in disease recovery. Moreover, education, economic conditions, access of hygiene latrines and cooking fuel affect individuals' health. Few studies have assessed family health as a composite construct in Bangladesh. There is a lack of research on how a family individual's risk factors contribute to overall family health performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Family- and country-specific data were obtained from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS-6). MICS data, which were gathered in partnership with UNICEF and the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), are a trustworthy secondary data source. MICS offer statistically reliable and globally comparable statistics. For this study, descriptive statistics tools were used for univariate analysis. Multiple Regression models and Multinomial Logistic Regression models were used for assessing family health performance and identifying factors associated with family health performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 24,000 families were used in this study, where 26.33% were from urban areas and 73.67% were from rural areas. The descriptive findings showed that 78.85% of families use traditional cook stoves for cooking their food. Moreover, 25.81% of families have availability for hand washing and 11.61% of children in families face diarrhoea under worst family health category. Furthermore, 59.50% of family head education level is primary or none and 25.79% of families belong to the poorest wealth category. Further, this study developed a family health score to determine which indicators contribute to various family health terms as \"Worst family health,\" \"Average family health,\" \"Better family health,\" and \"Excellent family health.\" The result of multiple linear regressions and multinomial logistic regression showed that family wealth, types of cook stoves used by families, education level of family head and electricity facilities significantly influence family health performance. This proves that family head education level, family wealth and cook stoves might be influential factors for family health performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study aims to provide insights into family health conditions and identify various significant risk factors. The government must expand educational possibilities, raise public awareness of the value of education and, if at all feasible, mandate that all citizens complete a minimum education. Investments in clean cooking, electricity and education may support to improve family health.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e3678203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13238511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148102089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Global Burden and Trends of Premenopausal Breast Cancer by Modifiable Lifestyle Factors From 1990 to 2021 With Prediction Until 2039.","authors":"Baokun Cao, Zhiqiang Xie, Yazhen Chen, Yanting Zhang, Yuxiang Lin, Yan Wang, Haomin Yang","doi":"10.1155/ghe3/5977465","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ghe3/5977465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although breast cancer incidence has continued to rise worldwide, the disease burden of premenopausal breast cancer remains unclear, particularly given that attributable risk factors may vary across age groups and socioeconomic contexts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Regional data on premenopausal breast cancer burden and related risk factors were derived from the updated Global Burden of Disease dataset for 1990-2021, with joinpoint regression applied to characterize time-dependent changes in disease burden by attributable factor. Disease burden up to 2039 was forecasted using a Bayesian age-period-cohort model, with further comparisons of risk-specific attributable burden.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Countries with a high sociodemographic index (SDI) ranked highest for premenopausal breast cancer incidence (51.5 per 100,000 population), whereas countries with medium-low SDI showed the highest mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) (7.0 per 100,000 population and 359.2 per 100,000 population, respectively). Disease burden has shown an upward trend in recent years, apart from high SDI areas, while this increase is expected to persist through 2039. Among the attributable risk factors assessed in the GBD framework, diet high in red meat accounted for the greatest share of attributable burden (11.2%), and the mortality and DALY attributed to red meat have both increased, with the largest increase occurring in low-middle SDI countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The global burden of premenopausal breast cancer is increasing, with diet high in red meat contributing the greatest proportion of attributable burden among the assessed risk factors. Differences in major attributable risk factors across countries with different SDI levels highlight the need for tailored interventions to reduce the increasing burden of premenopausal breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e5977465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13270342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Malaria Among Children Under Five Years in Malaria-Endemic Areas of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.","authors":"Masilu Daniel Masekameni, Themba Titus Sigudu, Khathutshelo Vincent Mphaga, Phoka Caiphus Rathebe","doi":"10.1155/ghe3/7878182","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ghe3/7878182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria remains a major public health concern among children under five in sub-Saharan Africa, with sociodemographic and environmental factors influencing transmission. This study assessed malaria prevalence and examined sociodemographic, socioeconomic, household and malaria prevention determinants associated with malaria risk among children under five in malaria-endemic areas of Mpumalanga Province.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using secondary data obtained from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Programme collected from malaria-endemic areas of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The study included 108,898 children aged 0-59 months with complete information on malaria status and relevant explanatory variables. Data were collected using standardised household questionnaires and sampling procedures employed by the DHS Programme. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify sociodemographic, socioeconomic, household and malaria prevention factors associated with malaria infection. Crude odds ratios (CORs) and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p values of ≤ 0.05 indicate a significant statistical difference, while a > 0.05 p value reporting no statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall malaria prevalence was 4.91% (95% CI: 4.78-5.04). Higher prevalence was observed in rural areas (6.40%) compared to urban areas (1.44%). Children from the poorest households (8.00%) and those with mothers with no formal education (9.40%) had higher malaria prevalence. Nkomazi had the highest burden (12.25%). In multivariable analysis, rural residence (AOR = 2.35; 95% CI: 2.10-2.63; p < 0.001), no maternal education (AOR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.75-2.40; p < 0.001), poorest wealth status (AOR = 2.48; 95% CI: 2.10-2.93; p < 0.001), nonuse of insecticide-treated nets (AOR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.55-1.92; p < 0.001) and absence of indoor residual spraying exposure (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.17-1.47; p < 0.001) were significant predictors of malaria infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Malaria risk is strongly influenced by socioeconomic disadvantage, rural residence and inadequate prevention measures. Targeted interventions addressing inequality and improving coverage and utilisation of malaria control strategies are essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e7878182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13416758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148608555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}