Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X最新文献

{"title":"A 3D-printed smartphone-based platform for in-situ and rapid monitoring of aquaculture pathogens using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchip with multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (M-LAMP)","authors":"Liyan Li ,&nbsp;Jing Fu ,&nbsp;Elaine Li Ching Chiang ,&nbsp;Jerald Yoo ,&nbsp;Sungwoo Bae","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquaculture pathogens pose serious risks to aquatic livestock and global food safety. Key threats in shrimp farming include white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> (causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, AHPND), and <em>Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei</em> (EHP). Rapid, on-site detection is critical for early detection and outbreak prevention. In this study, we developed a portable, smartphone-based diagnostic platform utilizing multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens in a single reaction. A PDMS microchip with 30 reaction wells (5 × 6 array) and a temperature control well was fabricated for efficient multiplexing. Immobilized LAMP reagents with freeze-drying lyophilization were preloaded into wells to streamline preparation and enhance stability. The system successfully identified both waterborne indicator bacteria (<em>E. coli</em>, <em>E. faecalis</em>, <em>Salmonella</em>) and major shrimp pathogens (WSSV, AHPND, EHP) in samples from <em>Penaeus vannamei</em>, <em>Penaeus monodon</em>, and aquaculture water. The microchip maintained stable isothermal conditions (65.1 ± 0.6 °C), enabling visual detection via color change at low DNA concentrations (as low as 4 copies/μL). All WSSV and EHP infections in shrimp tissues and water samples were correctly identified using LAMP reaction within 35 min (excluding the DNA extraction process), demonstrating 100% positive detection rates. The smartphone interface allowed real-time imaging and result interpretation, offering a rapid, user-friendly tool for in situ pathogen monitoring. This platform represents a practical, low-cost solution for field diagnostics and improved disease management in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100635"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocrystal electrochemiluminescence Biosensor: Paving the way from lab discovery to market innovation","authors":"Abhishek Kumar ,&nbsp;Sanket Goel","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The commercial viability of a biosensor depends on its capability to accurately and precisely perform detection of target molecules in real physiological body fluids such as whole blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva, tears, or sweat. A biosensor is considered ideal for detecting molecules if enriched with specific characteristics crucial for accurate outputs, namely low detection limit, high sensitivity, selectivity to target analyte, reproducibility and repeatability, and performance in real samples. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a strong analytical technique with major applications in biosensing due to its inherent features from electrochemistry and photoluminescence. While existing ECL biosensors can deliver satisfactory performance in laboratory settings, only a limited number are effective in real complex matrices. The stability of biosensors in real samples is a significant concern, which often limits their commercial applications. Incorporation of nanomaterials in ECL biosensors has transformed the biomolecule detection process by providing unparalleled selectivity and sensitivity. This article deliberates on rendering contributions of nanomaterials in advancing traditional ECL biosensors to pave the way from lab discovery to market innovation. Furthermore, the article highlights the various roles of nanomaterials in addressing the critical challenges associated with the commercialization of ECL biosensors. Moreover, various essential concepts are highlighted with relevant figures and comparative tables to provide a general overview of the nanomaterial based ECL biosensors. Lastly, the future outlook and prospects of ECL biosensors in advancing molecular and clinical diagnostics is discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100633"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing food Safety: Two-plex electrochemical biosensor for mycotoxin detection in food matrices","authors":"Kundan Kumar Mishra ,&nbsp;Vikram Narayanan Dhamu ,&nbsp;Abhinav Kokala ,&nbsp;Sriram Muthukumar ,&nbsp;Shalini Prasad","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Detecting foodborne toxins like Aflatoxin B1 and Zearalenone remains a pressing global health concern due to their impact on food safety. Conventional detection techniques lack the required sensitivity and efficiency, showcasing the urgent need for advanced, rapid detection solutions. This study presents a portable, non-faradaic electrochemical sensing platform specifically designed for quick and accurate detection of these toxins in corn flour. Featuring a short assay time of 5 min, the 2-plex platform leverages antibodies specific to Aflatoxin B1 and Zearalenone, achieving detection limits of 0.005 ng/mL and 0.05 ng/mL, respectively. The system offers a dynamic detection range of 0.01–9.151 ng/mL for Aflatoxin B1 and 0.1–25.6 ng/mL for Zearalenone. The platform demonstrates consistent performance, maintaining inter- and intra-study coefficient of variation (%CV) below 20 %. Validation against benchtop and outsource laboratory data confirms its real-world applicability. This user-friendly device holds promise for on-site toxin detection, enhancing food safety and public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100626"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of nickel dopped chitosan nanoparticles as a novel platform for electrochemical insulin detection","authors":"Frederika Chovancová ,&nbsp;Marjan Motiei ,&nbsp;Ivana Šišoláková ,&nbsp;Michal Urbánek ,&nbsp;Jana Shepa ,&nbsp;Haojie Fei ,&nbsp;Petr Sáha ,&nbsp;Renáta Oriňaková","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel modified chitosan nanoparticles are promising catalysts for the determination of bioanalytes such as insulin, glucose, antibiotics, and ascorbic acid. In this study, we synthesized nickel-loaded chitosan nanoparticles to evaluate their potential as surface modifiers for electrochemical sensors for insulin detection. The nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate anions, followed by adsorption of nickel ions via ion-exchange resins and surface chelation. