Nanostructure modified carbon thread as wearable patch for enzymatic and non-invasive monitoring of glucose from human samples

Abstract

Traditional blood-based glucose detection methods are invasive, inconvenient, and unsuitable for continuous monitoring, highlighting the critical need for a non-invasive alternative. To address this urgent need, we developed a non-invasive and wearable electrochemical glucose sensor patch based on a platinum-copper (Pt-Cu) nanocomposite electrodeposited on carbon cloth thread (CCT) electrode after functionalizing with an electropolymerized polyphenol (Pphe)-glucose oxidase (GOx) film. The immobilization of GOx via the formation of a polyphenol film was done by electropolymerization of phenol in presence of GOx. The detection capability of the developed sensor was evaluated by chronoamperometry analysis and found that the sensor is able to detect glucose with wide linear detection range from 100 to 1500 μM with an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 31.1 μM and 64.4 μM for artificial sweat and urine respectively. In addition, the developed sensor is found to be reproducible, repeatable and highly selective in presence of common interfering molecules present in the human samples. Furthermore, the developed sensor was seamlessly integrated into a wearable prototype device on a commercial bandage with custom made potentiostat circuit called Nanopot. The developed wearable prototype sensor system also exhibits a wide linear detection range from 300 to 1500 μM and a promising LOD of 25.8 μM. These results further validate the reliability, consistency, and practical applicability of the sensor system with a promising potential to address the urgent demand for non-invasive, painless and user-friendly diabetes management.