Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics最新文献

{"title":"Body mass index and wealth index: positively correlated indicators of health and wealth inequalities in Nairobi slums.","authors":"T N Haregu, S F Mohamed, S Muthuri, C Khayeka-Wandabwa, C Kyobutungi","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.10","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Wealth index is a known predictor of body mass index (BMI). Many studies have reported a positive association between BMI and socioeconomic status (SES). However, an in-depth investigation of the relationship between BMI and wealth index is lacking for urban slum settings. Objective To examine the association between BMI and wealth index in an urban slum setting in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods A total of 2003 adults between 40 and 60 years of age were included. BMI was derived from direct weight and height measurements. Wealth Index was computed using the standard principal component analysis of household amenities ownership. The relationship between BMI and wealth index was assessed using both linear and logistic regression models. Results We found that BMI linearly increased across the five quintiles of wealth index in both men and women, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. The prevalence of obesity increased from 10% in the first wealth quintile to 26.2% in the fifth wealth quintile. The average BMI for women entered the overweight category at the second quintile wealth status, or the third quintile for the total population. Conclusion There exists a strong positive relationship between BMI and wealth index in slum settings. Health promotion interventions aimed at reducing obesity may consider using wealth index in priority setting.","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for screening cord blood for a public cord blood bank in high HIV prevalence regions.","authors":"M Meissner-Roloff,&nbsp;L Gaggia,&nbsp;M Vermeulen,&nbsp;A F H Mazanderani,&nbsp;N M du Plessis,&nbsp;H C Steel,&nbsp;M S Pepper","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The probability of a Black African finding a matched unrelated donor for a hematopoietic stem cell transplant is minimal due to the high degree of genetic diversity amongst individuals of African origin. This problem could be resolved in part by the establishment of a public cord blood (CB) stem cell bank. The high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) amongst women attending antenatal clinics in sub-Saharan Africa together with the risk of mother-to-child transmission increases the risk of transplant transmissible infection. In addition to screening the mother in a period inclusive of 7 days prior to the following delivery, we propose that all CB units considered for storage undergo rigorous and reliable screening for HIV. The Ultrio-plus^® assay is a highly specific and sensitive test for detecting HIV, hepatitis-B and hepatitis-C viruses in peripheral blood. We validated the Ultrio-plus^® assay for analytical sensitivity in detecting HIV in CB at the level of detection of the assay. Until more comprehensive and sensitive methods are developed, the sensitivity and reliability of the Ultrio-plus^® assay suggest that it could be used for the routine screening of CB units in conjunction with currently recommended maternal screening to reduce the risk of transplant transmissible infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetics of breast cancer in African populations: a literature review.","authors":"A Abbad,&nbsp;H Baba,&nbsp;H Dehbi,&nbsp;M Elmessaoudi-Idrissi,&nbsp;Z Elyazghi,&nbsp;O Abidi,&nbsp;F Radouani","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most complex, diverse and leading cause of death in women worldwide. The present investigation aims to explore genes panel associated with BC in different African regions, and compare them to those studied worldwide. We extracted relevant information from 43 studies performed in Africa using the following criteria: case-control study, association between genetic variations and BC risk. Data were provided on mutations and polymorphisms associated with BC without fixing a specific date. Case-only studies and clinical trials were excluded. Our study revealed that the majority of African BC genetic studies remain restricted to the investigation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and differences in their mutations spectrum. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage African researchers to characterize more genes involved in BC using methods generating global information such as next-generation sequencing in order to guide specific and more effective therapeutic strategies for the African community.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36531494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GROW: a model for mentorship to advance women's leadership in global health.","authors":"K M Yount, S Miedema, K H Krause, C J Clark, J S Chen, C Del Rio","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.5","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2018.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this essay, we discuss the under-representation of women in leadership positions in global health (GH) and the importance of mentorship to advance women's standing in the field. We then describe the mentorship model of GROW, Global Research for Women. We describe the theoretical origins of the model and an adapted theory of change explaining how the GROW model for mentorship advances women's careers in GH. We present testimonials from a range of mentees who participated in a pilot of the GROW model since 2015. These mentees describe the capability-enhancing benefits of their mentorship experience with GROW. Thus, preliminary findings suggest that the GROW mentorship model is a promising strategy to build women's leadership in GH. We discuss supplemental strategies under consideration and next steps to assess the impact of GROW, providing the evidence to inform best practices for curricula elsewhere to build women's leadership in GH.