Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X最新文献

{"title":"Detection of endogenous hormones and its effect on auxiliary medical treatment","authors":"Jiayu Yu ,&nbsp;Qilin Wang ,&nbsp;Yinchao Chen ,&nbsp;Yizhen Ouyang ,&nbsp;Haitao Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The detection of endogenous hormones is of great significance for disease diagnosis, treatment guidance, and the development of personalized healthcare. By using biosensors, real-time monitoring and quantitative analysis of endogenous hormone levels can be achieved, providing scientific basis for clinical decision-making. The continuous innovation in this field will bring new breakthroughs in medical diagnosis and treatment, which are expected to accelerate the early detection of diseases and the implementation of personalized treatment plans. In this review, we mainly review the research progress of endogenous hormone biosensors based on different biological recognition elements, namely enzyme-based biosensors, immunobiosensors, aptamer-based biosensors, and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based biosensors. Meanwhile, this paper also analyzes the detection efficiency and clinical application of these biosensors. Finally, we summarize the current challenges and future development directions of the different types of biosensors involved in the discussion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100477"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137024000414/pdfft?md5=f277f569a5ac4ddc92ee8c86360f4fbc&pid=1-s2.0-S2590137024000414-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140557567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Folate receptors detection based on the immobilization of folic acid onto Ti−W oxides thin film","authors":"Linda Bertel ,&nbsp;Rogelio Ospina ,&nbsp;José Miguel García-Martín ,&nbsp;David A. Miranda","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The overexpression of folate receptors on cell surfaces is associated with abnormalities linked to epithelial cancers. This study reports on a capacitive biosensor that employs folic acid as a recognition molecule for the biosensing of folate receptors. The biosensor is composed of a thin film of Ti–W oxides conjugated with folic acid that serves as a working electrode in a three-electrode electrochemical cell configuration. The thin film of Ti–W oxides, featuring a mixture of TiO₂ anatase and rutile phases, was fabricated using the pulsed laser deposition method and subsequently functionalized with folic acid. Characterization of the thin film before and after functionalization was conducted using AFM, XPS, and contact angle measurements. The functionalization study confirmed a stable bond between folic acid and the surface of the thin film. The interaction between the functionalized transducer and the folate receptor was investigated by determining the electrochemical capacitance using an electrochemical capacitance spectroscopy setup. Folate receptor recognition assays demonstrated that the biosensor response signal, or chemical hardness (in terms of electrochemical capacitance), is selective and directly proportional to the folate receptor concentration, with a limit of detection of 200 pM (0.2 nM). These findings are promising for the application of this detector in the recognition of folate receptors, particularly for point-of-care analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100475"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137024000396/pdfft?md5=00c72598276c8bf475c5e8f45ecfedfb&pid=1-s2.0-S2590137024000396-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140350649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-cost ultrasensitive flexible carbon fiber-based biosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human saliva","authors":"Steffane Q. Nascimento ,&nbsp;Rodrigo M. Iost ,&nbsp;Thiago C. Oliveira ,&nbsp;Rafael N. Colombo ,&nbsp;Luana C.I. Faria ,&nbsp;Thiago Bertaglia ,&nbsp;Jéssica C. Pacheco ,&nbsp;Mona N. Oliveira ,&nbsp;Erika R. Manuli ,&nbsp;Geovana M. Pereira ,&nbsp;Ester C. Sabino ,&nbsp;Frank N. Crespilho","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on our daily lives, necessitating the rapid development of early diagnostic tools to mitigate the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks. In this context, biosensor technology has emerged as a highly promising strategy to address the challenges of low sensitivity, specificity, and high cost associated with clinical diagnosis. In this study, we present a novel and cost-effective approach for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 using miniaturized flexible carbon fiber (FCF) electrodes that are modified with immunoglobulin G (IgG). Our strategy take advantage of on the antigen-antibody interaction (IgG-SARS-CoV-2) and leverages the surface chemistry characteristics of FCF to achieve signal amplification. Under standard conditions, we achieved a remarkable detection limit of 