IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.3390/s25185925

Abdulwahab Alasfour, Nasser AlSabah

{"title":"EEG-Based Prediction of Stress Responses to Naturalistic Decision-Making Stimuli in Police Cadets.","authors":"Abdulwahab Alasfour, Nasser AlSabah","doi":"10.3390/s25185925","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185925","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of police officers to make correct decisions under emotional stress is critical, as errors in high-pressure situations can have severe legal and physical consequences. This study aims to evaluate the neurophysiological responses of police academy cadets during stressful decision-making scenarios and to predict individual stress levels from those responses. Fifty-eight police academy cadets from three cohorts watched a custom-made, naturalistic video scene and then chose the appropriate course of action. Simultaneous 32-channel electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) captured brain and heart activity. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and band-specific power features (particularly delta) were extracted, and machine-learning models were trained with nested cross-validation to predict perceived stress scores. Global and broadband EEG activity was suppressed during the video stimulus and did not return to baseline during the cooldown phase. Widespread ERPs and pronounced delta-band dynamics emerged during decision-making, correlating with both cohort rank and self-reported stress. Crucially, a combined EEG + cohort model predicted perceived stress with an out-of-fold R2 of 0.32, outperforming EEG-only (R2 = 0.23) and cohort-only (R2 = 0.17) models. To our knowledge, this is the first study to both characterize EEG dynamics during stressful naturalistic decision tasks and demonstrate their predictive utility. These findings lay the groundwork for neurofeedback-based training paradigms that help officers modulate stress responses and calibrate decision-making under pressure.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Temperature Calibration Using Machine Learning Algorithms for Flexible Temperature Sensors. 使用机器学习算法对柔性温度传感器进行温度校准。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.3390/s25185932

Ui-Jin Kim, Ju-Hun Ahn, Ji-Han Lee, Chang-Yull Lee

引用次数: 0

Interior Point-Driven Throughput Maximization for TS-SWIPT Multi-Hop DF Relays: A Log Barrier Approach. TS-SWIPT多跳DF中继内部点驱动吞吐量最大化：一种日志屏障方法。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185901

Yang Yu, Xiaoqing Tang, Guihui Xie

{"title":"Interior Point-Driven Throughput Maximization for TS-SWIPT Multi-Hop DF Relays: A Log Barrier Approach.","authors":"Yang Yu, Xiaoqing Tang, Guihui Xie","doi":"10.3390/s25185901","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185901","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) decode-and-forward (DF) relay network, where a source node transmits data to a destination node through the assistance of multi-hop passive relays. We employ the time-switching (TS) protocol, enabling the relays to harvest energy from the received previous hop signal to support data forwarding. We first prove that the system throughput monotonically increases with the transmit power of the source node. Next, by employing logarithmic transformations, we convert the non-convex problem of obtaining optimal TS ratios at each relay to maximize the system throughput into a convex optimization problem. Comprehensively taking into account the convergence rate, computational complexity per iteration, and robustness, we selected the log barrier method-a type of interior point method-to address this convex optimization problem, along with providing a detailed implementation procedure. The simulation results validate the optimality of the proposed method and demonstrate its applicability to practical communication systems. For instance, the proposed scheme achieves 1437.3 bps throughput at 40 dBm maximum source power in a 2-relay network-278.6% higher than that of the scheme with TS ratio fixed at 0.75 (379.68 bps). On the other hand, it converges within a 1.36 ms computation time for 5 relays, 6 orders of magnitude faster than exhaustive search (1730 s).","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nanomaterial-Mediated Electrochemical and Optical Biosensors and Their Application in Tumour Marker Detection. 纳米材料介导的电化学和光学生物传感器及其在肿瘤标志物检测中的应用。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185902

