Sensors最新文献

{"title":"Performance Comparison of Multipixel Biaxial Scanning Direct Time-of-Flight Light Detection and Ranging Systems With and Without Imaging Optics.","authors":"Konstantin Albert, Manuel Ligges, Andre Henschke, Jennifer Ruskowski, Menaka De Zoysa, Susumu Noda, Anton Grabmaier","doi":"10.3390/s25103229","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The laser pulse detection probability of a scanning direct time-of-flight light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurement is evaluated based on the optical signal distribution on a multipixel single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array. These detectors intrinsically suffer from dead-times after the successful detection of a single photon and, thus, allow only for limited counting statistics when multiple returning laser photons are imaged on a single pixel. By blurring the imaged laser spot, the transition from single-pixel statistics with high signal intensity to multipixel statistics with less signal intensity is examined. Specifically, a comparison is made between the boundary cases in which (i) the returning LiDAR signal is focused through optics onto a single pixel and (ii) the detection is performed without lenses using all available pixels on the sensor matrix. The omission of imaging optics reduces the overall system size and minimizes optical transfer losses, which is crucial given the limited laser emission power due to safety standards. The investigation relies on a photon rate model for interfering (background) and signal light, applied to a simulated first-photon sensor architecture. For single-shot scenarios that reflect the optimal use of the time budget in scanning LiDAR systems, the lens-less and blurred approaches can achieve comparable or even superior results to the focusing system. This highlights the potential of fully solid-state scanning LiDAR systems utilizing optical phase arrays or multidirectional laser chips.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Issue on Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics.","authors":"Krzysztof Bernacki, Mateja Novak","doi":"10.3390/s25103230","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Power electronics performs a key role in today's energy systems, and its development is increasingly combined with advanced sensor-critical techniques and novel control algorithms that significantly enhance system adaptability, reliability, and robustness against disturbances and cyber threats [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Development of a Database for Detecting Active Mounting Behaviors Using Signals Acquired from IoT Collars in Free-Grazing Cattle.","authors":"Miguel Guarda-Vera, Carlos Muñoz-Poblete","doi":"10.3390/s25103233","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents the development of a database for detecting active mounts, utilizing IoT collars equipped with Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) installed on eight Holstein Friesian cows, along with video recordings from a long-range PTZ camera mounted in a central pole for event labeling in the natural environment when free grazing. The resulting database comprises 415 labeled events associated with various behaviors, containing acceleration signals in both the Body and World Frame of reference and gyroscope signals. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm is implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of the dataset in detecting active mounts and to compare training performance using both frames. The algorithm achieves an average F1 Score of 88.6% for the World Frame of reference, showing a significant improvement compared to the algorithm trained with Body Frame (78.6%) when both are trained with the same 112 features. After applying feature selection using Sequential Backward Selection (SBS), the SVM exhibits a minor performance difference between the F1 Score obtained with the two reference frames (89.7% World Frame vs. 91.5% Body Frame). This study provides a public dataset and a replicable methodology, facilitating future research on movement-based behavior classification in cattle.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of RF Electromagnetic Exposure to Car Driver from Monopole Array Antennas in V2V Communications Considering Thermal Characteristics.","authors":"Shirun Wang, Mai Lu","doi":"10.3390/s25103247","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vehicles are rapidly evolving into objects of intelligent interconnection. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications enable the interconnection between vehicles, while also leading to new electromagnetic exposure scenarios. This paper integrates a monopole array antenna into a shark-fin antenna on the car roof for V2V communications and evaluates the specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature rise of a human body in a smart mobility communication scenario operating at 5.9 GHz. The V2V antenna is modeled and placed on a 3D vehicle model using COMSOL Multiphysics (v.6.2) to numerically estimate the SAR in the head and body regions of the human body model (adult male) inside the vehicle. Both the localized and whole-body 30 min average SAR are lower than the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) occupational restrictions for electromagnetic field exposure from 100 kHz to 6 GHz, being equal in the worst-case scenario to 0.981 W/kg (for the head), which is 9.81% of the ICNIRP limit (10 W/kg), and 0.008728 W/kg (for the whole-body average), which is 2.18% of the ICNIRP limit (0.4 W/kg). The 30 min average human core temperature rise is 0.055 °C, which is 5.5% of the ICNIRP limit. This indicates that, in typical automotive scenarios, the electromagnetic exposure from a monopole array antenna for V2V communications does not pose threat to the human body. This study provides knowledge related to