Green nanotechnology for implantable biosensors: Biocompatibility and functional integration in medical applications

Green nanotechnology is increasingly leveraged to create biocompatible, environmentally friendly implanted biosensors that transform medical diagnostics without the ecological costs associated with conventional fabrication. Utilizing in-situ phytochemicals or microbial enzymes in plant extract, microbe, and biopolymer synthesis methods enables environmentally responsible nanoparticle synthesis of Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs), Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Quantum Dots(QDs) with greater cell viability and colloidal stability compared to those synthesized using the citrate reduction method. The functional integration of green-synthesized nanomaterials into biosensors enables nanomaterials to perform precise detection of biomarkers, such as glucose, lactate, and proteins, with high sensitivity, specificity, and signal transduction, for point-of-care applications and personalized medicine. Convergence of Internet of Things (IoT) integration in intelligent sensing networks that bridge biomedical diagnostics and environmental parameter monitoring, safety for chronic disease management, while minimizing contact, enhances the reliability of data and minimizes energy usage. Regulatory hurdles and critical challenges in translating from in vitro to in vivo applications, including surgical implantation risks, calibration drift, and chronic biocompatibility issues. Biodegradable electronics, AI-assisted analytics, and automated stimuli-responsive nanomaterials that adjust to physiological changes are highlighted as future directions. Bioresorbable sensors and self-healing polymers are examples of innovations that highlight the move toward patient-centered, sustainable healthcare. Green nanotechnology opens the door to implanted biosensors that balance environmental responsibility with state-of-the-art medical innovation by linking the fields of material science, bioengineering, and clinical practice. To overcome current obstacles and realize the full potential of implanted biosensors in precision medicine, this study emphasizes the need to develop green approaches.