Sensors最新文献_第3页

Enhancing Direction-of-Arrival Estimation with Multi-Task Learning. 利用多任务学习增强到达方向估计。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3390/s24227390

Simone Bianco, Luigi Celona, Paolo Crotti, Paolo Napoletano, Giovanni Petraglia, Pietro Vinetti

引用次数: 0

Efficient Video Compression Using Afterimage Representation. 利用残像表示法实现高效视频压缩

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3390/s24227398

Minseong Jeon, Kyungjoo Cheoi

{"title":"Efficient Video Compression Using Afterimage Representation.","authors":"Minseong Jeon, Kyungjoo Cheoi","doi":"10.3390/s24227398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227398","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in large-scale video data have highlighted the growing need for efficient data compression techniques to enhance video processing performance. In this paper, we propose an afterimage-based video compression method that significantly reduces video data volume while maintaining analytical performance. The proposed approach utilizes optical flow to adaptively select the number of keyframes based on scene complexity, optimizing compression efficiency. Additionally, object movement masks extracted from keyframes are accumulated over time using alpha blending to generate the final afterimage. Experiments on the UCF-Crime dataset demonstrated that the proposed method achieved a 95.97% compression ratio. In binary classification experiments on normal/abnormal behaviors, the compressed videos maintained performance comparable to the original videos, while in multi-class classification, they outperformed the originals. Notably, classification experiments focused exclusively on abnormal behaviors exhibited a significant 4.25% improvement in performance. Moreover, further experiments showed that large language models (LLMs) can interpret the temporal context of original videos from single afterimages. These findings confirm that the proposed afterimage-based compression technique effectively preserves spatiotemporal information while significantly reducing data size.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"24 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Entropy-Based Clustering Algorithm for Real-Time High-Dimensional IoT Data Streams. 基于熵的实时高维物联网数据流聚类算法。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3390/s24227412

Ibrahim Mutambik

{"title":"An Entropy-Based Clustering Algorithm for Real-Time High-Dimensional IoT Data Streams.","authors":"Ibrahim Mutambik","doi":"10.3390/s24227412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227412","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of data streams, propelled by the proliferation of sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, presents significant challenges for real-time clustering of high-dimensional data. Traditional clustering algorithms struggle with high dimensionality, memory and time constraints, and adapting to dynamically evolving data. Existing dimensionality reduction methods often neglect feature ranking, leading to suboptimal clustering performance. To address these issues, we introduce E-Stream, a novel entropy-based clustering algorithm for high-dimensional data streams. E-Stream performs real-time feature ranking based on entropy within a sliding time window to identify the most informative features, which are then utilized with the DenStream algorithm for efficient clustering. We evaluated E-Stream using the NSL-KDD dataset, comparing it against DenStream, CluStream, and MR-Stream. The evaluation metrics included the average F-Measure, Jaccard Index, Fowlkes-Mallows Index, Purity, and Rand Index. The results show that E-Stream outperformed the baseline algorithms in both clustering accuracy and computational efficiency while effectively reducing dimensionality. E-Stream also demonstrated significantly less memory consumption and fewer computational requirements, highlighting its suitability for real-time processing of high-dimensional data streams. Despite its strengths, E-Stream requires manual parameter adjustment and assumes a consistent number of active features, which may limit its adaptability to diverse datasets. Future work will focus on developing a fully autonomous, parameter-free version of the algorithm, incorporating mechanisms to handle missing features and improving the management of evolving clusters to enhance robustness and adaptability in dynamic IoT environments.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"24 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Skin Phototype Classification with Machine Learning Based on Broadband Optical Measurements. 基于宽带光学测量的机器学习皮肤光型分类。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3390/s24227397

Xun Yu, Keat Ghee Ong, Michael Aaron McGeehan

{"title":"Skin Phototype Classification with Machine Learning Based on Broadband Optical Measurements.","authors":"Xun Yu, Keat Ghee Ong, Michael Aaron McGeehan","doi":"10.3390/s24227397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227397","url":null,"abstract":"The Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype Classification (FSPC) scale is widely used to categorize skin types but has limitations such as the underrepresentation of darker skin phototypes, low classification resolution, and subjectivity. These limitations may contribute to dermatological care disparities in patients with darker skin phototypes, including the misdiagnosis of wound healing progression and escalated dermatological disease severity. This study introduces (1) an optical sensor measuring reflected light across 410-940 nm, (2) an unsupervised K-means algorithm for skin phototype classification using broadband optical data, and (3) methods to optimize classification across the Near-ultraviolet-A, Visible, and Near-infrared spectra. The differentiation capability of the algorithm was compared to human assessment based on FSPC in a diverse participant population (n = 30) spanning an even distribution of the full FSPC scale. The FSPC assessment distinguished between light and dark skin phototypes (e.g., FSPC I vs. VI) at 560, 585, and 645 nm but struggled with more similar phototypes (e.g., I vs. II). The K-means algorithm demonstrated stronger differentiation across a broader range of wavelengths, resulting in better classification resolution and supporting its use as a quantifiable and reproducible method for skin type classification. We also demonstrate the optimization of this method for specific bandwidths of interest and their associated clinical implications.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"24 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Energy Efficiency for 5G and Beyond 5G: Potential, Limitations, and Future Directions. 5G 及 5G 之后的能源效率：潜力、局限性和未来方向。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3390/s24227402

