IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/s25051579

Susan Poo, Miguel Palma, Ociel Muñoz

{"title":"Determining Moisture Content in Milk Powder: Challenges in the Evaluation of Performance by Proficiency Testing Using Independent Reference Values.","authors":"Susan Poo, Miguel Palma, Ociel Muñoz","doi":"10.3390/s25051579","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051579","url":null,"abstract":"The water content in milk powder must be controlled to ensure its stability. The analytical methods used for its determination can be verified through proficiency testing (PT). This study evaluated the reference values, their uncertainty, and the implications for nine PT rounds on moisture determination in milk powder conducted between 2017 and 2021 by a Chilean PT provider. An independent laboratory assigned the reference values, considering the analysis session as a source of uncertainty. Results showed that in 77.8% of the rounds, uncertainty did not meet the ISO 13528:2022 criterion, requiring the use of z'-score, which increased the risk of erroneous evaluations in 5.8% of cases, particularly near threshold values (z' ≈ 2.0 or 3.0). The robust standard deviation from participants' results exceeded 0.14 g water/100 g milk powder in 63.0% of PT items, suggesting that future evaluations should consider modifying the standard deviation for proficiency assessment. Reference values were found to be compatible with participants' consensus values, though their use affected 19.3% of performance classifications, reinforcing the need for independent reference values in PT schemes with a small number of laboratories. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating the dispersion trends in proficiency assessment and adapting standard deviation criteria for more accurate performance evaluation.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Novelty Recognition: Fish Species Classification via Open-Set Recognition.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/s25051570

Manuel Córdova, Ricardo da Silva Torres, Aloysius van Helmond, Gert Kootstra

{"title":"Novelty Recognition: Fish Species Classification via Open-Set Recognition.","authors":"Manuel Córdova, Ricardo da Silva Torres, Aloysius van Helmond, Gert Kootstra","doi":"10.3390/s25051570","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051570","url":null,"abstract":"To support the sustainable use of marine resources, regulations have been proposed to reduce fish discards focusing on the registration of all listed species. To comply with such regulations, computer vision methods have been developed. Nevertheless, current approaches are constrained by their closed-set nature, where they are designed only to recognize fish species that were present during training. In the real world, however, samples of unknown fish species may appear in different fishing regions or seasons, requiring fish classification to be treated as an open-set problem. This work focuses on the assessment of open-set recognition to automate the registration process of fish. The state-of-the-art Multiple Gaussian Prototype Learning (MGPL) was compared with the simple yet powerful Open-Set Nearest Neighbor (OSNN) and the Probability of Inclusion Support Vector Machine (PISVM). For the experiments, the Fish Detection and Weight Estimation dataset, containing images of 2216 fish instances from nine species, was used. Experimental results demonstrated that OSNN and PISVM outperformed MGPL in both recognizing known and unknown species. OSNN achieved the best results when classifying samples as either one of the known species or as an unknown species with an F1-macro of 0.79±0.05 and an AUROC score of 0.92±0.01 surpassing PISVM by 0.05 and 0.03, respectively.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

AD-VAE: Adversarial Disentangling Variational Autoencoder.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/s25051574

Adson Silva, Ricardo Farias

{"title":"AD-VAE: Adversarial Disentangling Variational Autoencoder.","authors":"Adson Silva, Ricardo Farias","doi":"10.3390/s25051574","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051574","url":null,"abstract":"Face recognition (FR) is a less intrusive biometrics technology with various applications, such as security, surveillance, and access control systems. FR remains challenging, especially when there is only a single image per person as a gallery dataset and when dealing with variations like pose, illumination, and occlusion. Deep learning techniques have shown promising results in recent years using VAE and GAN, with approaches such as patch-VAE, VAE-GAN for 3D Indoor Scene Synthesis, and hybrid VAE-GAN models. However, in Single Sample Per Person Face Recognition (SSPP FR), the challenge of learning robust and discriminative features that preserve the subject's identity persists. To address these issues, we propose a novel framework called AD-VAE, specifically for SSPP FR, using a combination of variational autoencoder (VAE) and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) techniques. The proposed AD-VAE framework is designed to learn how to build representative identity-preserving prototypes from both controlled and wild datasets, effectively handling variations like pose, illumination, and occlusion. The method uses four networks: an encoder and decoder similar to VAE, a generator that receives the encoder output plus noise to generate an identity-preserving prototype, and a discriminator that operates as a multi-task network. AD-VAE outperforms all tested state-of-the-art face recognition techniques, demonstrating its robustness. The proposed framework achieves superior results on four controlled benchmark datasets-AR, E-YaleB, CAS-PEAL, and FERET-with recognition rates of 84.9%, 94.6%, 94.5%, and 96.0%, respectively, and achieves remarkable performance on the uncontrolled LFW dataset, with a recognition rate of 99.6%. The AD-VAE framework shows promising potential for future research and real-world applications.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