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5921959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36193136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilevel correlates of household anthropometric typologies in Colombian mothers and their infants.","authors":"D C Parra,&nbsp;L F Gomez,&nbsp;L Iannotti,&nbsp;D Haire-Joshu,&nbsp;A K Sebert Kuhlmann,&nbsp;R C Brownson","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to establish the association of maternal, family, and contextual correlates of anthropometric typologies at the household level in Colombia using 2005 Demographic Health Survey (DHS/ENDS) data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Household-level information from mothers 18-49 years old and their children <5 years old was included. Stunting and overweight were assessed for each child. Mothers were classified according to their body mass index. Four anthropometric typologies at the household level were constructed: normal, underweight, overweight, and dual burden. Four three-level [households (<i>n</i> = 8598) nested within municipalities (<i>n</i> = 226), nested within states (<i>n</i> = 32)] hierarchical polytomous logistic models were developed. Household log-odds of belonging to one of the four anthropometric categories, holding 'normal' as the reference group, were obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study found that anthropometric typologies were associated with maternal and family characteristics of maternal age, parity, maternal education, and wealth index. Higher municipal living conditions index was associated with a lower likelihood of underweight typology and a higher likelihood of overweight typology. Higher population density was associated with a lower likelihood of overweight typology.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Distal and proximal determinants of the various anthropometric typologies at the household level should be taken into account when framing policies and designing interventions to reduce malnutrition in Colombia.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36193137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The unmet global burden of COPD.","authors":"S A Quaderi,&nbsp;J R Hurst","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2018.1","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic respiratory diseases receive little attention and funding in comparison with other major causes of global morbidity and mortality [1]. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. COPD is the end result of a susceptible lung being exposed to sufficient environmental stimulus. Caused principally by tobacco smoking and household air pollution (HAP), COPD is a silent killer in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs): an estimated 328 million people have COPD worldwide [2], and in 15 years, COPD is expected to become the leading cause of death [3]. The relentless decline in lung function that characterises COPD is associated with progressive symptoms and functional impairment, with susceptibility to respiratory infections called ‘exacerbations’. Exacerbations are responsible for much of the morbidity and mortality. COPD has a significant impact on quality of life for those living with the condition, and on local economies for those affected, those caring for the affected and health services. A population literally struggling for breath is, in consequence, unproductive. The majority of cases of chronic lung disease are preventable. Exposure reduction initiatives must focus on tobacco control, and cook-stove interventions: either cleaner fuel (ideally), or better ventilation (at the least). Awareness campaigns and health programmes have the potential to revolutionise the diagnosis and management of COPD and COPD exacerbations, improving quality of life and health service cost and burden. LMICs face unique challenges in managing COPD, including sub-optimal and diverse primary care systems which present challenges with diagnosis and management, especially during exacerbations. A better understanding of how to prevent, diagnose and manage COPD in both rural and urban settings would make a real difference in countries of need. Two important aspects to consider when addressing the global economic burden of COPD are that of underdiagnosis and comorbidities [4]. Firstly, COPD remains underdiagnosed in many jurisdictions [5]. Studies included in reviews focusing on the global economic burden of COPD are all based on diagnosed COPD, and a simple multiplication of these values by the number of COPD patients to calculate the overall economic burden of COPD will underestimate the contribution of undiagnosed COPD [5]. Secondly, COPD is known to be associated with a significant number of comorbid conditions, and estimating costs that are directly attributable to COPD fails to consider the burden of such comorbidities [4]. Adjusting for comorbidities by calculating excess costs with an appropriate comparison group can provide a better opportunity, but even this results in an underestimation of the costs of the comorbidities [6–8].","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2018.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36193135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyak mortality monitoring system: innovative sampling and estimation methods - proof of concept by simulation.","authors":"S J Clark,&nbsp;J Wakefield,&nbsp;T McCormick,&nbsp;M Ross","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2017.15","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2017.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditionally health statistics are derived from civil and/or vital registration. Civil registration in low- to middle-income countries varies from partial coverage to essentially nothing at all. Consequently the state of the art for public health information in low- to middle-income countries is efforts to combine or triangulate data from different sources to produce a more complete picture across both time and space - <i>data amalgamation</i>. Data sources amenable to this approach include sample surveys, sample registration systems, health and demographic surveillance systems, administrative records, census records, health facility records and others. We propose a new statistical framework for gathering health and population data - Hyak - that leverages the benefits of sampling and longitudinal, prospective surveillance to create a cheap, accurate, sustainable monitoring platform. Hyak has three fundamental components: <i>Data amalgamation</i>: A sampling and surveillance component that organizes two or more data collection systems to work together: (1) data from HDSS with frequent, intense, linked, prospective follow-up and (2) data from sample surveys conducted in large areas surrounding the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) sites using informed sampling so as to capture as many events as possible;<i>Cause of death</i>: Verbal autopsy to characterize the distribution of deaths by cause at the population level; and<i>Socioeconomic status (SES)</i>: Measurement of SES in order to characterize poverty and wealth. We conduct a simulation study of the informed sampling component of Hyak based on the Agincourt HDSS site in South Africa. Compared with traditional cluster sampling, Hyak's informed sampling captures more deaths, and when combined with an estimation model that includes spatial smoothing, produces estimates of both mortality counts and mortality rates that have lower variance and small bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/gheg.2017.15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36193134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and content validation of a set of SMS to promote seeking of specialized mental health care within the Allillanchu Project.","authors":"M Toyama, F Diez-Canseco, P Busse, I Del Mastro, J J Miranda","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2017.18","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2017.18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to design and develop a set of, short message service (SMS) to promote specialized mental health care seeking within the framework of the Allillanchu Project.