IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/s25123835

Houzhi Cai, Zhaoyang Xie, Youlin Ma, Lijuan Xiang

{"title":"A 209 ps Shutter-Time CMOS Image Sensor for Ultra-Fast Diagnosis.","authors":"Houzhi Cai, Zhaoyang Xie, Youlin Ma, Lijuan Xiang","doi":"10.3390/s25123835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123835","url":null,"abstract":"A conventional microchannel plate framing camera is typically utilized for inertial confinement fusion diagnosis. However, as a vacuum electronic device, it has inherent limitations, such as a complex structure and the inability to achieve single-line-of-sight imaging. To address these challenges, a CMOS image sensor that can be seamlessly integrated with an electronic pulse broadening system can provide a viable alternative to the microchannel plate detector. This paper introduces the design of an 8 × 8 pixel-array ultrashort shutter-time single-framing CMOS image sensor, which leverages silicon epitaxial processing and a 0.18 μm standard CMOS process. The focus of this study is on the photodiode and the readout pixel-array circuit. The photodiode, designed using the silicon epitaxial process, achieves a quantum efficiency exceeding 30% in the visible light band at a bias voltage of 1.8 V, with a temporal resolution greater than 200 ps for visible light. The readout pixel-array circuit, which is based on the 0.18 μm standard CMOS process, incorporates 5T structure pixel units, voltage-controlled delayers, clock trees, and row-column decoding and scanning circuits. Simulations of the pixel circuit demonstrate an optimal temporal resolution of 60 ps. Under the shutter condition with the best temporal resolution, the maximum output swing of the pixel circuit is 448 mV, and the output noise is 77.47 μV, resulting in a dynamic range of 75.2 dB for the pixel circuit; the small-signal responsivity is 1.93 × 10-7 V/e-, and the full-well capacity is 2.3 Me-. The maximum power consumption of the 8 × 8 pixel-array and its control circuits is 0.35 mW. Considering both the photodiode and the pixel circuit, the proposed CMOS image sensor achieves a temporal resolution better than 209 ps.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-Party Verifiably Collaborative Encryption for Biomedical Signals via Singular Spectrum Analysis-Based Chaotic Filter Bank Networks. 基于奇异频谱分析的混沌滤波组网络的生物医学信号多方可验证协同加密。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/s25123823

Xiwen Zhang, Jianfeng He, Bingo Wing-Kuen Ling

引用次数: 0

Research Progress and Prospects of Intelligent Measurement and Control Technology for Tillage Depth in Subsoiling Operations. 深埋耕作深度智能测控技术研究进展与展望。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/s25123821

Yue Deng, Wenyi Zhang, Bing Qi, Yunxia Wang, Youqiang Ding, Haojie Zhang

{"title":"Research Progress and Prospects of Intelligent Measurement and Control Technology for Tillage Depth in Subsoiling Operations.","authors":"Yue Deng, Wenyi Zhang, Bing Qi, Yunxia Wang, Youqiang Ding, Haojie Zhang","doi":"10.3390/s25123821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123821","url":null,"abstract":"Deep tillage is a conservation tillage method that aims to break the plow pan layer. It provides significant benefits, including enhanced root development, improved soil quality, and substantial increases in crop yields. The depth of tillage is a crucial factor in assessing the effectiveness of deep tillage operations. Accurate regulation of tillage depth in deep tillage equipment is vital for ensuring the high-quality and efficient execution of these practices. The distribution of mechanical resistance within the soil can effectively indicate the location of the plow pan layer and serves as the main reference for setting the tillage depth for machinery. This paper examined the current state of research on tillage depth control technology for deep tillage operations. It focused on three main technical areas: soil mechanical resistance detection, tillage depth measurement, and tillage depth regulation. The report discussed the working principles of various technologies and compared the existing methods. Additionally, the paper analyzed the challenges faced in the development of tillage depth control technology in China and offers recommendations for future advancements. It highlighted that leveraging information and digital technologies to determine the distribution of the soil plow pan layer, along with the integration of efficient and intelligent control technologies for precise tillage depth regulation, represented a key direction for the future development of deep tillage operations.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Privacy-Preserving Approach for Early Detection of Long-Lie Incidents: A Pilot Study with Healthy Subjects. 长眠事件早期检测的隐私保护方法：健康受试者的试点研究。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/s25123836

