Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X最新文献

{"title":"Green nanotechnology for implantable biosensors: Biocompatibility and functional integration in medical applications","authors":"Amran Hossain ,&nbsp;Mehedi Hasan Manik ,&nbsp;Saifuddin Rakib ,&nbsp;Naym Mahmud ,&nbsp;Safiullah Khan ,&nbsp;Zahid Ahsan ,&nbsp;Md Safiul Islam ,&nbsp;Nayem Hossain ,&nbsp;Mosst Asma Akter","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green nanotechnology is increasingly leveraged to create biocompatible, environmentally friendly implanted biosensors that transform medical diagnostics without the ecological costs associated with conventional fabrication. Utilizing in-situ phytochemicals or microbial enzymes in plant extract, microbe, and biopolymer synthesis methods enables environmentally responsible nanoparticle synthesis of Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs), Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Quantum Dots(QDs) with greater cell viability and colloidal stability compared to those synthesized using the citrate reduction method. The functional integration of green-synthesized nanomaterials into biosensors enables nanomaterials to perform precise detection of biomarkers, such as glucose, lactate, and proteins, with high sensitivity, specificity, and signal transduction, for point-of-care applications and personalized medicine. Convergence of Internet of Things (IoT) integration in intelligent sensing networks that bridge biomedical diagnostics and environmental parameter monitoring, safety for chronic disease management, while minimizing contact, enhances the reliability of data and minimizes energy usage. Regulatory hurdles and critical challenges in translating from in vitro to in vivo applications, including surgical implantation risks, calibration drift, and chronic biocompatibility issues. Biodegradable electronics, AI-assisted analytics, and automated stimuli-responsive nanomaterials that adjust to physiological changes are highlighted as future directions. Bioresorbable sensors and self-healing polymers are examples of innovations that highlight the move toward patient-centered, sustainable healthcare. Green nanotechnology opens the door to implanted biosensors that balance environmental responsibility with state-of-the-art medical innovation by linking the fields of material science, bioengineering, and clinical practice. To overcome current obstacles and realize the full potential of implanted biosensors in precision medicine, this study emphasizes the need to develop green approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100678"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field-effect transistor for biosensing applications using a graphene channel with amine-rich coatings","authors":"Trung T. Pham ,&nbsp;Jean-François Colomer ,&nbsp;José Ignacio Veytia-Bucheli ,&nbsp;Benjamin Ledoux ,&nbsp;Henri-François Renard ,&nbsp;Cédric R. Vandenabeele ,&nbsp;Laurent Houssiau ,&nbsp;Laurent A. Francis ,&nbsp;Stéphane P. Vincent ,&nbsp;Robert Sporken","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since graphene has a unique band structure with the valence and conduction bands touching each other at a single point called the Dirac point, this makes it extremely sensitive to the surroundings such as doping, external electric field, mechanical deformation, etc. Hence, it is very desirable for sensing applications. However, its surface inertness poses significant drawbacks. Therefore, it is necessary to treat the graphene surface to bind biomolecules. In this paper, we report the use of amine-functionalized graphene by plasma polymerization to detect the presence of biomolecules in graphene channel based on a liquid-gate field-effect transistor (LG-GFET). Taking streptavidin and biotin as an example, the binding interactions of streptavidin–biotin complexes are detected by monitoring the shift of the Dirac point. By varying the streptavidin concentrations from 0.1 nM to 1000 nM, we found that our LG-GFET achieves detection capabilities as low as 0.1 nM. Our approach can be applied for the detection of biological molecules with low detection limit, high sensitivity, and stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100673"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle-enabled portable biosensors for early detection and monitoring of non-communicable diseases: A focus on diabetes, cardiovascular, and cancer diagnostics","authors":"Anjali Upadhaya ,&nbsp;Joynath Pegu ,&nbsp;Yengkhom Disco Singh ,&nbsp;Senpon Ngomle","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems, particularly in low resource settings. Improving patient outcomes requires early and accurate diagnosis, but existing diagnostic approaches frequently depend on invasive procedures and centralized labs, which limits their timeliness and accessibility. This review emphasizes the increasing importance of the nanoparticle-based portable biosensors as a pioneering strategy for these diagnostic issues. These emerging biosensing platforms provide