SensorsPub Date : 2026-10-05DOI: 10.3390/s26196296
Yuqing Yin, Baoxuan Xu, Xu Yang, Wenhao Guo
{"title":"Robust Range-Doppler Acoustic Feature Fusion for Unauthorised Personnel Crossing Detection on Underground Belt Conveyors.","authors":"Yuqing Yin, Baoxuan Xu, Xu Yang, Wenhao Guo","doi":"10.3390/s26196296","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s26196296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unauthorised personnel crossing underground belt conveyors poses a serious safety risk in coal mines. To improve the reliability of non-contact crossing detection under complex acoustic interference, this paper proposes an acoustic sensing method based on distance-velocity feature fusion. An adaptive acoustic interference suppression and echo enhancement method is first employed to mitigate multipath interference and suppress mechanical vibration and background noise. Time-of-flight (ToF) and Doppler information are then jointly extracted from FMCW acoustic echoes to obtain the temporal distance trajectory and radial velocity of human targets. Based on these complementary features, a distance-velocity coupled temporal discrimination model is developed to distinguish continuous human crossing behavior from static obstacles and transient mechanical interference through spatial constraints, motion verification, and temporal state transitions. Experiments conducted on a simulated conveyor belt platform demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a detection accuracy of 96.5%, outperforming single-feature acoustic detection methods and maintaining stable detection performance under different sensing distances, motion directions, noise levels, and conveyor operating conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"26 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2026-10-05DOI: 10.3390/s26196299
Hojong Choi
{"title":"Equivalent Circuit Models of the Piezoelectric Transducers for Medical Ultrasound Applications.","authors":"Hojong Choi","doi":"10.3390/s26196299","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s26196299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Equivalent circuit models are crucial for estimating the performance of piezoelectric transducers. Certain techniques, such as electrical impedance matching between the transmitter and piezoelectric transducers, help optimize the performance of ultrasound systems. In addition, a straightforward model analysis is important for fabricating high-performance piezoelectric transducers. In this study, the presented Mason, Krimholtz-Leedom-Matthaei (KLM), and Butterworth-van Dyke (BVD) models and other modified equivalent circuit models used in piezoelectric transducers were analyzed with specific component parameters. In addition, specific parameters are provided when selecting certain equivalent circuit models. Therefore, ultrasound transducer and circuit designers can determine the type of equivalent circuit model to be used for enhancing the performance of the ultrasound transducer or system for medical ultrasound applications. The information provided by the equivalent circuit model could be helpful in fabricating mechanical piezoelectric transducers or designing electrical impedance-matching circuits in ultrasound systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"26 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensitivity of Inter-Point Distance Measurement to Control-Point Coordinate Error in a Panoramic Camera.","authors":"Rihards Krišlauks, Rainers Kozlovskis, Teodors Eglītis, Janis Judvaitis","doi":"10.3390/s26196300","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s26196300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vision-based traffic monitoring recovers metric quantities such as inter-vehicle distances by mapping the image to the ground plane through a planar homography. In deployed systems, this homography is often fitted from ground control points whose world coordinates are obtained from satellite orthoimagery, where each coordinate is uncertain by about one image pixel. The impact of this control-point coordinate error on the measured distance has not been quantified for a single fixed camera. This paper evaluates a 180-degree panoramic camera (AXIS P3807-PVE) on two adjacent ground-plane regions, each referenced to RTK-surveyed control points and mapped by a separate homography. Control-point coordinates are perturbed with isotropic Gaussian noise, the homography is refitted, and the resulting change in inter-point distance between held-out evaluation points is measured against the unperturbed fit. The distance error is dominated by random scatter rather than systematic bias, and the scatter grows approximately linearly with the coordinate noise, at about 0.7 to 0.8 times the per-coordinate standard deviation within the tested range. The results indicate that distance error can be predicted from control-point coordinate accuracy, and that relative precision of those coordinates matters more than absolute georeferencing.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"26 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2026-10-04DOI: 10.3390/s26196287
Heyao Gao, Jing Zhang, Hongfei Jia, Feiyan Li, Lin Hou, Chunhou Yang, Xin Li
{"title":"A Temporal-Section-Lane-Class Network for Freeway Lane-Level Mixed Traffic Flow Prediction.","authors":"Heyao Gao, Jing Zhang, Hongfei Jia, Feiyan Li, Lin Hou, Chunhou Yang, Xin Li","doi":"10.3390/s26196287","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s26196287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In vehicle-infrastructure cooperative systems, mixed freeway traffic comprising human-driven vehicles (HVs) and connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) presents new challenges for fine-grained traffic state monitoring and control. Lane changes and queue propagation, together with differences in HV and CAV driving behavior, produce traffic states that vary across space and vehicle type. We formulate lane-level mixed-traffic flow prediction as a joint forecasting task over the section, lane, and vehicle-class dimensions and develop a Temporal-Section-Lane-Class Network (TSLCN). A shared gated causal temporal convolutional network captures common temporal dynamics, while class-specific adapters preserve class-dependent characteristics. A section-lane-class (SLC) interaction module models longitudinal associations across monitoring sections, lateral interactions between adjacent lanes, and local HV-CAV dependencies. These representations yield class-specific forecasts for every lane at each monitoring section. Experiments combined observed lane flow data with mixed traffic scenarios simulated in Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) using