Riska Analia, Anne Forster, Sheng-Quan Xie, Zhiqiang Zhang

{"title":"Privacy-Preserving Approach for Early Detection of Long-Lie Incidents: A Pilot Study with Healthy Subjects.","authors":"Riska Analia, Anne Forster, Sheng-Quan Xie, Zhiqiang Zhang","doi":"10.3390/s25123836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123836","url":null,"abstract":"(1) Background: Detecting long-lie incidents-where individuals remain immobile after a fall-is essential for timely intervention and preventing severe health consequences. However, most existing systems focus only on fall detection, neglect post-fall monitoring, and raise privacy concerns, especially in real-time, non-invasive applications; (2) Methods: This study proposes a lightweight, privacy-preserving, long-lie detection system utilizing thermal imaging and a soft-voting ensemble classifier. A low-resolution thermal camera captured simulated falls and activities of daily living (ADL) performed by ten healthy participants. Human pose keypoints were extracted using MediaPipe, followed by the computation of five handcrafted postural features. The top three classifiers-automatically selected based on cross-validation performance-formed the soft-voting ensemble. Long-lie conditions were identified through post-fall immobility monitoring over a defined period, using rule-based logic on posture stability and duration; (3) Results: The ensemble model achieved high classification performance with accuracy, precision, recall, and an F1 score of 0.98. Real-time deployment on a Raspberry Pi 5 demonstrated the system is capable of accurately detecting long-lie incidents based on continuous monitoring over 15 min, with minimal posture variation; (4) Conclusion: The proposed system introduces a novel approach to long-lie detection by integrating privacy-aware sensing, interpretable posture-based features, and efficient edge computing. It demonstrates strong potential for deployment in homecare settings. Future work includes validation with older adults and integration of vital sign monitoring for comprehensive assessment.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Improved Segformer for Semantic Segmentation of UAV-Based Mine Restoration Scenes. 基于无人机的矿井恢复场景语义分割改进Segformer。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/s25123827

Feng Wang, Lizhuo Zhang, Tao Jiang, Zhuqi Li, Wangyu Wu, Yingchun Kuang

{"title":"An Improved Segformer for Semantic Segmentation of UAV-Based Mine Restoration Scenes.","authors":"Feng Wang, Lizhuo Zhang, Tao Jiang, Zhuqi Li, Wangyu Wu, Yingchun Kuang","doi":"10.3390/s25123827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123827","url":null,"abstract":"Mine ecological restoration is a critical process for promoting the sustainable development of resource-dependent regions, yet existing monitoring methods remain limited in accuracy and adaptability. To address challenges such as small-object recognition, insufficient multi-scale feature fusion, and blurred boundaries in UAV-based remote sensing imagery, this paper proposes an enhanced semantic segmentation model based on Segformer. Specifically, a multi-scale feature-enhanced feature pyramid network (MSFE-FPN) is introduced between the encoder and decoder to strengthen cross-level feature interaction. Additionally, a selective feature aggregation pyramid pooling module (SFA-PPM) is integrated into the deepest feature layer to improve global semantic perception, while an efficient local attention (ELA) module is embedded into lateral connections to enhance sensitivity to edge structures and small-scale targets. A high-resolution UAV image dataset, named the HUNAN Mine UAV Dataset (HNMUD), is constructed to evaluate model performance, and further validation is conducted on the public Aeroscapes dataset. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method exhibited strong performance in terms of segmentation accuracy and generalization ability, effectively supporting the image analysis needs of mine restoration scenes.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Length-Weight Distribution of Non-Zero Elements in Randomized Bit Sequences. 随机位序列中非零元素的长度-权重分布。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/s25123825