Xinlan Wang, Jingyi Hei, Tao Zhao, Xiyu Liu, Yong Huang

{"title":"Nanomaterial-Mediated Electrochemical and Optical Biosensors and Their Application in Tumour Marker Detection.","authors":"Xinlan Wang, Jingyi Hei, Tao Zhao, Xiyu Liu, Yong Huang","doi":"10.3390/s25185902","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185902","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer constitutes a category of diseases with high mortality rates, where early and precise detection plays a crucial role in diagnosis and treatment. Tumour markers are biomolecules produced during cancer progression, predominantly inert molecules that prove difficult to detect at low concentrations. Traditional detection methods, however, exhibit shortcomings in sensitivity and convenience. Biosensors, with their portability and high sensitivity, hold broad application prospects for detecting tumour markers. Nanomaterials, enhancing detection performance through signal amplification mechanisms, have increasingly become the primary choice for improving sensor analytical capabilities. This review retrieved 60 relevant publications from the Web of Science and PubMed databases (2018-2024) covering \"nanomaterials, biosensors, tumour markers\", focusing on those employing signal amplification mechanisms and providing clinical sample validation. It summarises signal amplification mechanisms in nanomaterial-mediated electrochemical and optical biosensors, contrasting the differences between these two sensor types. This review focuses on the relationship between \"nanomaterial functionality, signal amplification, and clinical application\". It systematises and presents the latest advances in nanomaterial-mediated biosensors for detecting tumour markers, analysing the challenges encountered in their clinical implementation. While providing guidance for the clinical translation of nanomaterial-mediated biosensors from laboratory research, their practical application still requires validation through further multicentre, large-scale studies.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Large-Area Nanostructure Fabrication with a 75 nm Half-Pitch Using Deep-UV Flat-Top Laser Interference Lithography. 采用深紫外平顶激光干涉光刻技术制备75 nm半间距的大面积纳米结构。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185906

Kexin Jiang, Mingliang Xie, Zhe Tang, Xiren Zhang, Dongxu Yang

{"title":"Large-Area Nanostructure Fabrication with a 75 nm Half-Pitch Using Deep-UV Flat-Top Laser Interference Lithography.","authors":"Kexin Jiang, Mingliang Xie, Zhe Tang, Xiren Zhang, Dongxu Yang","doi":"10.3390/s25185906","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185906","url":null,"abstract":"Micro- and nanopatterning is crucial for advanced photonic, electronic, and sensing devices. Yet achieving large-area periodic nanostructures with a 75 nm half-pitch on low-cost laboratory systems remains difficult, because conventional near-ultraviolet laser interference lithography (LIL) suffers from Gaussian-beam non-uniformity and a narrow exposure latitude. Here, we report a cost-effective deep-ultraviolet (DUV) dual-beam LIL system based on a 266 nm laser and diffractive flat-top beam shaping, enabling large-area patterning of periodical nanostructures. At this wavelength, a moderate half-angle can be chosen to preserve a large beam-overlap region while still delivering 150 nm period (75 nm half-pitch) structures. By independently tuning the incident angle and beam uniformity, we pattern one-dimensional (1D) gratings and two-dimensional (2D) arrays over a Ø 1.0 cm field with critical-dimension variation < 5 nm (1σ), smooth edges, and near-vertical sidewalls. As a proof of concept, we transfer a 2D pattern into Si to create non-metal-coated nanodot arrays that serve as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates. The arrays deliver an average enhancement factor of ~1.12 × 104 with 11% intensity relative standard deviation (RSD) over 65 sampling points, a performance near the upper limit of all-dielectric SERS substrates. The proposed method overcomes the uneven hotspot distribution and complex fabrication procedures in conventional SERS substrates, enabling reliable and large-area chemical sensing. Compared to electron-beam lithography, the flat-top DUV-LIL approach offers orders-of-magnitude higher throughput at a fraction of the cost, while its centimeter-scale uniformity can be scaled to full wafers with larger beam-shaping optics. These attributes position the method as a versatile and economical route to large-area photonic metasurfaces and sensing devices.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Study of Liquid and Gas Gate Valve Internal Leakage Testing Based on Ultrasonic Signal. 基于超声信号的液气闸阀内泄漏检测实验研究。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185909