a great combination of miniaturization, sensitivity, and instant detection, which are especially promising in point-of-care and personalized healthcare. Great advances in biosensor platforms in terms of detection of biomarkers had been made by inclusion of nanomaterials in these devices, showing potential for non-invasive and rapid disease monitoring at low-cost impact. It provides a comprehensive understanding of how nanotechnology-driven biosensors are reshaping the future of diagnostics for chronic diseases. In order to demonstrate how these systems might facilitate early intervention, ongoing monitoring, and wider access to healthcare, this paper compiles current advancements. Therefore, portable biosensors that use nanotechnology can contribute to quicker, simpler, and more accessible illness diagnosis, which will improve patient care everywhere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100675"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Face-wearable integrated bioelectronics for quantitative, automated diagnosis of blepharospasm","authors":"Hojoong Kim ,&nbsp;Hoodam Kim ,&nbsp;Seungpyo Kang ,&nbsp;Gamze Kilic-Berkmen ,&nbsp;Kyoungmin Min ,&nbsp;H.A. Jinnah ,&nbsp;Woon-Hong Yeo","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blepharospasm (BSP) is a neuro-ophthalmologic disorder marked by excessive blinking and involuntary contractions of the muscles around the eyes. Current standard clinical evaluations rely mainly on subjective assessments, often resulting in inconsistencies and human errors in diagnosis and severity monitoring. Here, we introduce a wireless, face-wearable, all-in-one bioelectronic system designed to continuously capture high-fidelity electrooculograms and electromyograms as a quantitative tool for diagnosing BSP. This device features soft membrane sensors and integrated circuits that ensure skin conformity, allowing for highly accurate signal detection on the face. The wearable system has been optimized in both design and functionality to detect a wide range of BSP-related issues across multiple patients, such as increased blink rates, eyelid fluttering, and prolonged eye closures. Our study shows that the normal blink frequency is similar (p = 0.546); however, the BSP group exhibits longer durations and higher amplitudes (p &lt; 0.005). Partial blinks are more frequent and have higher amplitudes, but similar durations (p &lt; 0.005). Long blinks are different in both frequency and duration, but not amplitude (p &lt; 0.01). Flutter events also show group differences in frequency (p &lt; 0.01) and duration (p &lt; 0.005), with no amplitude difference (p = 0.168). A machine learning-based prediction model demonstrates an accuracy of 81.5 % and an F1-score of 0.814 when validated against expert-annotated video data. Overall, the combination of wireless soft bioelectronics and advanced machine learning algorithms, presented in this work, shows a first-of-a-kind approach to effectively and accurately diagnosing BSP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100677"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational modeling of the effects of biofouling and foreign body response on continuous glucose monitors","authors":"John R. Aggas","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biofouling and eventual foreign body response are critical issues limiting the long-term performance of implantable continuous glucose monitors (CGMs). The implant is subjected to reduced blood flow in situ governed by the inflammatory response, resulting in decreased access to glucose and a decrease in sensor sensitivity (drift). In this work, a computational model of an amperometric 2^nd generation enzymatic glucose sensor is examined that incorporates the time-dependent changes in the interstitial environment due to the foreign body response (FBR). Appropriate physics are applied with respect to glucose transport from tissue, temporal foreign body response, enzyme kinetics, and measured electrochemical current. The resultant sensor performance is modeled against publicly available clinical data over a 14-day wear time, using test cases of an idealized implant that is not subjected to FBR, fibrous encapsulation with neovascularization, and fibrous encapsulation without neovascularization. The resultant sensitivity, lag-time, and sensor performance are compared against the reference clinical data. Results demonstrate that <em>in silico</em> modeling has utility in predicting <em>in vivo</em> performance, offering a vital tool for sensor design and pre-clinical optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100676"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A self-powered photovoltaic colorimetric detector for sensing metal ions at ultralow concentrations","authors":"Wan-Jhen Wu ,&nbsp;Chia-Yu Hsu ,&nbsp;Shang-Yu Tsai ,&nbsp;Po-Hsien Tseng ,&nbsp;Yu-Ting Tai ,&nbsp;Guan-Ling Hou ,&nbsp;Yu-Sheng Lai ,&nbsp;Fu-Hsiang Ko","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accumulation of toxic metal ions from industrial