Adrian Ichimescu, Nirvana Popescu, Eduard C Popovici, Antonela Toma

{"title":"Energy Efficiency for 5G and Beyond 5G: Potential, Limitations, and Future Directions.","authors":"Adrian Ichimescu, Nirvana Popescu, Eduard C Popovici, Antonela Toma","doi":"10.3390/s24227402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227402","url":null,"abstract":"Energy efficiency constitutes a pivotal performance indicator for 5G New Radio (NR) networks and beyond, and achieving optimal efficiency necessitates the meticulous consideration of trade-offs against other performance parameters, including latency, throughput, connection densities, and reliability. Energy efficiency assumes it is of paramount importance for both User Equipment (UE) to achieve battery prologue and base stations to achieve savings in power and operation cost. This paper presents an exhaustive review of power-saving research conducted for 5G and beyond 5G networks in recent years, elucidating the advantages, disadvantages, and key characteristics of each technique. Reinforcement learning, heuristic algorithms, genetic algorithms, Markov Decision Processes, and the hybridization of various standard algorithms inherent to 5G and 5G NR represent a subset of the available solutions that shall undergo scrutiny. In the final chapters, this work identifies key limitations, namely, computational expense, deployment complexity, and scalability constraints, and proposes a future research direction by theoretically exploring online learning, the clustering of the network base station, and hard HO to lower the consumption of networks like 2G or 4G. In lowering carbon emissions and lowering OPEX, these three additional features could help mobile network operators achieve their targets.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"24 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142731652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of a Conceptual Scheme for Controlling Tool Wear During Cutting, Based on the Interaction of Virtual Models of a Digital Twin and a Vibration Monitoring System. 基于数字孪生虚拟模型和振动监测系统的互动，开发切削过程中刀具磨损控制概念方案

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3390/s24227403

Lapshin Viktor, Turkin Ilya, Gvindzhiliya Valeriya, Dudinov Ilya, Gamaleev Denis

{"title":"Development of a Conceptual Scheme for Controlling Tool Wear During Cutting, Based on the Interaction of Virtual Models of a Digital Twin and a Vibration Monitoring System.","authors":"Lapshin Viktor, Turkin Ilya, Gvindzhiliya Valeriya, Dudinov Ilya, Gamaleev Denis","doi":"10.3390/s24227403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227403","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the issue of the joint use of neural network algorithms for data processing and deterministic mathematical models. The use of a new approach is proposed, to determine the discrepancy between data from a vibration monitoring system of the cutting process and the calculated data obtained by modeling mathematical models of the digital twin system of the cutting process. This approach is justified by the fact that some coordinates for the state of the cutting process cannot be measured, and the vibration signals measured by the vibration monitoring system (the vibration acceleration of the tip of the cutting tool) are subject to external disturbing influences. Both the experimental method and the Matlab 2022b simulation method were used as research methods. The experimental research method is based on the widespread use of modern analog vibration transducers, the signals from which undergo the process of digitalization and further processing in order to identify arrays of additional information required for virtual digital twin models. The results obtained allow us to formulate a new conceptual approach to the construction of systems for determining the degree of cutting tool wear, based on the joint use of computational virtual models of the digital twin system and data obtained from the vibration monitoring system of the cutting process.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"24 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

BG-YOLO: A Bidirectional-Guided Method for Underwater Object Detection. BG-YOLO：一种双向引导的水下物体探测方法。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3390/s24227411

Ruicheng Cao, Ruiteng Zhang, Xinyue Yan, Jian Zhang

{"title":"BG-YOLO: A Bidirectional-Guided Method for Underwater Object Detection.","authors":"Ruicheng Cao, Ruiteng Zhang, Xinyue Yan, Jian Zhang","doi":"10.3390/s24227411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227411","url":null,"abstract":"Degraded underwater images decrease the accuracy of underwater object detection. Existing research uses image enhancement methods to improve the visual quality of images, which may not be beneficial in underwater image detection and lead to serious degradation in detector performance. To alleviate this problem, we proposed a bidirectional guided method for underwater object detection, referred to as BG-YOLO. In the proposed method, a network is organized by constructing an image enhancement branch and an object detection branch in a parallel manner. The image enhancement branch consists of a cascade of an image enhancement subnet and object detection subnet. The object detection branch only consists of a detection subnet. A feature-guided module connects the shallow convolution layers of the two branches. When training the image enhancement branch, the object detection subnet in the enhancement branch guides the image enhancement subnet to be optimized towards the direction that is most conducive to the detection task. The shallow feature map of the trained image enhancement branch is output to the feature-guided module, constraining the optimization of the object detection branch through consistency loss and prompting the object detection branch to learn more detailed information about the objects. This enhances the detection performance. During the detection tasks, only the object detection branch is reserved so that no additional computational cost is introduced. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the detection performance of the YOLOv5s object detection network (the mAP is increased by up to 2.9%) and maintains the same inference speed as YOLOv5s (132 fps).","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"24 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simultaneous Structural Monitoring over Optical Ground Wire and Optical Phase Conductor via Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry. 通过啁啾脉冲相位敏感光学时域反射仪同时监测光学接地线和光学相位导体的结构。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3390/s24227388

