IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185903

Autumn Cholger, Jason M Conley, Elaine Colomb, Olivia de Cuba, Jacob Kress, Mathew Tantama

引用次数: 0

AGSK-Net: Adaptive Geometry-Aware Stereo-KANformer Network for Global and Local Unsupervised Stereo Matching. AGSK-Net：用于全局和局部无监督立体匹配的自适应几何感知立体- kanformer网络。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185905

Qianglong Feng, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhenglin Lu, Haiyu Wang, Tingfeng Qi, Tianyi Zhang

{"title":"AGSK-Net: Adaptive Geometry-Aware Stereo-KANformer Network for Global and Local Unsupervised Stereo Matching.","authors":"Qianglong Feng, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhenglin Lu, Haiyu Wang, Tingfeng Qi, Tianyi Zhang","doi":"10.3390/s25185905","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185905","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of unsupervised stereo matching in complex regions such as weak textures and occlusions is constrained by the inherently local receptive fields of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the absence of geometric priors, and the limited expressiveness of MLP in conventional ViTs. To address these problems, we propose an Adaptive Geometry-aware Stereo-KANformer Network (AGSK-Net) for unsupervised stereo matching. Firstly, to resolve the conflict between the isotropic nature of traditional ViT and the epipolar geometry priors in stereo matching, we propose Adaptive Geometry-aware Multi-head Self-Attention (AG-MSA), which embeds epipolar priors via an adaptive hybrid structure of geometric modulation and penalty, enabling geometry-aware global context modeling. Secondly, we design Spatial Group-Rational KAN (SGR-KAN), which integrates the nonlinear capability of rational functions with the spatial awareness of deep convolutions, replacing the MLP with flexible, learnable rational functions to enhance the nonlinear expression ability of complex regions. Finally, we propose a Dynamic Candidate Gated Fusion (DCGF) module that employs dynamic dual-candidate states and spatially aware pre-enhancement to adaptively fuse global and local features across scales. Experiments demonstrate that AGSK-Net achieves state-of-the-art accuracy and generalizability on Scene Flow, KITTI 2012/2015, and Middlebury 2021.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

EMPhone: Electromagnetic Covert Channel via Silent Audio Playback on Smartphones. EMPhone：通过智能手机静音音频播放的电磁隐蔽通道。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185900

Yongjae Kim, Hyeonjun An, Dong-Guk Han

{"title":"EMPhone: Electromagnetic Covert Channel via Silent Audio Playback on Smartphones.","authors":"Yongjae Kim, Hyeonjun An, Dong-Guk Han","doi":"10.3390/s25185900","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185900","url":null,"abstract":"Covert channels enable hidden communication that poses significant security risks, particularly when smartphones are used as transmitters. This paper presents the first end-to-end implementation and evaluation of an electromagnetic (EM) covert channel on modern Samsung Galaxy S21, S22, and S23 smartphones (Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea). We first demonstrate that a previously proposed method relying on zero-volume playback is no longer effective on these devices. Through a detailed analysis of EM emissions in the 0.1-2.5 MHz range, we discovered that consistent, volume-independent signals can be generated by exploiting the hardware's recovery delay after silent audio playback. Based on these findings, we developed a complete system comprising a stealthy Android application for transmission, a time-based modulation scheme, and a demodulation technique designed around the characteristics of the generated signals to ensure reliable reception. The channel's reliability and robustness were validated through evaluations of modulation time, probe distance, and message length. Experimental results show that the maximum error-free bit rate (bits per second, bps) reached 0.558 bps on Galaxy S21 and 0.772 bps on Galaxy S22 and Galaxy S23. Reliable communication was feasible up to 0.5 cm with a near-field probe, and a low alignment-aware bit error rate (BER) was maintained even for 100-byte messages. This work establishes a practical threat, and we conclude by proposing countermeasures to mitigate this vulnerability.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Feasibility of a Markerless Motion Capture System for Balance Function Assessment in Children with Cerebral Palsy. 无标记动作捕捉系统评估脑瘫儿童平衡功能的可行性。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/s25185911

Xiaoxia Yan, Nichola Wilson, Chengyan Sun, Yanxin Zhang

{"title":"Feasibility of a Markerless Motion Capture System for Balance Function Assessment in Children with Cerebral Palsy.","authors":"Xiaoxia Yan, Nichola Wilson, Chengyan Sun, Yanxin Zhang","doi":"10.3390/s25185911","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185911","url":null,"abstract":"Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have impaired standing balance ability, caused by increased muscle tone, muscle weakness, and joint deformity. It is necessary to investigate standing balance for children with CP. Compared with postural stability assessment using force plates, OpenCap has the potential to be used utilized as a cost-effective standing balance assessment tool, providing details about the center of mass (CoM) and joint angles. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using OpenCap for standing balance assessment in children with CP by (i) examining the validity of OpenCap-based CoM parameters against force plate center of pressure (CoP) measures and (ii) exploring associations between joint angles and CoM displacement. Twenty-two children with CP completed standing balance trials on a force plate-based balance tester while two smartphones recorded synchronized videos for OpenCap processing. For the correlation between CoM parameters and CoP parameters, Pearson's R values were from 0.39 to 0.94 between the two systems. After correcting the CoM parameters, the R2 values ranged from 0.98 to 1.00. Regarding the relationship between the joint angles and CoM, maximum and minimum sagittal angles in the ankle were corrected with CoM displacement along the x-axis. These findings suggest that OpenCap may be a potential, cost-effective tool for standing balance assessment in children with CP.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