activities poses significant environmental and health risks, thus necessitating the development of portable, rapid, and highly sensitive detection systems. We report a self-powered photovoltaic colorimetric sensor that is capable of detecting Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, and Cu²⁺ ions at nanomolar concentrations. Traditional spectrometer-based platforms are bulky and unsuitable for onsite applications, whereas conventional colorimetric sensors often suffer from limited sensitivity and poor reproducibility. To address these limitations, we utilize a rhodamine derivative (R6GH) that undergoes a ring-opening reaction upon interaction with target metal ions, which results in a visible color change under green LED illumination. The portable sensor integrates a Schottky junction that is fabricated by depositing gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) onto an n-type silicon substrate via atomic layer deposition, which enables the efficient conversion of optical signals into electrical outputs. The device operates in dual detection mode. In voltage mode, the detection limits are 16 nM for Al³⁺, 22 nM for Fe³⁺, and 41 nM for Cu²⁺. In current mode, the respective detection limits are 26, 18, and 34 nM. Compared with conventional chemosensors, this system offers an improvement in sensitivity of up to two orders of magnitude. Additionally, the sensor demonstrates excellent signal reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 1.14 % across 560 switching cycles. The combination of high sensitivity, rapid response (&lt;30 s), and stable, self-powered operation makes this device a promising candidate for real-time metal ion monitoring for the future of bioelectronic devices in healthcare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100674"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A passive Lab-on-PCB microsystem for non-enzymatic quantification of glucose","authors":"Pavlos Menelaou ,&nbsp;Yujiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Anna Regoutz ,&nbsp;Despina Moschou","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents and successfully demonstrates a new form of passive Lab-on-printed circuit board (PCB) diagnostic platform for the quantification of glucose, as required for pumpless applications such as wearable diagnostic patches. The platform exploits copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles for non-enzymatic, electrochemical glucose quantification, to achieve the high sensitivity and linear range of operation that is necessary for sweat or interstitial fluid sample analysis. As a result, the platform exhibits a low limit of detection (LoD) of 2.1 μM and a high sensitivity of 456 μA mM⁻¹·cm⁻², coupled with an excellent specificity against common glucose interfering species. The seamless integration of passive microfluidics and an electrochemical glucose biosensor is firstly outlined, and is fabricated using standard photolithography techniques in an up-scalable glucose quantification platform. The detection of glucose under two sample flow conditions is investigated in detail, including both static and dynamic conditions, revealing that when subject to a continuous flow the microsystem demonstrates an increase in sensitivity and a reduced linear range. This work demonstrates that our new passive Lab-on-printed circuit board (PCB) diagnostic platform can be successfully implemented under continuous sample flow conditions, and is therefore ideally suited to wearable diagnostic patch applications. In addition, the measured performance exceeds static flow approaches that have reported to date, including paper-based approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100670"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WGM Sensors for future diagnostics: small molecules to whole organisms","authors":"Wilhelm Eugen Andreas Krames ,&nbsp;Defne Ilayda Dayi ,&nbsp;Lars Kaiser ,&nbsp;Oliver Riester ,&nbsp;Michael Himmelhaus ,&nbsp;René Csuk ,&nbsp;Hans-Peter Deigner","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a world facing constant challenges from diseases and pathogens, rapid diagnosis is crucial. Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators present an advanced sensor technology suitable for the detection of various analytes. Like surface plasmon resonance (SPR), they offer highly sensitive and selective measurements, ideal for medical diagnostics. Traditional WGM resonators, however, are immobilized on surfaces near optical couplers, making their production complex and costly. Nevertheless, a more recent approach employs polystyrene microspheres localized to cavities in fluidic chips as resonators, simplifying preparation and functionalization and displaying enhanced performance. Here, we assess the applicability of those sensors to different analyte sizes, ranging from small molecules (&lt;1000 Da) to whole organisms. By employing different detection strategies, we confirm the applicability of the WGM sensors for detecting a wide range of targets.