demand obtained from field data. At 30% CAV penetration, TSLCN achieved the lowest aggregate MAE, RMSE, and WAPE and the lowest mean error in 68 of 72 comparisons. Its MAE reductions over the strongest baseline were statistically significant at all forecast horizons. Ablation analysis showed that each principal component contributed to prediction accuracy. TSLCN also achieved the lowest overall WAPE at CAV penetration rates from 0% to 100% and the lowest aggregate errors on an alternative freeway, with only modest sensitivity to key SUMO parameters. Overall, TSLCN provides reliable forecasts by lane and vehicle class, with potential applications in fine-grained freeway management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"26 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resilient Cooperative Control of Connected and Automated Mixed Traffic: From Effective Controllability to Network Recovery.","authors":"Haoda Fang, Yilin Wang, Zhangcheng Yin, Wenting Yang, Zhiyi Tang, Yating Hong, Mengyu Sun, Yaochen Lin, Miergule Tuohetibulati, Yu Xiang","doi":"10.3390/s26196294","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s26196294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are emerging as mobile sensing and actuation resources in mixed traffic, but their contribution to urban road-network resilience depends on more than nominal penetration. This structured critical review examines how local CAV sensing and control can be translated into effective controllability and measurable recovery across vehicle, intersection, corridor, and network scales. An auditable pre-submission update retrieved 1601 raw records from the Web of Science Core Collection, ScienceDirect, and IEEE Xplore and yielded 1476 unique auditable candidates after deduplication. This update identified 66 incremental relevant records, which were combined with the earlier 202-study evidence pool to form a 268-record corpus for the final synthesis. The final corpus was organized into core, bridging, and background/methodological evidence and synthesized using an eight-dimensional evidence framework. The synthesis shows that effective controllability depends on CAV spatial availability, platoon organization, HDV response, communication quality, and computation latency. Signal-vehicle coordination can jointly reshape right-of-way and arrival processes, yet most studies still emphasize nominal delay, energy, throughput, or safety rather than disruption-stage service retention and recovery. We therefore synthesize a cross-scale control architecture and a communication-aware control-quality contract linking traffic and V2X states, cooperation mode, safe fallback, and re-synchronization. Service retention, cumulative performance loss, and recovery time are recommended as resilience objectives, while the E0-E4 maturity ladder highlights the remaining gap between simulation performance and deployment-ready evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"26 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2026-10-04DOI: 10.3390/s26196289
Cuicui Du, Tao Ge
{"title":"A Phase-Divided MSPC Approach for Wing Strain Data Characterization and Anomaly Identification.","authors":"Cuicui Du, Tao Ge","doi":"10.3390/s26196289","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s26196289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effective characterization and anomaly identification of flight strain data are critical to aircraft structural health monitoring. To address the challenges of large-volume wing strain data and the limitations of univariate methods in capturing synergistic variations among multiple features, this paper proposes a phase-divided multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) approach for wing strain data characterization and anomaly identification. Focusing on the rear spar flange of a specific aircraft wing, independent multivariate control baselines are established for the takeoff, cruise, and landing phases. A six-dimensional feature vector is constructed using peak value, root mean square, standard deviation, peak-to-peak value, kurtosis, and skewness to quantitatively characterize the strain data of the wing structure across different flight phases. After feature standardization, a Hotelling's multivariate statistical control model is developed to identify anomalies in structural strain states. Based on 30 normal sorties, the upper control limit is determined as UCL = 26.58 at a 99% confidence level. Anomaly diagnosis is performed on six test sorties using <i>T</i><sup>2</sup> control charts and contribution plots, successfully identifying three sorties with anomalous strain patterns and tracing their dominant feature parameters. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively characterize the strain features of wing structures in different flight phases and identify anomalous strain patterns and their dominant contributing factors. Comparisons with a univariate threshold method further confirm the advantages of the proposed method in capturing synergistic anomalies and providing cause tracing.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"26 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2026-10-04DOI: 10.3390/s26196288
Juan C Rubio, Martin Bolduc
{"title":"Flexible Printed RFID Tag Antennas for Scalable and Sustainable IoT: Design Physics, Manufacturing Technologies, and System-Level Validation.","authors":"Juan C Rubio, Martin Bolduc","doi":"10.3390/s26196288","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s26196288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flexible printed passive Ultra-High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) tag antennas couple electromagnetic design to conductor formation, substrate properties, chip attachment, and the mounting environment. This critical narrative review examines how those dependencies affect manufacturing choices and the strength of device-level evidence. Screen printing, inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, flexography, and gravure are compared using reported process conditions and explicit gaps in reporting. Passive UHF tags containing an integrated circuit form the principal scope; High-Frequency/Near Field Communication (HF/NFC), chipless, and higher-frequency examples supply supporting process evidence. Given the difficulty of establishing a universal range limit across varying Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) levels, chip sensitivities, polarizations, and mounting environments, this synthesis carefully categorizes performance metrics into directly measured distances, threshold-based estimates, and simulation-based predictions. Within-study comparisons show that reducing conductor consumption can sacrifice activation margin, while substrate morphology and chip bonding can limit performance even when nominal conductivity is high. Complete-tag scalability requires reproducible inter-connections, post-processing, and durability evidence in addition to successful printing. Environmental conclusions are separated into quantitative life-cycle results and indicators such as lower material use or biodegradability. The resulting framework identifies which design choices are supported by controlled comparisons, and which still require repeated device measurements, application validation, and environmental inventories matched to equivalent service.