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with EDX analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The catalytic activity of nickel modified chitosan nanoparticles towards insulin oxidation was investigated through cyclic voltammetry. The resulting screen-printed carbon electrode modified with nickel-chitosan nanoparticles exhibited exceptional analytical performance, including high sensitivity (0.09 mA μM), a low detection limit (0.02 μM), and a wide dynamic range (300 nM–5 μM). Additionally, the modified screen-printed electrode demonstrated excellent selectivity, enabling accurate insulin determination in the presence of interferences and in real blood serum samples. These findings highlight the potential of nickel-modified chitosan nanoparticles as a surface modification strategy to enhance the performance of electrochemical sensors insulin detection and pave the way for their application in various bioanalytes determination platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100624"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPARK - Sensor platform for affinity recognition of paraquat","authors":"Durgasha C. Poudyal ,&nbsp;Vikram Narayanan Dhamu ,&nbsp;Manish Samson ,&nbsp;Sumana Karmakar ,&nbsp;Sriram Muthukumar ,&nbsp;Shalini Prasad","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extensive use of paraquat (PQT) in agriculture has led to considerable environmental pollution and has raised serious health issues. Rapid, sensitive, and on-site detection tools are crucial for monitoring paraquat residue and preventing its toxic effect. This study focused on demonstrating a portable, label-free electrochemical sensor platform (SPARK) for the direct detection of paraquat using edamame soybean as food matrix. The sensor platform was fabricated using the excellent substrate property of a reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which was immobilized with the anti-paraquat antibody (PQT-Ab, specific to recognize the herbicide paraquat) using a linker molecule 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (Pyr-BASE). The rate of crosslinker adsorption on rGO was evaluated and demonstrated for the first time using electrochemistry, with the calculated monolayer adsorption of the pyrene-based crosslinker found to be 244 μC/cm². The sensor performance was tested using portable device platform (SPARK) to confirm its feasibility, which showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 ng/mL (0.3 ppb), dynamic range of PQT from 0.3 to 72.9 ng/mL and an r² value of 0.98. The cross-reactivity study demonstrates high selectivity for the target PQT antigen, in presence of non-specific antigen such as glyphosate and chlorpyrifos. Pearson's correlation of r = 0.99 indicated a strong positive correlation between SPARK platform and the third-party gold standard method. Developed SPARK platform provides sensitive data comparable to traditional analytical methods in a simplified manner, thereby opening the possibility for electrochemical sensor platform to be used as on-site testing devices for various other food matrices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100625"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnology-based paper microfluidics for rapid point-of-care detection and differentiation of snake venom types","authors":"Lakshmi Narashimhan Ramana ,&nbsp;Nitin Salvi ,&nbsp;M.V. Khadilkar ,&nbsp;Tarun Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snake envenomation is recognized as a neglected tropical disease, contributing to high mortality rates and causing significant organ damage, particularly to the liver, kidneys, and brain. The primary treatment involves administering antivenom, which consists of polyclonal antibodies developed against various snake venoms. However, antivenom therapy can lead to serum-related complications, reducing its effectiveness. Therefore, targeting specific therapeutic molecules could significantly improve snake envenomation treatment. Identifying the snake species is a major challenge due to their similar morphological characteristics. Globally, only two snake venom diagnostic kits are available that have been developed to detect country-specific snake venom. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new diagnostic assays tailored for detecting venom specific to India. To address this, the current study focuses on detecting functional enzyme components of venomous snake species, such as phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, and proteases. The study is based on the loading of the dye-loaded stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, including liposomes (sensitive to phospholipase A2), hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles (sensitive to hyaluronidase), and casein nanoparticles (sensitive to proteases) into paper-based microfluidics and tested with various snake venoms. The device successfully detects and distinguishes between wet bites and dry bites, as well as viper and elapid species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100623"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paper discs in a 3D printed microplate hybrid microfluidic device for low-cost, rapid, and ultrasensitive paper-based bioluminescence detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) breast cancer biomarker","authors":"Ahmed A. Shalaby ,&nbsp;Asmaa Salah ,&nbsp;Akihiko Ishida ,&nbsp;Masatoshi Maeki ,&nbsp;Manabu Tokeshi","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breast cancer is the most common cancer type in women and it has the highest probability of developing into invasive cancer. Early detection of breast cancer is crucial to reduce the disease burden and decrease the mortality rate. Detection of cancer biomarkers is an attractive non-invasive way to implement early diagnosis and follow-up. Colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the most common techniques used for the detection of cancer biomarkers. However, it requires a long incubation time and a large reagent volume, and it has low sensitivity. Here, we propose use of a paper disc in a 3D printed microplate hybrid microfluidic device for ultrasensitive paper-based bioluminescence ELISA for detection of HER2 breast cancer biomarker. Chromatographic paper discs are good substrates for fast immobilization of capture antibody without making any surface modification and they can be replaced with new discs to reuse the 3D printed microplate. The 3D printed microplate has microvalves in the bottom of the wells, so it can stop flow of the reagents for the desired incubation time and it allows the washing solution to flow vertically and drain onto an adsorption pad which increases the washing efficiency. NanoLuc luciferase was used as a label for the detection antibody to achieve the highest sensitivity. Bioluminescence sandwich ELISA for HER2 detection was performed using the hybrid device in just 20 min and the limit of detection was 1.3 fg/mL which is more than 10⁴-fold better than commercial ELISA kits for HER2.