</div><div>The study focuses on <em>L. pneumophila</em>, TEM-1 beta-lactamase, aztreonam, and meropenem as representatives of these three major groups. We show that the detection was successful for all chosen analytes, while small molecules required additional signal amplification through a sandwich approach. Results of the analysis of the protein measurements showed an LOD of 0.09 μM and an LOQ of 0.28 μM with a R² greater than 0.99. Additionally, a comparative measurement demonstrates that the WGM is more sensitive than the widely used gold standard SPR (LOD 0.34 μM; LOQ 1.12 μM). Taken together, our work demonstrates the applicability of the WGM sensors to pathogen detection, protein quantification or small molecule analysis with an improved sensitivity compared to current gold standard methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100671"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144842006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and fabrication of smartphone based single paper lateral flow assay for early detection of PCOS biomarker","authors":"Aniket Nandi ,&nbsp;Yash Kumar Gaur ,&nbsp;Divyanshi Thakur ,&nbsp;Ekta Daweshar ,&nbsp;Kalicharan Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine disorder with significant diagnostic challenges, especially in early stages. Current diagnostic methods are often complex, time-consuming, and dependent on laboratory-based infrastructure. This study presents the design and fabrication of a smartphone-assisted paper-based lateral flow assay (LFA) for the early detection of PCOS via the quantification of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a promising metabolic biomarker. Fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized using a microwave-assisted method and conjugated with anti-SHBG antibodies via EDC/NHS chemistry. The LFA strips were constructed using Whatman filter paper, and hydrophobic barriers were drawn using permanent marker ink. A portable device equipped with a 365 nm UV LED and a smartphone camera enabled fluorescence detection. Recombinant SHBG antigen samples in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were tested across a concentration range of 80–4000 ng/mL. The system exhibited a strong linear response (R² = 0.9677) between SHBG concentration and fluorescence intensity, with a calculated limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.68 ng/mL and 19.93 ng/mL, respectively. The analytical range of 80–4000 ng/mL corresponds to 0.8–42.1 nmol/L, covers the clinical diagnostic threshold of SHBG (&lt;36 nmol/L). These results demonstrate the feasibility of a low-cost, point-of-care diagnostic tool for early PCOS screening. Further validation with clinical samples is necessary for real-world deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100672"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in tactile sensing technologies for human-robot interaction: Current trends and future perspectives","authors":"Hothefa Shaker Jassim ,&nbsp;Yasmeena Akhter ,&nbsp;Dhulfiqar Zoltán Aalwahab ,&nbsp;Husam A. Neamah","doi":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosx.2025.100669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tactile sensing technology has witnessed remarkable advancements, significantly expanding its applications across robotics, medical diagnostics, and consumer electronics. This paper reviews the latest developments in tactile sensing technologies, with a particular focus on their critical role in enhancing human-robot interaction. It highlights advancements in mechanoreceptor technologies, emphasizing innovations in material science and sensor design that improve the functionality and adaptability of tactile sensors. The review critically examines the evolution of key sensing modalities—piezoresistive, capacitive, and piezoelectric sensors detailing their operational principles, performance improvements, and integration into robotics systems for intuitive and responsive interactions. Emerging trends in sensor flexibility, sensitivity, and energy efficiency are explored, addressing their importance for creating adaptive, sustainable solutions in human-centered robotics. Additionally, the paper discusses challenges such as scalability, durability, and cost-effectiveness, which remain barriers to widespread adoption in robotic and clinical applications. The work concludes with future research directions, advocating for the integration of tactile sensors with artificial intelligence to develop self-learning systems capable of sophisticated decision-making and seamless human-robot collaboration. This review aims to bridge the gap between current technologies and future possibilities, charting a path toward transformative innovations in tactile sensing for human-robot interaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":260,"journal":{"name":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100669"},"PeriodicalIF":10.61,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144842007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}