emerging exposure scenarios in intelligent mobility communication, which is beneficial for evaluating possible health impacts and designing public health management policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12116098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Framework for Online Calibration of Sensor Systematic Errors Under the Generic Multisensor Integration Strategy.","authors":"Benjamin Brunson, Jianguo Wang","doi":"10.3390/s25103239","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper proposes an analytical framework for pre-analyzing the potential performance of online sensor calibration in Kalman filtering. Taking a multi-sensor integrated kinematic positioning and navigation system as an example, a pre-analysis of the system performance can be conducted: the observability of individual sensor systematic error states; minimum estimable values of sensor systematic error states; and minimum detectable systematic errors in sensor observations. These measures together allow for a rigorous characterization of the potential performance of a system as part of mission planning. The proposed framework enables a thorough evaluation of the relative value of different calibration maneuvers and sensor configurations before data collection by simulating the anticipated trajectory, without even requiring the construction of a physical system. When used with the Generic Multisensor Integration Strategy (GMIS), the proposed framework provides unique insight into the potential performance of IMU sensors. To illustrate the utility of the proposed framework, two situations were analyzed: one where no specific calibration maneuvers were undertaken and one where a circular motion maneuver was undertaken. The results show the potential and practicality of the proposed framework in firmly establishing best practices for field procedures and learning about the system's capability when using online sensor calibration.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12116184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microservice Deployment Based on Multiple Controllers for User Response Time Reduction in Edge-Native Computing.","authors":"Zhaoyang Wang, Jinqi Zhu, Jia Guo, Yang Liu","doi":"10.3390/s25103248","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microservice deployment methods in edge-native computing environments hold great potential for minimizing user application response time. However, most existing studies overlook the communication overhead between microservices and controllers, as well as the impact of microservice pull time on user response time. To address these issues, this paper proposes a multi-controller service mesh architecture to reduce data transfer overhead between microservices and controllers. Furthermore, we formulate the microservice deployment problem as an optimization problem aimed at minimizing both system communication overhead and microservice deployment cost. To achieve this, we introduce a novel RIME optimization algorithm and enhanced Adaptive Crested Porcupine Optimizer (RIME-ACPO) algorithm that optimizes microservice placement decisions. Notably, this algorithm incorporates a real-time resource monitoring-based load balancing algorithm, dynamically adjusting microservice deployment according to edge server resource utilization to enhance the execution performance of user applications. Finally, extensive simulation experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared with other algorithms, our algorithm significantly improves user response time, optimizes resource utilization, and reduces the total cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Computational Approach to Increasing the Antenna System's Sensitivity in a Doppler Radar Designed to Detect Human Vital Signs in the UHF-SHF Frequency Ranges.","authors":"David Vatamanu, Simona Miclaus","doi":"10.3390/s25103235","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the context of Doppler radar, studies have examined the changes in the phase shift of the S₂₁ transmission coefficient related to minute movements of the human chest as a response to breathing or heartbeat. Detecting human vital signs remains a challenge, especially when obstacles interfere with the attempt to detect the presence of life. The sensitivity of a measurement system's perception of vital signs is highly dependent on the monitoring systems and antennas that are used. The current work proposes a computational approach that aims to extract an empirical law of the dependence of the phase shift of the transmission coefficient (S₂₁) on the sensitivity at reception, based upon a set of four parameters. These variables are as follows: (a) the frequency of the continuous wave utilized; (b) the antenna type and its gain/directivity; (c) the electric field strength distribution on the chest surface (and its average value); and (d) the type of material (dielectric properties) impacted by the incident wave. The investigated frequency range is (1-20) GHz, while the simulations are generated using a doublet of dipole or gain-convenient identical Yagi antennas. The chest surface is represented by a planar rectangle that moves along a path of only 3 mm, with a step of 0.3 mm, mimicking respiration movement. The antenna-target system is modeled in the computational space in each new situation considered. The statistics illustrate the multiple regression function, empirically extracted. This enables the subsequent building of a continuous-wave bio-radar Doppler system with controlled and improved sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12116095/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Clinical Utility of Robotic Systems in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Ishith Seth, Kaiyang Lim, Edmond Chang, Warren M Rozen, Sally Kiu-Huen Ng","doi":"10.3390/s25103238","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Robotic surgical systems offer enhanced precision, motion scaling, tremor filtration, and visualization, making them highly suitable for the complex anatomical demands of plastic and reconstructive surgery. While widely implemented in other specialties, their integration in plastic surgery remains limited. This systematic review evaluates the clinical applications, outcomes, and limitations of robotic-assisted techniques in plastic and reconstructive procedures. <b>Methods</b>: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between January 1980 and March 2025. Clinical studies reporting robotic applications in plastic surgery were included, while cadaveric, animal, and non-English studies were excluded. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using Covidence and validated tools including the CARE checklist, NOS, GRADE, and SYRCLE. A total of 1428 studies were screened, and 31 met the inclusion criteria. <b>Results</b>: Robotic systems were primarily applied in microsurgery (<i>n = 16</i>), breast reconstruction (<i>n = 8</i>), and craniofacial/aesthetic surgery (<i>n = 7</i>). Common platforms included the Symani Surgical System, Da Vinci systems, and ARTAS. Robotic-assisted approaches improved precision, aesthetic outcomes, flap survival, and patient satisfaction, particularly in procedures involving lymphaticovenous anastomosis and nipple-sparing mastectomy. However, challenges included steep learning curves, longer operative times, high equipment costs, and the lack of haptic feedback. Quality assessment rated all studies as moderate. <b>Conclusions</b>: Robotic-assisted surgery demonstrates considerable potential in enhancing plastic and reconstructive outcomes. As systems become more compact, cost-effective, and integrated with AI and biomimetic technologies, their broader adoption is anticipated. Further high-quality studies are needed to optimize these systems and support widespread clinical implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Effect of Layering Velostat on Force Sensing for Hands.","authors":"Tyler Bartunek, Ann Majewicz Fey, Edoardo Battaglia","doi":"10.3390/s25103245","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Force sensing on hands can provide an understanding of interaction forces during manipulation, with applications in different fields, including robotics and medicine. While several approaches to accomplish this have been proposed, they often require relatively complex and/or expensive fabrication techniques and materials. On the other hand, less complex and expensive approaches often suffer from poor accuracy of measurements. An example of this is provided by sensors built with Velostat, a polyethylene-carbon composite material that exhibits resistance changes when force is applied. This material is both cheap and easy to work with, but sensors made from Velostat have been shown to suffer from low accuracy, limiting its usefulness. This work explores the effect of stacking multiple layers of 0.1 mm Velostat sheets on accuracy, using no additional fabrication techniques or other material aside from electrode connections, with the rationale that this is both economical and can be accomplished easily. We evaluate measurement error for designs with different numbers of layers (1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, and 30) against a load cell, and also compare this with the error for a USD 10 commercial force sensing resistor designed for measurement of hand forces (FSR 402) in three evaluations (static, cyclic, and finger base interactions). Our results show that layered sensors outperform both the one-layer design and the commercial FSR sensor consistently under all conditions considered, with the best performing sensors reducing measurement errors by at least 27% and as much as 60% when compared against the one-layer design.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulose Nanofibril-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators Enhanced by Isoreticular Metal-Organic Frameworks for Long-Term Motion Monitoring.","authors":"Mingli Shang, Yan Zong, Xiujun Zhang","doi":"10.3390/s25103232","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) is a sort of novel nanomaterial directly extracted from plant resources, inheriting the advantages of cellulose as a cheap, green and renewable material for the development of new-generation eco-friendly electronics. In recent years, CNF-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted increasing research interests, as the unique chemical, morphological, and electrical properties of CNF render the device with considerable flexibility, mechanical strength, and triboelectric output. In this study, we explore the use of isoreticular metal-organic frameworks (IRMOF) as functional filler to improve the performance of CNF based TENGs. Two types of IRMOFs that own the same network topology, namely IRMOF-1 and its aminated version IRMOF-3, are embedded with CNF to fabricated TENGs; their contribution to triboelectric output enhancement, including the roughness effect induced by large particles as well as the charge induction effect arisen from -NH₂ groups, are discussed. The performance-enhanced CNF-based TENG with 0.6 wt.% of IRMOF-3 is utilized to harvest mechanical energy from human activities and charge commercial capacitors, from which the electrical energy is sufficient to light up light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and drive low-power electronic devices. In addition, a locomotor analysis system is established by assembling the above TENGs and capacitors into a 3 × 3 sensing array, which allowed signal extraction from each sensing unit to display a motion distribution map. These results demonstrate the great potential of CNF/IRMOF-based TENGs for development of self-powered sensing devices for long-term motion monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}