Jorge Canudo, Pascual Sevillano, Andrea Iranzo, Sacha Kwik, Javier Preciado-Garbayo, Jesús Subías

{"title":"Simultaneous Structural Monitoring over Optical Ground Wire and Optical Phase Conductor via Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry.","authors":"Jorge Canudo, Pascual Sevillano, Andrea Iranzo, Sacha Kwik, Javier Preciado-Garbayo, Jesús Subías","doi":"10.3390/s24227388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227388","url":null,"abstract":"Optimizing the use of existing high-voltage transmission lines demands real-time condition monitoring to ensure structural integrity and continuous service. Operating these lines at the current capacity is limited by safety margins based on worst-case weather scenarios, as exceeding these margins risks bringing conductors dangerously close to the ground. The integration of optical fibers within modern transmission lines enables the use of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (DFOS) technology, with Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (CP-ΦOTDR) proving especially effective for this purpose. CP-ΦOTDR measures wind-induced vibrations along the conductor, allowing for an analysis of frequency-domain vibration modes that correlate with conductor length and sag across spans. This monitoring system, capable of covering distances up to 40 km from a single endpoint, enables dynamic capacity adjustments for optimized line efficiency. Beyond sag monitoring, CP-ΦOTDR provides robust detection of external threats, including environmental interference and mechanical intrusions, which could compromise cable stability. By simultaneously monitoring the Optical Phase Conductor (OPPC) and Optical Ground Wire (OPGW), this study offers the first comprehensive, real-time evaluation of both structural integrity and potential external aggressions on overhead transmission lines. The findings demonstrate that high-frequency data offer valuable insights for classifying mechanical intrusions and environmental interferences based on spectral content, while low-frequency data reveal the diurnal temperature-induced sag evolution, with distinct amplitude responses for each cable. These results affirm CP-ΦOTDR's unique capacity to enhance line safety, operational efficiency, and proactive maintenance by delivering precise, real-time assessments of both structural integrity and external threats.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"24 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interaction of Sensitivity, Emotions, and Motivations During Visual Perception. 视觉感知过程中敏感度、情绪和动机的相互作用

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3390/s24227414

Sergey Lytaev

{"title":"Interaction of Sensitivity, Emotions, and Motivations During Visual Perception.","authors":"Sergey Lytaev","doi":"10.3390/s24227414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227414","url":null,"abstract":"When an organism is exposed to environmental stimuli of varying intensity, the adaptive changes in the CNS can be explained by several conceptual provisions: the law of motivation-activation by Yerkes and Dodson, the laws of force and pessimal protective inhibition, and the theory of emotion activation. Later, reinforcement sensitivity theory was developed in the fields of psychology and psychophysics. At the same time, cortical prepulse inhibition (PPI), the prepulse inhibition of perceived stimulus intensity (PPIPSI), and the augmentation/reduction phenomenon were proposed in sensory neurophysiology, which expanded our understanding of consciousness. The aim of this study was to identify markers of levels of activity of cognitive processes under normal and in psychopathological conditions while amplifying the information stimulus. For this purpose, we changed the contrast level of reversible checkerboard patterns and mapped the visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in 19 monopolar channels among 52 healthy subjects and 39 patients with a mental illness without an active productive pathology. Their cognitive functions were assessed by presenting visual tests to assess invariant pattern recognition, short-term visual memory, and Gestalt perception. The personalities of the healthy subjects were assessed according to Cattell's 16-factor questionnaire, linking the data from neurophysiological and cognitive studies to factors Q4 (relaxation/tension) and C (emotional stability). According to the N70 and N150 VEP waves, the healthy subjects and the patients were divided into two groups. In some, there was a direct relationship between VEP amplitude and contrast intensity (21 patients and 29 healthy persons), while in the others, there was an inverse relationship, with a reduction in VEP amplitude (18 patients and 23 healthy persons). The relationship and mechanisms of subjects' cognitive abilities and personality traits are discussed based on the data acquired from the responses to information stimuli of varied intensity.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"24 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical Simulation Study on Predicting the Critical Icing Conditions of Aircraft Pitot Tubes. 预测飞机皮托管临界结冰条件的数值模拟研究。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.3390/s24227410

Qixi Chen, Lifen Zhang, Chengxin Zhou, Zhengang Liu, Yaguo Lyu

引用次数: 0