AI-Driven Framework for Enhanced and Automated Behavioral Analysis in Morris Water Maze Studies.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/s25051564

István Lakatos, Gergő Bogacsovics, Attila Tiba, Dániel Priksz, Béla Juhász, Rita Erdélyi, Zsuzsa Berényi, Ildikó Bácskay, Dóra Ujvárosy, Balázs Harangi

{"title":"AI-Driven Framework for Enhanced and Automated Behavioral Analysis in Morris Water Maze Studies.","authors":"István Lakatos, Gergő Bogacsovics, Attila Tiba, Dániel Priksz, Béla Juhász, Rita Erdélyi, Zsuzsa Berényi, Ildikó Bácskay, Dóra Ujvárosy, Balázs Harangi","doi":"10.3390/s25051564","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051564","url":null,"abstract":"The Morris Water Maze (MWM) is a widely used behavioral test to assess the spatial learning and memory of animals, particularly valuable in studying neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Traditional methods for analyzing MWM experiments often face limitations in capturing the complexity of animal behaviors. In this study, we present a novel AI-based automated framework to process and evaluate MWM test videos, aiming to enhance behavioral analysis through machine learning. Our pipeline involves video preprocessing, animal detection using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), trajectory tracking, and postprocessing to derive detailed behavioral features. We propose concentric circle segmentation of the pool next to the quadrant-based division, and we extract 32 behavioral metrics for each zone, which are employed in classification tasks to differentiate between younger and older animals. Several machine learning classifiers, including random forest and neural networks, are evaluated, with feature selection techniques applied to improve the classification accuracy. Our results demonstrate a significant improvement in classification performance, particularly through the integration of feature sets derived from concentric zone analyses. This automated approach offers a robust solution for MWM data processing, providing enhanced precision and reliability, which is critical for the study of neurodegenerative disorders.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Review of SAW-Based Micro- and Nanoparticle Manipulation in Microfluidics.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/s25051577

Débora Amorim, Patrícia C Sousa, Carlos Abreu, Susana O Catarino

{"title":"A Review of SAW-Based Micro- and Nanoparticle Manipulation in Microfluidics.","authors":"Débora Amorim, Patrícia C Sousa, Carlos Abreu, Susana O Catarino","doi":"10.3390/s25051577","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051577","url":null,"abstract":"Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based microfluidics has emerged as a promising technology for precisely manipulating particles and cells at the micro- and nanoscales. Acoustofluidic devices offer advantages such as low energy consumption, high throughput, and label-free operation, making them suitable for particle manipulation tasks including pumping, mixing, sorting, and separation. In this review, we provide an overview and discussion of recent advancements in SAW-based microfluidic devices for micro- and nanoparticle manipulation. Through a thorough investigation of the literature, we explore interdigitated transducer designs, materials, fabrication techniques, microfluidic channel properties, and SAW operational modes of acoustofluidic devices. SAW-based actuators are mainly based on lithium niobate piezoelectric transducers, with a plethora of wavelengths, microfluidic dimensions, and transducer configurations, applied for different fluid manipulation methods: mixing, sorting, and separation. We observed the accuracy of particle sorting across different size ranges and discussed different alternative device configurations to enhance sensitivity. Additionally, the collected data show the successful implementation of SAW devices in real-world applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. By critically analyzing different approaches, we identified common trends, challenges, and potential areas for improvement in SAW-based microfluidics. Furthermore, we discuss the current state-of-the-art and opportunities for further research and development in this field.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

S2*-ODM: Dual-Stage Improved PointPillar Feature-Based 3D Object Detection Method for Autonomous Driving.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/s25051581

Chen Hua, Xiaokun Zheng, Xinkai Kuang, Wencheng Zhang, Chunmao Jiang, Ziyu Chen, Biao Yu

{"title":"S2*-ODM: Dual-Stage Improved PointPillar Feature-Based 3D Object Detection Method for Autonomous Driving.","authors":"Chen Hua, Xiaokun Zheng, Xinkai Kuang, Wencheng Zhang, Chunmao Jiang, Ziyu Chen, Biao Yu","doi":"10.3390/s25051581","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051581","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional (3D) object detection is crucial for autonomous driving, yet current PointPillar feature-based methods face challenges like under-segmentation, overlapping, and false detection, particularly in occluded scenarios. This paper presents a novel dual-stage improved PointPillar feature-based 3D object detection method (S2*-ODM) specifically designed to address these issues. The first innovation is the introduction of a dual-stage pillar feature encoding (S2-PFE) module, which effectively integrates both inter-pillar and intra-pillar relational features. This enhancement significantly improves the recognition of local structures and global distributions, enabling better differentiation of objects in occluded or overlapping environments. As a result, it reduces problems such as under-segmentation and false positives. The second key improvement is the incorporation of an attention mechanism within the backbone network, which refines feature extraction by emphasizing critical features in pseudo-images and suppressing irrelevant ones. This mechanism strengthens the network's ability to focus on essential object details. Experimental results on the KITTI dataset show that the proposed method outperforms the baseline, achieving notable improvements in detection accuracy, with average precision for 3D detection of cars, pedestrians, and cyclists increasing by 1.04%, 2.17%, and 3.72%, respectively. These innovations make S2*-ODM a significant advancement in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of 3D object detection for autonomous driving.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Combined Structural and Functional 3D Plant Imaging Using Structure from Motion.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/s25051572