Christoph Lange, Andreas Ahrens, Yadu Krishnan Krishnakumar, Olaf Grote

{"title":"Length-Weight Distribution of Non-Zero Elements in Randomized Bit Sequences.","authors":"Christoph Lange, Andreas Ahrens, Yadu Krishnan Krishnakumar, Olaf Grote","doi":"10.3390/s25123825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123825","url":null,"abstract":"Randomness plays an important role in data communication as well as in cybersecurity. In the simulation of communication systems, randomized bit sequences are often used to model a digital source information stream. Cryptographic outputs should look more random than deterministic in order to provide an attacker with as little information as possible. Therefore, the investigation of randomness, especially in cybersecurity, has attracted a lot of attention and research activities. Common tests regarding randomness are hypothesis-based and focus on analyzing the distribution and independence of zero and non-zero elements in a given random sequence. In this work, a novel approach grounded in a gap-based burst analysis is presented and analyzed. Such approaches have been successfully implemented, e.g., in data communication systems and data networks. The focus of the current work is on detecting deviations from the ideal gap-density function describing randomized bit sequences. For testing and verification purposes, the well-researched post-quantum cryptographic CRYSTALS suite, including its Kyber and Dilithium schemes, is utilized. The proposed technique allows for quickly verifying the level of randomness in given cryptographic outputs. The results for different sequence-generation techniques are presented, thus validating the approach. The results show that key-encapsulation and key-exchange algorithms, such as CRYSTALS-Kyber, achieve a lower level of randomness compared to digital signature algorithms, such as CRYSTALS-Dilithium.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on Time Constant Test of Thermocouples Based on QNN-PID Controller. 基于QNN-PID控制器的热电偶时间常数测试研究。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/s25123819

Chenyang Xu, Xiaojian Hao, Pan Pei, Tong Wei, Shenxiang Feng

{"title":"Research on Time Constant Test of Thermocouples Based on QNN-PID Controller.","authors":"Chenyang Xu, Xiaojian Hao, Pan Pei, Tong Wei, Shenxiang Feng","doi":"10.3390/s25123819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123819","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to solve the problem of it being difficult to obtain quantitative step signals when testing the time constant of thermocouples using the laser excitation method, thereby restricting the accuracy and repeatability of the test of the time constant of thermocouples. This paper designs a thermocouple time constant testing system in which laser power can be adjusted in real time. The thermocouple to be tested and a colorimetric thermometer with a faster response speed are placed on a pair of conjugate focal points of an elliptic mirror. By taking advantage of the aberration-free imaging characteristic of the conjugate focus, the temperature measured by the colorimetric thermometer is taken as the true value on the surface of the thermocouple so as to adjust the output power of the laser in real time, make the output curve of the thermocouple reach a steady state, and calculate the time constant of the thermocouple. This paper simulates and analyzes the effects of adjusting PID parameters using quantum neural networks. By comparing this with the method of optimizing PID parameters with BP neural networks, the superiority of the designed QNN-PID controller is proven. The designed controller was applied to the test system, and the dynamic response curves of the thermocouple reaching equilibrium at the expected temperatures of 800 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C, 1050 °C, and 1100 °C were obtained. Through calculation, it was obtained that the time constants of the tested thermocouples were all within 150 ms, proving that this system can be used for the time constant test of rapid thermocouples. This also provides a basis for the selection of thermocouples in other subsequent temperature tests. Meanwhile, repeated experiments were conducted on the thermocouple test system at 1000 °C, once again verifying the feasibility of the test system and the repeatability of the experiment.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Software Trusted Platform Module (SWTPM) Resource Sharing Scheme for Embedded Systems. 嵌入式系统软件可信平台模块（SWTPM）资源共享方案。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/s25123828

Da-Chuan Chen, Guan-Ruei Chen, Yu-Ping Liao

引用次数: 0

Adaptive Model Predictive Control for 4WD-4WS Mobile Robot: A Multivariate Gaussian Mixture Model-Ant Colony Optimization for Robust Trajectory Tracking and Obstacle Avoidance. 4WD-4WS移动机器人的自适应模型预测控制：基于多元高斯混合模型的鲁棒轨迹跟踪与避障蚁群优化。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.3390/s25123805

