{"title":"Local mechanical stress induced defects for Ti and Co/Ti silicidation in sub-0.25 /spl mu/m MOS-technologies","authors":"A. Steegen, K. Maex, I. De Wolf","doi":"10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689256","url":null,"abstract":"/spl mu/-Raman spectroscopy (/spl mu/RS) measurements of local mechanical stress in the Si induced by salicidation have been combined with simulations by Finite Element Modeling (FEM) down to 0.1 /spl mu/m. The experiments prove that the difference in material properties of TiSi/sub 2/ and CoSi/sub 2/ can yield very different stress levels in the Si underneath the silicide. These stress levels become critical for sub-0.25 /spl mu/m processes and can result in generation of dislocation loops. Therefore, the mechanical characteristics related to the silicide formation technology become a critical parameter in the optimization of the silicide process.","PeriodicalId":402365,"journal":{"name":"1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.98CH36216)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125922022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Nakayama, T. Asamura, M. Kako, M. Murota, M. Matsumoto, Y. Washizu, K. Tomose, K. Kasai, Y. Okayama, K. Hashimoto, K. Ohuchi, K. Hattori, J. Shiozawa, H. Harakawa, F. Matsuoka, M. Kinugawa
{"title":"Excellent process control technology for highly manufacturable and high performance 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS LSIs","authors":"T. Nakayama, T. Asamura, M. Kako, M. Murota, M. Matsumoto, Y. Washizu, K. Tomose, K. Kasai, Y. Okayama, K. Hashimoto, K. Ohuchi, K. Hattori, J. Shiozawa, H. Harakawa, F. Matsuoka, M. Kinugawa","doi":"10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689234","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Highly manufacturable and high performance 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology for logic LSIs with excellent process controllability has been proposed. N/sub 2/O based oxynitride process and OPC (Optical Proximity Correction) technology was developed and realized superior uniformity in CMOSFET characteristics. A new Ti salicide technology which was fine line effect free down to 0.15 /spl mu/m was also established. These technologies were demonstrated and verified by application to 0.18 /spl mu/m high performance logic LSI with high performance interconnects technology.","PeriodicalId":402365,"journal":{"name":"1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.98CH36216)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127050120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Nakajima, H. Yamashita, Y. Kojima, T. Tamura, Y. Yamada, K. Tokunaga, T. Ema, K. Kondoh, N. Onoda, H. Nozue
{"title":"Improved 0.12 /spl mu/m EB direct writing for Gbit DRAM fabrication","authors":"K. Nakajima, H. Yamashita, Y. Kojima, T. Tamura, Y. Yamada, K. Tokunaga, T. Ema, K. Kondoh, N. Onoda, H. Nozue","doi":"10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689188","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, electron beam (EB) direct writing has been put to practical use in advanced device fabrication, using for example, a cell projection (CP) method, a variably continuous moving stage, a high current density EB, and high speed deflector amplifier, all of which increase the writing throughput of the EB direct writing system. However, for EB direct writing to be used for advanced DRAMs, the following three techniques must each be improved and then combined successfully: (1) a resist process for obtaining reliable fine patterns, (2) a proximity effect correction for the CP method, and (3) CP EB direct writing (CP mask pattern selection) for improving the writing throughput. This article describes improved 0.12 /spl mu/m EB direct writing for Gbit DRAM fabrication.","PeriodicalId":402365,"journal":{"name":"1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.98CH36216)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130395753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Longo, S. Chaloux, A. Chen, A. Krasnoperova, S. Lee, G. Murphy, A. Thomas, C. Wasik, M. Weybright, G. Bronner
{"title":"An evaluation of X-ray lithography using a 0.175 /spl mu/m (0.245 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ cell area) 1 Gb DRAM technology","authors":"R. Longo, S. Chaloux, A. Chen, A. Krasnoperova, S. Lee, G. Murphy, A. Thomas, C. Wasik, M. Weybright, G. Bronner","doi":"10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689208","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional optical lithography is recognized to be approaching its limit for critical dimensions in the range of 0.1 /spl mu/m. There is considerable interest in candidates for imaging below this dimension. While several technologies (X-ray, EUV, e-beam, etc.) offer the resolution to print sub-0.1 /spl mu/m features, it is not clear if any of them will be production worthy in time to maintain traditional development cycles. In this paper we assess the maturity of X-ray proximity printing using a 1 Gb DRAM technology routinely practised with 248 nm DUV lithography for all critical levels. For this exercise several experimental lots were run with four critical levels printed with X-ray lithography. This paper reports the results from these lots and compares them to the baseline optical process in terms of electrical results and identifies logistical issues unique to X-ray lithography.","PeriodicalId":402365,"journal":{"name":"1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.98CH36216)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114155809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K.P. Cheung, C. Chang, J. Colonell, W. Lai, C. Liu, R. Liu, C. Pai, C. Rafferty, H. Vaidya, J. Clemens