0.16 pg mmL⁻¹ for the SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein. Additionally, when analyzing human saliva samples, our biosensing approach demonstrated good agreement with RT-PCR results, specifically for patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy of our approach were approximately 93.3%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100472"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137024000360/pdfft?md5=a05bc951ab835b3d4e987131cd74fff5&pid=1-s2.0-S2590137024000360-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Odorant-sensing cell micropatterns for odor discrimination","authors":"Shinya Yamahira ,&nbsp;Hidefumi Mitsuno ,&nbsp;Misato Yamaoka ,&nbsp;Teruyuki Nagamune ,&nbsp;Akimitsu Okamoto ,&nbsp;Ryohei Kanzaki ,&nbsp;Satoshi Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A technology that can effectively distinguish between various odorants with high sensitivity and selectivity has numerous applications ranging from water quality testing to disease diagnosis. Here, we report a cell-based odorant-sensing display that utilizes Sf21 cells expressing odorant receptors, co-receptors, and a calcium-sensitive fluorescent protein as the sensing elements for detecting multiple odorants. Integrated micropatterns of the sensor cells in a few hundred micrometer-size patterns were fabricated on photoactivatable cell-anchoring surfaces consisting of photo-responsive polymeric materials. In the microfluidic system equipped with the sensing display, the injection of two model odorants, such as Bombykal and 1-octen-3-ol, at micro-molar concentrations resulted in selective and rapid fluorescence emission from the corresponding sensor cell patterns. Furthermore, when both odorants were injected together, the fluorescence from each corresponding sensor cell could be observed simultaneously. This study provides the proof of principle that the current cell patterning system enables the discrimination of odors, including multiple odorants, through a finely patterned sensing display on the device.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100473"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137024000372/pdfft?md5=5d80a3397a6ec6396c032dbffa16545a&pid=1-s2.0-S2590137024000372-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140347963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison between mathematical methods to estimate blood glucose levels from ECG signals","authors":"Oscar Ivan Coronado Reyes,&nbsp;Adriana del Carmen Téllez Anguiano,&nbsp;José Antonio Gutiérrez Gnecchi,&nbsp;Luis Alfredo Castro Pimentel,&nbsp;Eilen García Rodríguez","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diabetes mellitus, known as diabetes, is a chronic disease that affects the control of blood glucose concentration levels, it is a disease that mostly affects adults (type 2 diabetes), but it can also occur in children (type 1 or childhood diabetes), as well as in pregnant women (gestational diabetes). Diabetes is one of the diseases with the highest prevalence and high mortality worldwide. Diabetes has no cure, but continuous monitoring to maintain blood glucose levels in normal ranges reduces the possibility of suffering from gastrointestinal problems, vision loss, limb amputations (such as diabetic foot) and damage to vital organs such as the heart and kidneys, among other associated complications. This article compares the results in glucose estimation by using a linear, quadratic and cubic regression considering the electrical characteristics generated in the cardiac conduction (HR, HRV, T-wave peak, and QT interval) recorded on a single-lead electrocardiogram (VII), used as a non-invasive blood glucose estimation model. The best estimate was obtained using a cubic regression. The validation was performed using the Clarke grid having 77.78 % of data in the A zone and 22.22 % in the B zone and a Pearson correlation value of 0.94103 in the cubic regression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100474"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137024000384/pdfft?md5=b7a87d6a8738c4e5f594467f16377236&pid=1-s2.0-S2590137024000384-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140330861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearable cassette for paper-based aptasensor designed to detection of illicit drug; ketamine- a wearable cassette prototype comparison study","authors":"Shariq Suleman ,&nbsp;Nigar Anzar ,&nbsp;Shikha Patil ,&nbsp;Zaira Azmi ,&nbsp;Suhel Parvez ,&nbsp;Jagriti Narang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The advent of 3D printing technology has spurred innovation, particularly in healthcare and biosensing. One notable application is the creation of wearable biosensors for detecting substances like ketamine, a potent anesthetic and pain reliever with medical and recreational uses. Monitoring ketamine levels is crucial due to potential misuse and health risks. Utilizing 3D printing, manufacturers can produce intricate and customizable wearable biosensors designed for ketamine detection. This flexibility permits the incorporation of various sensor types, enhancing accuracy. Traditional detection methods are often cumbersome, making 3D printing a transformative tool for real-time monitoring. The application of 3D printing in wearable biosensors has the potential to revolutionize personalized healthcare, ensuring the safe and effective usage of ketamine. In this paper 3D printed paper-based wearable aptamer cassette (3DP-PWC) has been developed by immobilizing Ketamine Aptamer on ZnO-NPs electrodes. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed for validating results. The sensor’s versatility was demonstrated across beverages encompassing both alcoholic and non-alcoholic options. Two prototypes—a bracelet and a pendant—were developed and compared, showing promising results. Here, we reported a 3D-printing paper based wearable aptasensor for the ketamine detection. This pioneering developed sensor showed a low limit detection (LOD) of 0.01 μg/mL (lower than the physiological detection threshold 0.084 μg/mL) with linear-range was between 0.01 and 5 μmL and an optimal response time of 25 s.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100463"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702400027X/pdfft?md5=b90d1194de31497d6c812a67a72fad20&pid=1-s2.0-S259013702400027X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140327676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multichannel multimodal piezoelectric middle ear implant concept based on MEMS technology for next-generation fully implantable cochlear implant applications","authors":"Feyza Pirim ,&nbsp;Ali Can Atik ,&nbsp;Muhammed Berat Yüksel ,&nbsp;Akın Mert Yılmaz ,&nbsp;Mehmet Birol Uğur ,&nbsp;Selçuk Tunalı ,&nbsp;Aykan Batu ,&nbsp;Mahmut Kamil Aslan ,&nbsp;Mehmet Bülent Özer ,&nbsp;Haluk Külah","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper introduces a unique multimode, multichannel piezoelectric vibration sensor for the next-generation fully implantable cochlear implant (FICI) systems. The sensor, which can be implanted on the middle ear chain to collect and filter the ambient sound in eight frequency bands, comprises an array of 4 M-shape multimode and 11 single cantilevers. Finite element (FE) analysis indicates a 2.05-fold improvement in capturing frequency information for the multimodal sensor compared to its single-mode counterpart. Under an acoustic excitation at 100 dB SPL, the sensor, mounted on an artificial tympanic membrane, yielded a peak output voltage of 546.16 mVpp and a peak sensitivity of 285.28 mVpp/Pa at 1613 Hz. The extrapolated acoustic results indicated a dynamic frequency range between 300 Hz and 6 kHz, even at 30 dB SPL. Furthermore, a lightweight titanium coupler, employing a two-sided clipping structure with a maximum wall thickness of 70 μm, is micromachined for surgical attachment of the transducer to the middle ear chain. A commercial accelerometer, implanted on the incus short process (SP) of a cadaver using the titanium coupler, successfully recorded 0.1 g for 100 dB SPL at 500 Hz, revealing the potential feasibility of the coupler for vibration sensor implantation. Moreover, the presented anatomically accurate FE model of the middle ear, exhibiting a high correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.97 with the cadaveric experiment, suggests an efficient numerical approach for evaluating the implantation of middle ear prostheses. In this regard, the study holds great promise for clinical application in the field of implantable hearing aids.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100471"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137024000359/pdfft?md5=30dec774d958466a1c409898c79ce00e&pid=1-s2.0-S2590137024000359-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140282030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasensitive prostate cancer marker PCA3 detection with impedimetric biosensor based on specific label-free aptamers","authors":"Sarra Takita ,&nbsp;Alexi Nabok ,&nbsp;Magdi Mussa ,&nbsp;Matthew Kitchen ,&nbsp;Anna Lishchuk ,&nbsp;David Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prostate cancer (PCa) appears among the most frequently diagnosed types of malignancies in males. Because of the high demand and increasing detection rate of early PCa, alongside the specificity limitations of the gold standard clinical tools available for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer, there is an urgent need for more reliable PCa markers and highly sensitive diagnostic tools to avoid under-treatment and over-diagnosis. PCA3, or prostate cancer antigen 3, is a potential prostate cancer biomarker that is more specific and useful for preventing unnecessary repeat biopsies, particularly in men with persistently high prostate-specific antigen indices after a negative biopsy. Additionally, an electrochemically based biosensor would prove to be a powerful