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100621"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imatinib detection by memristive biosensors for therapeutic drug monitoring","authors":"Junrui Chen ,&nbsp;Lavinia Alberi ,&nbsp;Yuan Pétermann ,&nbsp;Thierry Buclin ,&nbsp;Monia Guidi ,&nbsp;Sandro Carrara","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Therapeutic drug monitoring is essential for optimizing the efficacy and safety of targeted anticancer agents like imatinib, a first-line treatment for various leukemias and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. This study introduces a novel memristive biosensor designed for the detection of imatinib. The biosensor employs a silicon nanowire (SiNW) -based memristive architecture integrated with a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer as the bio-recognition element. The detection of imatinib concentration is successfully demonstrated in both buffer and human plasma. Kinetic analysis reveals that the analysis time for achieving binding equilibrium and measurement is within 10 min. Comprehensive linear response over Imatinib concentrations in human plasma ranging from 0.2 μM to 20 μM was achieved, with a detection limit of 0.13 μM. While the interfering proteins such as human serum albumin (HSA) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) compete with the binding mechanism, resulting in a decreased measured signal at lower concentrations of imatinib, their excessive presence paradoxically amplifies the measured signal. This amplification, however, also introduces increased variability in plasma measurements. This innovative memristive biosensor represents a significant advancement towards point-of-care therapeutic drug monitoring. It offers a robust and scalable platform, paving the way for the integration of personalized medicine into routine clinical workflows for imatinib-based therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100620"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionic Cell Microscopy: A new modality for visualizing cells using microfluidic impedance cytometry and generative artificial intelligence","authors":"Mahtab Kokabi ,&nbsp;Gulam M. Rather ,&nbsp;Mehdi Javanmard","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel approach to cancer cell imaging by integrating microfluidic sensor technology with artificial intelligence (AI). We developed a custom microfluidic device with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels and integrated electrodes to capture electrical impedance data. The device was fabricated using photolithography, electron beam evaporation, and lift-off techniques. Instead of traditional imaging methods, electrical impedance signals were used to reconstruct cell images. A generative AI model with eight hidden layers processed 191 impedance values to accurately reconstruct the shapes of cancer cells and control beads. Our approach successfully reconstructed images of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, HeLa cells, and beads, achieving 91 % accuracy on the test dataset. Validation using the Structural Similarity Index (SSI) and Mean Structural Similarity Index (MSSIM) produced scores of 0.97 for breast cancer cells and 0.93 for beads, confirming the high precision of this method. This label-free, impedance-based imaging offers a promising solution for cancer diagnostics by accurately reconstructing cell shapes and distinguishing cell types, particularly in point-of-care applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100619"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal tracking of chronic inflammation through Calprotectin and Interleukin-6 using a sweat wearable device","authors":"Sarah Shahub ,&nbsp;Annapoorna Ramasubramanya ,&nbsp;Preeti Singh ,&nbsp;Ruchita Mahesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Kai-Chun Lin ,&nbsp;Sriram Muthukumar ,&nbsp;Shalini Prasad","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work demonstrates a continuous, noninvasive two-plex electrochemical biosensor for the measurement of inflammation in sweat via disease-specific and general markers Calprotectin and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), respectively. Sensor functionalization and sensor stability was characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Sensor stability was characterized through open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). On-body stability was demonstrated through relative humidity and temperature measurements of the sensor-skin interface.</div><div>Calprotectin and IL-6 were measured in sweat over 2 days from 2 chronically inflamed subjects and 10 healthy subjects to characterize dual sweat expression of the markers and investigate diurnal patterns of expression across the two groups. Sweat Calprotectin was continuously tracked over a 40-h period for chronically inflamed and healthy subjects with different inflammatory activity and treatments. Sensor measurements were recorded continuously with a sampling rate of 1–1.5 min.</div><div>Significantly higher sweat Calprotectin and higher median sweat Calprotectin expression was observed in the morning-afternoon than in the evening among inflamed and healthy subjects, respectively. Higher median sweat IL-6 was observed in inflamed individuals in the morning-afternoon, while higher median sweat IL-6 was observed in healthy individuals in the evening. Temporal results of sweat Calprotectin tracking demonstrate higher basal Calprotectin in an unmedicated over a medicated inflamed subject, and higher basal Calprotectin of inflamed subjects over a healthy subject.</div><div>Calprotectin and IL-6 demonstrated a strong positive linear relationship in sweat. Diurnal patterns were observed in the sweat of inflamed and healthy individuals, and continuous tracking of disease-specific inflammation through sweat Calprotectin was demonstrated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100622"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}