{"title":"Gate-oxide degradation from source/drain (S/D) boron diffusion","authors":"K.P. Cheung, C. Chang, J. Colonell, W. Lai, C. Liu, R. Liu, C. Pai, C. Rafferty, H. Vaidya, J. Clemens","doi":"10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689255","url":null,"abstract":"Boron diffusion from p/sup +/-poly gate through thin gate oxide not only causes a transistor to degrade, but also reduces the reliability of the thin gate-oxide. This problem has been studied extensively. Since high concentration of boron is used in the S/D of p-MOSFET, it has long been speculated that boron diffusion from S/D can also cause gate-oxide reliability problem. However, such a degradation mode has never been reported. In this paper, we report clear evidence of such degradation and show that boron diffusion from S/D sets a limit to spacer thickness scaling.","PeriodicalId":402365,"journal":{"name":"1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.98CH36216)","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115691090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Limitation of post-metallization annealing due to hydrogen blocking effect of multilevel interconnect","authors":"S. Ito, K. Noguchi, T. Horiuchi, J. Clemens","doi":"10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689249","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated a hydrogen blocking effect: prevention of hydrogen diffusion during post-metallization anneal by a metal interconnect situated above the MOSFET, resulting in the degradation of device characteristics. We clarified the impact of this effect on the devices having multilevel interconnects, based on a model that considers hydrogen's behaviour in a device. To eliminate this effect, we propose optimization of multilevel interconnect layout to minimize the diffusion path of hydrogen. The benefit of implanting hydrogen ions in the back-end process is also demonstrated as a process solution.","PeriodicalId":402365,"journal":{"name":"1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.98CH36216)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116767728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K.J. Kim, J. Youn, S. Kim, J. Kim, S.H. Hwang, K.T. Kim, Y. Shin
{"title":"A novel 6.4 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ full-CMOS SRAM cell with aspect ratio of 0.63 in a high-performance 0.25 /spl mu/m-generation CMOS technology","authors":"K.J. Kim, J. Youn, S. Kim, J. Kim, S.H. Hwang, K.T. Kim, Y. Shin","doi":"10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689202","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. A unique 6.4 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ 6Tr. SRAM cell has been developed using an advanced CMOS technology implemented in 0.25 /spl mu/m design rule for high density and high speed applications. Very small aspect ratio of 0.63 has been achieved for the cell design. Special features in the layout are parallel active regions and orthogonal gate electrodes, all bar shape. Stable cell operation has been obtained at 0.5 V.","PeriodicalId":402365,"journal":{"name":"1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.98CH36216)","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115437235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Liu, E. J. Lloyd, C. Chang, K.P. Cheung, J. Colonell, W. Lai, R. Liu, C. Pai, H. Vaidya, J. Clemens
{"title":"A new mode of hot carrier degradation in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technologies","authors":"C. Liu, E. J. Lloyd, C. Chang, K.P. Cheung, J. Colonell, W. Lai, R. Liu, C. Pai, H. Vaidya, J. Clemens","doi":"10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689246","url":null,"abstract":"In contrast to previous generations, we find that 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technologies exhibit completely different hot carrier degradation in both NMOS and PMOS devices. In addition to their smaller dimensions, the difference arises from high electric fields due to aggressive device designs for high current drives (I/sub on/). The high fields give rise to much more efficient impact-ionization and generate hot-holes which become dominant in the hot-carrier degradation, in contrast to the hot-electron injection in the previous generations. Therefore, it is essential to reduce hole trapping in thin gate oxides in order to improve the device lifetimes. We demonstrate that gate oxides grown on nitrogen ion-implanted (N I/I) Si substrates can significantly reduce hole trapping and the amount of degradation. Also, there exists a limit of the maximum power supply voltage (V/sub DD,max/) for reliable circuit operations. While aggressive device designs are commonly adopted to optimize I/sub on/, our results show that V/sub DD,max/ actually goes down almost linearly with the increase of I/sub on/ for the 0.18 /spl mu/m technologies.","PeriodicalId":402365,"journal":{"name":"1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.98CH36216)","volume":"420 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123378684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deuterium process of CMOS devices: new phenomena and dramatic improvement","authors":"Zhi Chen, Jinju Lee, J. Lyding, K. Hess","doi":"10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689248","url":null,"abstract":"When CMOS devices were annealed in D/sub 2/ in instead of H/sub 2/, the slope, n, of the degradation power law is smaller than that for the H/sub 2/ processed devices. At higher process temperature (480/spl deg/C), the power index, n, becomes voltage dependent. This results in dramatic enhancement of life time (over 10/sup 6/ times). 10-30% higher channel electrical field can be applied to the D/sub 2/ annealed devices.","PeriodicalId":402365,"journal":{"name":"1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.98CH36216)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123965430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Ogura, T. Yamamoto, Y. Saito, Y. Hayashi, T. Mogami
{"title":"A shallow trench isolation with SiN guard-ring for sub-quarter micron CMOS technologies","authors":"T. Ogura, T. Yamamoto, Y. Saito, Y. Hayashi, T. Mogami","doi":"10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSIT.1998.689260","url":null,"abstract":"Shallow trench isolation (STI) technology is important to realize high-speed and high-packing-density CMOS-LSIs. A new SiN guard-ring on the upper edge of filled SiO/sub 2/ for steep-sidewall STI is proposed and evaluated to improve the reverse narrow channel effect and device reliability. Good isolation characteristics and sufficient improvement of the reverse narrow channel effect are achieved for STI with SiN guard-ring structure.","PeriodicalId":402365,"journal":{"name":"1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.98CH36216)","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126087311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}