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"26 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Human-Machine Interaction-Experience-Learning Algorithm for Integrated Lateral-Longitudinal Decision-Making and Control in Intelligent Connected Vehicles.","authors":"Wenxuan Shen, Cunyue Yan, Zhaoqiang Wang, Zeng Huang, Wei Gao","doi":"10.3390/s26196295","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s26196295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional reinforcement learning for autonomous driving faces challenges such as slow convergence, control instability, and limited adaptability. To address these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid decision-making framework that integrates V2X communication, human-machine interaction experience, and deep reinforcement learning. Based on the Actor-Critic architecture, the framework incorporates a human-like driving tendency network to constrain the policy search space and integrates a Kalman filter-based V2X communication anomaly handling module. The model constructs the vehicle's action space and state representation. Comparative experiments with a method lacking the driving tendency module and the hierarchical planning method DDPG-RRT* show that DDPG-HP achieves faster convergence and better scenario adaptability than these baselines. It effectively avoids static and dynamic obstacles, demonstrates anticipatory and gradual deceleration, and initiates braking 1.7 s earlier than the DDPG-RRT* method, thereby reducing collision risks and enhancing pedestrian safety. Furthermore, the communication anomaly compensation mechanism effectively improves the system's adaptability and overall robustness under unstable communication conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"26 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Feature-Enhanced Multi-Kernel Adaptation Framework for Cross-Domain Fault Diagnosis of Ball Screw Feed Systems.","authors":"Xiao-Yi Wang, Jing-Lun Xie, Chang-Guang Zhou, Hua-Xi Zhou, Chen Yin","doi":"10.3390/s26196291","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s26196291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ball screw feed systems are critical components of CNC machine tools, and their health condition directly affects positioning accuracy and operational reliability. However, variations in rotational speed under changing operating conditions can cause substantial shifts in fault characteristics, limiting the generalization capability of conventional fault identification methods developed under a single operating condition. To address this issue, a feature-enhanced multi-kernel domain adaptation framework is proposed for cross-domain fault identification of ball screw feed systems. First, an attention-based feature enhancement module is developed to adaptively reweight vibration features, thereby emphasizing informative feature components and suppressing redundant and noise-related information. Subsequently, a residual feature extraction and fusion module is employed to learn hierarchical fault representations and improve feature discriminability. Finally, a multi-kernel maximum mean discrepancy (MK-MMD) strategy is integrated with adversarial domain adaptation to reduce feature distribution discrepancies between source and target domains under different rotational speeds and ball screw specimens. Local spalling fault experiments were conducted on the developed test bench, where vibration signals were collected using an accelerometer under various operating conditions and subsequently used to validate the proposed framework. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an average identification accuracy of 92.9% across the 12 investigated cross-domain tasks, compared with 69.7% for the optimized source-only CNN, with the performance gap becoming particularly pronounced under cross-specimen transfer conditions. The results indicate that the proposed framework improves the learning of fault-discriminative and domain-invariant representations, thereby improving the robustness of ball screw fault identification under variable operating conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"26 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2026-10-04DOI: 10.3390/s26196293
Tilen Tratnjek, Mateja Bule, Gregor Polančič
{"title":"From Signals to Events: A Maturity-Based Perspective on IoT-Enabled Process Mining.","authors":"Tilen Tratnjek, Mateja Bule, Gregor Polančič","doi":"10.3390/s26196293","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s26196293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To bridge the gap between the digital and physical worlds, we need systems that can effectively transform reality into computable signals. This perspective paper examines key challenges in such transformation related to the gap between fine-grained sensor signals and activity-level events used in process intelligence tools. We examine these challenges along two perspectives. The first perspective considers two ways on how sensor data is entered into the event log-either sensor readings are abstracted to create new event information, or event information is already present, and sensor data enriches it with new context. The second perspective concerns the maturity of the operating process itself, considering how process maturity may influence the feasibility, reliability and potential usefulness of IoT integration. Integration is therefore not only a technical question of how sensor data becomes process events, but also a prior question of whether and when it is justified. We propose a conceptual perspective on this relationship and identify candidate assessment areas that could form a basis for a future IoT-enabled process mining maturity model; these areas are not empirically validated in this study. We close by considering auditable event logs as a basis for accountability as autonomous systems become more widespread.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"26 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667417/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}