Hayat Ait Dahmad, Hassan Ayad, Alfonso García Cerezo, Hajar Mousannif

{"title":"Adaptive Model Predictive Control for 4WD-4WS Mobile Robot: A Multivariate Gaussian Mixture Model-Ant Colony Optimization for Robust Trajectory Tracking and Obstacle Avoidance.","authors":"Hayat Ait Dahmad, Hassan Ayad, Alfonso García Cerezo, Hajar Mousannif","doi":"10.3390/s25123805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123805","url":null,"abstract":"Trajectory tracking is a crucial task for autonomous mobile robots, requiring smooth and safe execution in dynamic environments. This study uses a nonlinear model predictive controller (MPC) to ensure accurate trajectory tracking of a four-wheel drive, four-wheel steer (4WD-4WS) mobile robot. However, the MPC's performance depends on the optimal tuning of its key parameters, a challenge addressed using the Multivariate Gaussian Mixture Model Continuous Ant Colony Optimization (MGMM-ACOR) algorithm. This method improves on the classic ACOR algorithm by overcoming two major limitations: the lack of consideration for interdependencies between optimized variables, and an inadequate balance between global exploration and local exploitation. The proposed approach is validated by a two-phase evaluation. Firstly, benchmark function evaluations demonstrate its superiority over established optimization algorithms, including ACO, ACOR, and PSO and its variants, in terms of convergence speed and solution accuracy. Secondly, MGMM-ACOR is integrated into the MPC framework and tested in various scenarios, including trajectory tracking with circular and eight trajectories and dynamic obstacle avoidance during trajectory tracking. The results, evaluated based on trajectory error, control effort, and computational latency, confirm the robustness of the proposed method. In particular, the explicit modeling of correlations between variables in MGMM-ACOR guarantees stable, collision-free trajectory tracking, outperforming conventional ACOR-based approaches that optimize variables independently.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Smartwatch or Just a Watch? A Validation Study of the Smartwatch KC08 for Measuring Blood Pressure. 智能手表还是普通手表？智能手表KC08测量血压的验证研究。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.3390/s25123793

Susana López-Ortiz, Celia García-Chico, Lisa Musso-Daury, Sara González-Ustio, Saúl Peñín-Grandes, José Pinto-Fraga, Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo, Alejandro Santos-Lozano

{"title":"A Smartwatch or Just a Watch? A Validation Study of the Smartwatch KC08 for Measuring Blood Pressure.","authors":"Susana López-Ortiz, Celia García-Chico, Lisa Musso-Daury, Sara González-Ustio, Saúl Peñín-Grandes, José Pinto-Fraga, Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo, Alejandro Santos-Lozano","doi":"10.3390/s25123793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123793","url":null,"abstract":"(1) Background: The use of wearable cuffless devices has emerged as an out-of-office blood pressure (BP) monitor device to improve the management of hypertension. We aimed to validate a new, low-cost smartwatch for the measurement of BP and, secondarily, to assess its reliability for the measurement of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate. (2) Methods: We compared 1000 pairs of measurements (n = 100) acquired by a smartwatch (KC08) with those measured by a reference device. (3) Results: A total of 100 participants (41 ± 18 years) completed the measurements. The values for the systolic and diastolic BP, heart rate and SpO2 measured with the Smartwatch KC08 and the reference devices differed significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, the Smartwatch KC08 showed a low variability and poor reliability for all the assessed outcomes except for the heart rate. Moreover, no significant heteroscedasticity was observed for the heart rate measured by the Smartwatch KC08 and the reference sphygmomanometer. (4) Conclusions: The main findings of the present study suggest that the Smartwatch KC08 is not yet suitable for daily clinical practice, although it showed low intra-subject variability and reliability for the resting heart rate.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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