{"title":"Grain structure analysis and implications on electromigration reliability for Cu interconnects","authors":"L. Cao, K. Ganesh, L. Zhang, P. Ferreira, P. Ho","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241896","url":null,"abstract":"A recently developed precession electron diffraction (PED) technique in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to characterize the grain orientation and grain boundaries for Cu interconnects of the 45 nm node. The results showed a strong <;111>; and <;110>; textures along the width and the thickness of the line, respectively and a low fraction of coherent twin boundaries. The microstructure characteristics were applied to evaluate the grain structure effect on electromigration (EM) reliability. We first extracted the interfacial diffusivity components for (111), (110), and (100) surfaces and the averaged grain boundary diffusivity by analyzing the resistance traces observed in EM tests. Then the flux divergence at the triple points of grain boundary intersecting the interface was calculated to identify potential voiding sites. Similar analysis was extended to via/line regions to evaluate the flux divergence for slit void formation and to assess the probability of EM early failure.","PeriodicalId":341663,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128803280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Raghavan, K. Pey, K. Shubhakar, X. Wu, W. H. Liu, M. Bosman
{"title":"Role of grain boundary percolative defects and localized trap generation on the reliability statistics of high-κ gate dielectric stacks","authors":"N. Raghavan, K. Pey, K. Shubhakar, X. Wu, W. H. Liu, M. Bosman","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241862","url":null,"abstract":"Grain boundary (GB) microstructural defects in polycrystalline high-? dielectric thin films may cause localized non-random trap generation during the percolation breakdown (BD) process. We study the effect of this non-random trap generation on the reliability statistics of the metal gate (MG) - high-κ (HK) stack. For the first time, we propose a fundamental physics-based Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model considering the thermodynamics and kinetics of bond breaking, generation of oxygen vacancy traps and simulating the trap evolution process in a dual-layer HK - interfacial layer (IL) gate stack. Our simulation model helps explain the non-Weibull distribution trends for time dependent dielectric breakdown data (TDDB) and also determine the sequence of BD which is found to be independent of the thickness ratio of (tHK : tIL) and gate voltage (Vg). Results show that the IL layer is always more susceptible to early percolation and circuit level failure may only be caused by multiple soft BD (SBD) events in the IL layer. The possibility of a sequential IL → HK breakdown is very unlikely for operating voltage conditions of Vop = 1V.","PeriodicalId":341663,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126791043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. M. Randriamihaja, A. Zaka, V. Huard, M. Rafik, D. Rideau, D. Roy, A. Bravaix, P. Palestri
{"title":"Hot carrier degradation: From defect creation modeling to their impact on NMOS parameters","authors":"Y. M. Randriamihaja, A. Zaka, V. Huard, M. Rafik, D. Rideau, D. Roy, A. Bravaix, P. Palestri","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241945","url":null,"abstract":"Hot Carrier induced degradation is modeled using the carrier energy distribution function including Carrier-Carrier Scattering process. Silicon-hydrogen bond breakage through single particle and multiple particles interactions is considered in the modeling of the microscopic defect creation along the channel. Good agreement with lateral profile measurements is obtained for various stress conditions. The impact of the simulated defects distribution along the channel on the electrostatic and mobility (using remote coulomb scattering) is found in line with measurements.","PeriodicalId":341663,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126843297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reliability of porous low-k dielectrics under dynamic voltage stressing","authors":"Shou-Chung Lee, A. Oates","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241801","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate porous low-k SiCOH under dynamic voltage stress to provide new insights into electrical breakdown. Our results are consistent with the existence of two breakdown mechanisms: the first is independent of trench barrier material and other processing details and is identical for DC, unipolar and high frequency bipolar (AC) stress. This mechanism appears to involve permanent physical damage to the dielectric. The second breakdown mechanism is dependent upon process conditions, and is evident only during low frequency bipolar stress. We discuss our findings in terms of breakdown due to the presence of Cu in the dielectric, charge trapping and bond breakage.","PeriodicalId":341663,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129109879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Pae, C. Prasad, S. Ramey, J. Thomas, A. Rahman, R. Lu, J. Hicks, S. Batzer, Q. Zhao, J. Hatfield, M. Liu, C. Parker, B. Woolery
{"title":"Gate dielectric TDDB characterizations of advanced High-k and metal-gate CMOS logic transistor technology","authors":"S. Pae, C. Prasad, S. Ramey, J. Thomas, A. Rahman, R. Lu, J. Hicks, S. Batzer, Q. Zhao, J. Hatfield, M. Liu, C. Parker, B. Woolery","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241848","url":null,"abstract":"Transition into High-K (HK) dielectric and Metal-Gate (MG) in advanced logic process has enabled continued technology scaling in support of Moore's law [1-2]. With this, CMOS operating fields have been increasing along with gate dielectric TDDB voltage acceleration factors (VAF). VAF is the most critical reliability parameter used to accurately predict the Gate oxide lifetime (TDDB) at use. This paper highlights low voltage (low-V) TDDB data is critical for the accurate assessment of HK+MG VAF and provides further evidences from both transistor- and product-level data based on 32nm technology generations.","PeriodicalId":341663,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114808786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fen Chen, S. Mittl, M. Shinosky, A. Swift, R. Kontra, B. Anderson, J. Aitken, Yanfeng Wang, E. Kinser, M. Kumar, Y. Wang, T. Kane, K. Feng, W. Henson, D. Mocuta, Di-An Li