Tingwei Wang, Xinjia Ma, Shiqiang Zhang, Qiang Feng, Xiaomei Xiang, Hui Xia

{"title":"Experimental Study of Liquid and Gas Gate Valve Internal Leakage Testing Based on Ultrasonic Signal.","authors":"Tingwei Wang, Xinjia Ma, Shiqiang Zhang, Qiang Feng, Xiaomei Xiang, Hui Xia","doi":"10.3390/s25185909","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185909","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents an experimental analysis of high-pressure liquid and gas gate valve leakage under multiple operating conditions, based on the variation patterns of ultrasonic signals. Focusing on a multi-physics field analysis of gate valve internal leakage and corresponding experiments, this research illustrates the acoustic wave characteristics of gate valves across diverse working media, pressures, internal leakage defect sizes, and valve diameters. By drawing upon both fluid mechanics and acoustics theory, an analytical approach suited to high-pressure gate valve leakage issues is devised. Separate high-pressure gate valve leakage test platforms for liquid and gas environments were designed and constructed, enabling 126 groups of tests under varying conditions, which include one measurement per condition of the valve size, defect size, and pressure value. These experiments examine the quantitative correlation of internal leakage flow rates and ultrasonic signal measurements under different situations. In addition, the distinct behaviors and principles exhibited by high-pressure liquid gate valves and gas gate valves are compared. The findings provide theoretical and technical support for quantifying high-pressure gate valve leakage. The study analyzes the theoretical basis for the generation of ultrasonic signals from valve internal leakage, providing specific experimental data under various operating conditions. It explains the various observations during the experiments and their principles. The conclusions of this research have practical engineering value and provide important references for future studies.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-Signal Acquisition System for Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring. 用于连续血压监测的多信号采集系统。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185910

Naiwen Zhang, Yu Zhang, Jintao Chen, Shaoxuan Qiu, Jinting Ma, Lihai Tan, Guo Dan

{"title":"Multi-Signal Acquisition System for Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring.","authors":"Naiwen Zhang, Yu Zhang, Jintao Chen, Shaoxuan Qiu, Jinting Ma, Lihai Tan, Guo Dan","doi":"10.3390/s25185910","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185910","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential for the early detection and prevention of cardiovascular diseases like hypertension. Recently, interest in continuous BP estimation systems and algorithms has grown. Various physiological signals reflect BP variations from different perspectives, and combining multiple signals can enhance the accuracy of BP measurements. However, research integrating electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmography (PPG), and impedance cardiography (ICG) signals for BP monitoring remains limited, with related technologies still in early development. A major challenge is the increased system complexity associated with acquiring multiple signals simultaneously, along with the difficulty of efficiently extracting and integrating key features for accurate BP estimation. To address this, we developed a BP monitoring system that can synchronously acquire and process ECG, PPG, and ICG signals. Optimizing the circuit design allowed ECG and ICG modules to share electrodes, reducing components and improving compactness. Using this system, we collected 400 min of signals from 40 healthy subjects, yielding 4390 records. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the system's performance in BP estimation. The results demonstrated that combining pulse wave analysis features with the XGBoost model yielded the most accurate BP predictions. Specifically, the mean absolute error for systolic blood pressure was 3.76 ± 3.98 mmHg, and for diastolic blood pressure, it was 2.71 ± 2.57 mmHg, both of which achieved grade A performance under the BHS standard. These results are comparable to or better than existing studies based on multi-signal methods. These findings suggest that the proposed system offers an efficient and practical solution for BP monitoring.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Slot-Coupled Fed 256-Element Planar Microstrip Array with Beam Stability for K-Band Water Level Sensing. 具有波束稳定性的槽耦合馈电256元平面微带阵列用于k波段水位传感。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185904