diagnostic tool for PCA3 detection in urine because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to the more traditional PCa diagnostics that depend on blood testing. This paper aimed to design a novel and simple electrochemical impedimetric biosensor based on a label-free RNA-aptamer (CG3-PCA3) as the molecular recognition element for detecting PCA3. The proposed aptasensor for the detection of PCA3 has been developed using a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), further improving sensitivity and allowing the immobilisation of thiolate aptamers on its surface. The findings presented here demonstrated a high sensitivity to PCA3, with a detection limit of 20 fM in artificial urine and 1 fM in buffer. These results indicate that the PCA3 aptasensor could be a promising tool for routine PCa diagnosis due to its high sensitivity and cost-effectiveness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100462"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137024000268/pdfft?md5=e319b16be9c87b15bf63c859be5df388&pid=1-s2.0-S2590137024000268-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140163555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective visual detection of multiplex PCR amplicon using magnetic microbeads","authors":"Michihiko Nakano,&nbsp;Masafumi Inaba,&nbsp;Junya Suehiro","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nucleic acid amplification tests (NATs), such as genetic tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are sensitive methods for detecting pathogens and food contamination. The rapid, easy, and inexpensive detection of amplicons, DNA, or RNA is key to realizing on-site NATs. We have previously developed a novel amplicon detection method using magnetic microbeads based on the hydrophobicity of DNA in deionized water. In this study, we aimed to expand the method for the detection of multiplex DNA amplicons. Tagged primers and probes for selective attachment were used to detect amplicons from two strawberry pathogens. The amplicon-labeled magnetic microbeads were placed in the round-bottom well of a hydrophilic glass substrate. The attachment of amplicons to the magnetic microbeads changed their surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The magnetized microbeads concentrated at the bottom when the substrate was placed on a permanent magnet, and the concentrated microbeads were easily recognizable by the naked eye. Microbeads without amplicons were adsorbed over a broad area of the bottom of the glass well owing to their hydrophilicity. The appropriate tag probe was attached to specific amplicons for detection, and each amplicon from multiplex PCR was selectively detected within approximately 15 min. Notably, this method requires no electric power and contributes to the realization of on-site NAT detection. This study presents a simple and rapid method for the selective detection of multiplex PCR amplicons using DNA–DNA hybridization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100461"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137024000256/pdfft?md5=b6393cdf4448751b1df16d8034f5d85c&pid=1-s2.0-S2590137024000256-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140141729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability of sourness and saltiness taste sensors using a mixture of lipid membranes","authors":"Rita Prasetyowati ,&nbsp;Rizky Aflaha ,&nbsp;Hanif Khoirudin ,&nbsp;Moch. Rifqi Tamara ,&nbsp;Roto Roto ,&nbsp;Pekik Nurwantoro ,&nbsp;Kuwat Triyana","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Our study successfully fabricated sourness and saltiness sensors and investigated the response toward acetic acid and sodium chloride as the sourness and saltiness sample solutions, respectively. The sensors were made using a lipid membrane with a mixture of two materials. The fabricated sensors can detect the concentration of a small amount of 0.03 mM for the sourness sensor and 0.316 mM for the saltiness sensor, much lower than the human tongue threshold. Moreover, the sensors show a directly proportional response for both sourness and saltiness sensors in the range of 0.03–3 mM of acetic acid and 0.316–31.6 mM of sodium chloride, respectively. The interaction between positive charge in the lipid membrane and anionic species in the sample solution was believed to be the sensing mechanism in this research. Both sensors were refabricated three times, and the saltiness sensor exhibited a similar response when exposed to 3.16 mM of sodium chloride, while the sourness sensor still has to improve its reproducibility. In addition, the fabricated sensors were also tested on three consecutive days to observe the stability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100459"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137024000232/pdfft?md5=5c31ad7339cdfd000f913dfcd76429d8&pid=1-s2.0-S2590137024000232-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140145369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}