Alim Yolalmaz, Jos de Wit, Jeroen Kalkman

引用次数: 0

Comparative Analysis of Soil Moisture- and Weather-Based Irrigation Scheduling for Drip-Irrigated Lettuce Using Low-Cost Internet of Things Capacitive Sensors.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/s25051568

Ahmed A Abdelmoneim, Christa M Al Kalaany, Giovana Dragonetti, Bilal Derardja, Roula Khadra

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Soil Moisture- and Weather-Based Irrigation Scheduling for Drip-Irrigated Lettuce Using Low-Cost Internet of Things Capacitive Sensors.","authors":"Ahmed A Abdelmoneim, Christa M Al Kalaany, Giovana Dragonetti, Bilal Derardja, Roula Khadra","doi":"10.3390/s25051568","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051568","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient irrigation management is crucial for optimizing water use and productivity in agriculture, particularly in water-scarce regions. This study evaluated the effectiveness of soil-based and weather-based irrigation management using a low-cost (DIY) Internet of Things (IoT) capacitive soil moisture sensor on drip-irrigated lettuce. A field experiment was conducted to compare water productivity and water use efficiency between the two management approaches. The soil-based system utilized real-time data from IoT sensors to guide irrigation scheduling, while the weather-based system relied on evapotranspiration data. The IoT-enabled system used 28.8% less water and reduced the pumping hours by 16.2% compared with the conventional weather-based methods. In terms of crop water productivity (CWP), the IoT system reached 16 kg/m3, which was 52.5% higher than the conventional method (10.5 kg/m3). Furthermore, the developed DIY sensor was compared with existing commercial soil moisture sensors, namely, Teros 54 and Drill& Drop. The developed prototype demonstrated reliability and accuracy comparable to other commercial sensors, with an R2 = 0.6, validating its utility for enhanced data-driven irrigation, giving its initial low cost (USD 62). These findings highlight the potential of low-cost soil-based IoT systems in enhancing irrigation efficiency and supporting sustainable agriculture, particularly in resource-limited settings.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Quadrupedal Robots: Efficient Object Manipulation in Constrained Environments.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/s25051565

David Azimi, Reza Hoseinnezhad

引用次数: 0

ISFET Biosensor with Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Electronic Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/s25051562

Jie Zou, Jie Hu, Yan Shen, Limei Zhang, Weiyi Bai, Lei Wang, Jianlong Li, Lin Yan, Zhifeng Zhang, Hao Bai, Wenchuang Hu

{"title":"ISFET Biosensor with Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Electronic Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae.","authors":"Jie Zou, Jie Hu, Yan Shen, Limei Zhang, Weiyi Bai, Lei Wang, Jianlong Li, Lin Yan, Zhifeng Zhang, Hao Bai, Wenchuang Hu","doi":"10.3390/s25051562","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051562","url":null,"abstract":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is the main culprit of community-acquired pneumonia. Commonly used laboratory testing methods have many shortcomings. Serological diagnosis has low sensitivity, causing false negatives, while a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) requires large equipment and professional staff. To make up for these shortcomings, we proposed a label-free, low-cost, and small-sized ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) array based on a low-buffered loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. A complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based ISFET array with 512 × 512 sensors was used in this system, which responds specifically to H+ with a sensitivity of 365.7 mV/pH. For on-chip amplification, a low-buffered LAMP system designed for the conserved sequences of two genes, CARDS and gyrB, was applied. The rapid release of large amounts of H+ in the low-buffered LAMP solution led to a speedy increase in electrical signals captured by the ISFET array, eliminating the need for a sophisticated temperature cycling and optical system. The on-chip results showed that the device can accurately complete MP detection with a detection limit of about 103 copies/mL (approximately 1 copy per reaction). In the final clinical validation, the detection results of eight throat swab samples using the ISFET sensors were fully consistent with the clinical laboratory diagnostic outcomes, confirming the accuracy and reliability of the ISFET sensors for use in clinical settings. And the entire process from sample lysis to result interpretation takes about 60 min. This platform has potential to be used for the point-of-care testing (POCT) of pathogen infections, providing a basis for the timely adjustment of diagnosis and treatment plans.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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