Kuang-Hsuan Huang, Yen-Sheng Chen

引用次数: 0

Application of a Multi-Frequency Electromagnetic Method for Boundary Detection of Isolated Permafrost. 多频电磁法在孤立多年冻土边界探测中的应用。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185907

Yi Wu, Changlei Dai, Yunhu Shang, Lei Yang, Kai Gao, Wenzhao Xu

{"title":"Application of a Multi-Frequency Electromagnetic Method for Boundary Detection of Isolated Permafrost.","authors":"Yi Wu, Changlei Dai, Yunhu Shang, Lei Yang, Kai Gao, Wenzhao Xu","doi":"10.3390/s25185907","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185907","url":null,"abstract":"Isolated permafrost is widely distributed in freeze-thaw transition zones, characterized by blurred boundaries and strong spatial variability. Traditional methods such as drilling and electrical resistivity surveys are often limited in achieving efficient and continuous boundary identification. This study focuses on a typical isolated permafrost region in Northeast China and proposes a boundary detection strategy based on multi-frequency electromagnetic (EM) measurements using the GEM-2 sensor. By designing multiple frequency combinations and applying joint inversion, a boundary identification framework was developed and validated against borehole data. Results show that the multi-frequency joint inversion method improves the spatial identification accuracy of permafrost boundaries compared to traditional point-based techniques. In areas lacking boreholes, the method still demonstrates coherent boundary imaging and strong adaptability to geomorphological conditions. The multi-frequency joint inversion strategy significantly enhances imaging continuity and effectively captures electrical variations in complex freeze-thaw transition zones. Overall, this study establishes a complete non-invasive technical workflow-\"acquisition-inversion-validation-imaging\"-providing an efficient and scalable tool for engineering site selection, foundation design, and permafrost degradation monitoring. It also offers a methodological paradigm for electromagnetic frequency optimization and subsurface electrical boundary modeling.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Robust Pedestrian Detection and Intrusion Judgment in Coal Yard Hazard Areas via 3D LiDAR-Based Deep Learning. 基于三维激光雷达深度学习的煤场危险区域鲁棒行人检测与入侵判断

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185908

Anxin Zhao, Yekai Zhao, Qiuhong Zheng

{"title":"Robust Pedestrian Detection and Intrusion Judgment in Coal Yard Hazard Areas via 3D LiDAR-Based Deep Learning.","authors":"Anxin Zhao, Yekai Zhao, Qiuhong Zheng","doi":"10.3390/s25185908","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185908","url":null,"abstract":"Pedestrian intrusion in coal yard work areas is a major cause of accidents, posing challenges for the safe supervision of coal yards. Existing visual detection methods suffer under poor lighting and a lack of 3D data. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a robust pedestrian intrusion detection method based on 3D LiDAR. Our approach consists of three main components. First, we propose a novel pedestrian detection network called EFT-RCNN. Based on Voxel-RCNN, this network introduces an EnhancedVFE module to improve spatial feature extraction, employs FocalConv to reconstruct the 3D backbone network for enhanced foreground-background distinction, and utilizes TeBEVPooling to optimize bird's eye view (BEV) generation. Second, a precise 3D hazardous area is defined by combining a polygonal base surface, determined through on-site exploration, with height constraints. Finally, a point-region hierarchical judgment method is designed to calculate the spatial relationship between pedestrians and the hazardous area for graded warning. When evaluated on the public KITTI dataset, the EFT-RCNN network improved the average precision for pedestrian detection by 4.39% in 3D and 4.68% in BEV compared with the baseline, while maintaining a real-time processing speed of 28.56 FPS. In practical tests, the pedestrian detection accuracy reached 92.9%, with an average error in distance measurement of 0.054 m. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively mitigates complex environmental interference, enables robust detection, and provides a reliable means for the proactive prevention of pedestrian intrusion accidents.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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