{"title":"Investigation of emerging middle-of-line poly gate-to-diffusion contact reliability issues","authors":"Fen Chen, S. Mittl, M. Shinosky, A. Swift, R. Kontra, B. Anderson, J. Aitken, Yanfeng Wang, E. Kinser, M. Kumar, Y. Wang, T. Kane, K. Feng, W. Henson, D. Mocuta, Di-An Li","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241865","url":null,"abstract":"The minimum insulator spacing between the polysilicon control gate (PC) and the diffusion contacts (CA) in advanced VLSI circuits is aggressively shrinking due to continuous technology scaling. Meanwhile, rapid adoptions of new materials such as metal gate, epitaxial SiGe source /drain, stress liner, and copper contact together with new device configurations such as raised source/drain and FinFET may further exacerbate the PC-CA dielectric reliability. SRAM yield loss and functional stress failures of both SRAM and DRAM chips due to middle-of-line (MOL) PC-CA shorts and early breakdown have been observed during the course of technology development at 32nm. Therefore, the leakage and breakdown of middle-of-line (MOL) PC-to-CA dielectric is rapidly becoming an emerging reliability issue for a successful technology development. In this paper, a comprehensive investigation of MOL PC-to-CA reliability issues at 32nm technology node was conducted. A new qualification methodology was developed to assure PC-to-CA reliability at an acceptable level.","PeriodicalId":341663,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124110130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chun-Yu Lin, Li-Wei Chu, M. Ker, Ming-Hsiang Song, C. Jou, T. Lu, J. Tseng, M. Tsai, T. Hsu, P. Hung, T. Chang
{"title":"ESD protection structure with inductor-triggered SCR for RF applications in 65-nm CMOS process","authors":"Chun-Yu Lin, Li-Wei Chu, M. Ker, Ming-Hsiang Song, C. Jou, T. Lu, J. Tseng, M. Tsai, T. Hsu, P. Hung, T. Chang","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241893","url":null,"abstract":"To protect radio-frequency (RF) integrated circuits from electrostatic discharge (ESD) damages, silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) devices have been used as main on-chip ESD protection devices due to their high ESD robustness and low parasitic capacitance in nanoscale CMOS technologies. In this work, the SCR device assisted with an inductor to resonate at the selected frequency band for RF performance fine tune was proposed. Besides, the inductor can be also designed to improve the turn-on efficiency of the SCR device for ESD protection. Verified in a 65-nm CMOS process, the ESD protection design with the inductor-triggered SCR for 60-GHz RF applications can achieve good RF performances and high ESD robustness.","PeriodicalId":341663,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126345831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Kaczer, J. Franco, M. Toledano-Luque, P. Roussel, M. Bukhori, A. Asenov, B. Schwarz, M. Bina, T. Grasser, G. Groeseneken
{"title":"The relevance of deeply-scaled FET threshold voltage shifts for operation lifetimes","authors":"B. Kaczer, J. Franco, M. Toledano-Luque, P. Roussel, M. Bukhori, A. Asenov, B. Schwarz, M. Bina, T. Grasser, G. Groeseneken","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241839","url":null,"abstract":"In nm-sized FET devices with just a few gate oxide defects, the typically measured threshold voltage shifts are not obviously correlated with the device behavior at high gate bias. The largest shifts observed at the threshold voltage after the capture of a single carrier are reduced at higher gate biases. This degradation-mitigating effect is further shown to be amplified at lower channel doping. The understanding gained from 3D numerical simulations is captured in a simple analytic description of a single trapped-charge impact on the FET characteristics in the entire gate bias range. Potential use is illustrated in an improved lifetime projection and in circuit simulations of time-dependent variability.","PeriodicalId":341663,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128168083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Kwasnick, M. Reilly, J. Hatfield, S. C. Johnson, A. Rahman
{"title":"Impact of VLSI technology scaling on HTOL","authors":"R. Kwasnick, M. Reilly, J. Hatfield, S. C. Johnson, A. Rahman","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241850","url":null,"abstract":"High Temperature Operating Life (HTOL) is a standard stress used in IC product qualification. With VLSI technology scaling, gate dielectric TDDB models have higher acceleration factors leading to an increase in predicted HTOL failure, particularly with the transition to high-k gate dielectrics. However, cumulative end-of-life field failures remain substantially unchanged from previous technologies. A calculator tool which comprehends both field and HTOL failure modeling illustrates the trend and guides product qualification expectations.","PeriodicalId":341663,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130046089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chang-Chih Chen, M. Bashir, L. Milor, Daehyun Kim, S. Lim
{"title":"Backend dielectric chip reliability simulator for complex interconnect geometries","authors":"Chang-Chih Chen, M. Bashir, L. Milor, Daehyun Kim, S. Lim","doi":"10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRPS.2012.6241878","url":null,"abstract":"Backend dielectric breakdown degrades the reliability of circuits. We present test data and a methodology to estimate chip lifetime due to backend dielectric breakdown. Our methodology incorporates failures due to parallel tracks, the width effect, and field enhancement due to line ends. The impact of line ends has been found to be very significant experimentally, and it is demonstrated that this component can dominate the failure rate of the chip due to dielectric breakdown.","PeriodicalId":341663,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134228197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}