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The design phase consisted of 39 interviews with potential recipients of the SMS, about use of cellphones, and perceptions and motivations towards seeking mental health care. After the data collection, the research team developed a set of seven SMS for validation. The content validation phase consisted of 24 interviews. The participants answered questions regarding their understanding of the SMS contents and rated its appeal.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The seven SMS subjected to content validation were tailored to the recipient using their name. The reminder message included the working hours of the psychology service at the patient's health center. The motivational messages addressed perceived barriers and benefits when seeking mental health services. The average appeal score of the seven SMS was 9.0 (SD±0.4) of 10 points. Participants did not make significant suggestions to change the wording of the messages.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Five SMS were chosen to be used. This approach is likely to be applicable to other similar low-resource settings, and the methodology used can be adapted to develop SMS for other chronic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5870406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36193133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel polymorphisms in <i>TICAM2</i> and <i>NOD1</i> associated with tuberculosis progression phenotypes in Ethiopian populations.","authors":"E Mekonnen, E Bekele, C M Stein","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2017.17","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2017.17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infection by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (<i>Mtb</i>) is a necessary but not sufficient cause for tuberculosis (TB). Although numerous studies suggest human genetic variation may influence TB pathogenesis, there is a conspicuous lack of replication, likely due to imprecise phenotype definition. We aimed to replicate novel findings from a Ugandan cohort in Ethiopian populations.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We ascertained TB cases and household controls (<i>n</i> = 292) from three different ethnic groups. Latent <i>Mtb</i> infection was determined using Quantiferon to develop reliable TB progression phenotypes. We sequenced exonic regions of <i>TICAM2</i> and <i>NOD1</i>.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Significant novel associations were observed between two variants in <i>NOD1</i> and TB: rs751770147 [unadjusted <i>p</i> = 7.28 × 10^-5] and chr7:30477156(T), a novel variant, [unadjusted <i>p</i> = 1.04 × 10^-4]. Two SNPs in <i>TICAM2</i> were nominally associated with TB, including rs2288384 [unadjusted <i>p</i> = 0.003]. Haplotype-based association tests supported the SNP-based results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We replicated the association of <i>TICAM2</i> and <i>NOD1</i> with TB and identified novel genetic associations with TB in Ethiopian populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":"e1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5870410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36193132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV treatment is associated with a two-fold higher probability of raised triglycerides: Pooled Analyses in 21 023 individuals in sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"Kenneth Ekoru, Elizabeth H Young, David G Dillon, Deepti Gurdasani, Nathan Stehouwer, Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen, Naomi S Levitt, Nigel J Crowther, Moffat Nyirenda, Marina A Njelekela, Kaushik Ramaiya, Ousman Nyan, Olanisun O Adewole, Kathryn Anastos, Caterina Compostella, Joel A Dave, Carla M Fourie, Henrik Friis, Iolanthe M Kruger, Chris T Longenecker, Dermot P Maher, Eugene Mutimura, Chiratidzo E Ndhlovu, George Praygod, Eric W Pefura Yone, Mar Pujades-Rodriguez, Nyagosya Range, Mahmoud U Sani, Muhammad Sanusi, Aletta E Schutte, Karen Sliwa, Phyllis C Tien, Este H Vorster, Corinna Walsh, Dickman Gareta, Fredirick Mashili, Eugene Sobngwi, Clement Adebamowo, Anatoli Kamali, Janet Seeley, Liam Smeeth, Deenan Pillay, Ayesha A Motala, Pontiano Kaleebu, Manjinder S Sandhu","doi":"10.1017/gheg.2018.7","DOIUrl":"10.1017/gheg.2018.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) regimes for HIV are associated with raised levels of circulating triglycerides (TG) in western populations. However, there are limited data on the impact of ART on cardiometabolic risk in sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pooled analyses of 14 studies comprising 21 023 individuals, on whom relevant cardiometabolic risk factors (including TG), HIV and ART status were assessed between 2003 and 2014, in SSA. The association between ART and raised TG (>2.3 mmol/L) was analysed using regression models.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Among 10 615 individuals, ART was associated with a two-fold higher probability of raised TG (RR 2.05, 95% CI 1.51-2.77, I²=45.2%). The associations between ART and raised blood pressure, glucose, HbA1c, and other lipids were inconsistent across studies.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>Evidence from this study confirms the association of ART with raised TG in SSA populations. Given the possible causal effect of raised TG on cardiovascular disease (CVD), the evidence highlights the need for prospective studies to clarify the impact of long term ART on CVD outcomes in SSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":44052,"journal":{"name":"Global Health Epidemiology and Genomics","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36205100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}