LiGaussOcc: Fully Self-Supervised 3D Semantic Occupancy Prediction from LiDAR via Gaussian Splatting. LiGaussOcc：基于高斯溅射的激光雷达完全自监督3D语义占用预测。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185889

Zhiqiang Wei, Tao Huang, Fengdeng Zhang

{"title":"LiGaussOcc: Fully Self-Supervised 3D Semantic Occupancy Prediction from LiDAR via Gaussian Splatting.","authors":"Zhiqiang Wei, Tao Huang, Fengdeng Zhang","doi":"10.3390/s25185889","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185889","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate 3D semantic occupancy perception is critical for autonomous driving, enabling robust navigation in unstructured environments. While vision-based methods suffer from depth inaccuracies and lighting sensitivity, LiDAR-based approaches face challenges due to sparse data and dependence on expensive manual annotations. This work proposes LiGaussOcc, a novel self-supervised framework for dense LiDAR-based 3D semantic occupancy prediction. Our method first encodes LiDAR point clouds into voxel features and addresses sparsity via an Empty Voxel Inpainting (EVI) module, refined by an Adaptive Feature Fusion (AFF) module. During training, a Gaussian Primitive from Voxels (GPV) module generates parameters for 3D Gaussian Splatting, enabling efficient rendering of 2D depth and semantic maps. Supervision is achieved through photometric consistency across adjacent camera views and pseudo-labels from vision-language models, eliminating manual 3D annotations. Evaluated on the nuScenes-OpenOccupancy benchmark, LiGaussOcc achieved performance competitive with 30.4% Intersection over Union (IoU) and 14.1% mean Intersection over Union (mIoU). It reached 91.6% of the performance of the fully supervised LiDAR-based L-CONet, while completely eliminating the need for costly and labor-intensive manual 3D annotations. It excelled particularly in static environmental classes, such as drivable surfaces and man-made structures. This work presents a scalable, annotation-free solution for LiDAR-based 3D semantic occupancy perception.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Real-Time Object Classification via Dual-Pixel Measurement. 基于双像素测量的实时目标分类。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185886

Jianing Yang, Ran Chen, Yicheng Peng, Lingyun Zhang, Ting Sun, Fei Xing

{"title":"Real-Time Object Classification via Dual-Pixel Measurement.","authors":"Jianing Yang, Ran Chen, Yicheng Peng, Lingyun Zhang, Ting Sun, Fei Xing","doi":"10.3390/s25185886","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185886","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving rapid and accurate object classification holds significant importance in various domains. However, conventional vision-based techniques suffer from several limitations, including high data redundancy and strong dependence on image quality. In this work, we present a high-speed, image-free object classification method based on dual-pixel measurement and normalized central moment invariants. Leveraging the complementary modulation capability of a digital micromirror device (DMD), the proposed system requires only five tailored binary illumination patterns to simultaneously extract geometric features and perform classification. The system can achieve a classification update rate of up to 4.44 kHz, offering significant improvements in both efficiency and accuracy compared to traditional image-based approaches. Numerical simulations verify the robustness of the method under similarity transformations-including translation, scaling, and rotation-while experimental validations further demonstrate reliable performance across diverse object types. This approach enables real-time, low-data throughput, and reconstruction-free classification, offering new potential for optical computing and edge intelligence applications.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Creation of Low-Loss Triple-Ring Optical Filter via Direct Binary Search Inverse Design. 基于直接二叉搜索反设计的低损耗三环滤光片。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185895

Yuchen Hu, Tong Wang, Wen Zhou, Bo Hu

引用次数: 0

Feasibility Study for Wearable Sensor-Based Vibrotactile Feedback for Posture and Muscle Activation in a Relevant Dentistry Setting. 基于可穿戴传感器的振动触觉反馈在相关牙科环境中用于姿势和肌肉激活的可行性研究。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185891

Demir Tuken, Samuel J Murphy, Robert D Bowers, Rachel V Vitali

{"title":"Feasibility Study for Wearable Sensor-Based Vibrotactile Feedback for Posture and Muscle Activation in a Relevant Dentistry Setting.","authors":"Demir Tuken, Samuel J Murphy, Robert D Bowers, Rachel V Vitali","doi":"10.3390/s25185891","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185891","url":null,"abstract":"This feasibility study evaluated a wearable sensor-based haptic feedback system designed to promote ergonomic awareness and influence posture and muscle activation patterns during a standard dental procedure. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) monitored posture by tracking back and neck angles, while four surface electromyography sensors recorded muscle activation in the lower erector spinae (LES) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles. Two IMUs with vibrotactile motors delivered real-time haptic feedback when participants maintained mechanically disadvantageous postures for extended periods during a cast metal crown preparation procedure on a manikin typodont. Data from four dental students participating in a total of 24 trials, half with and half without feedback, were analyzed via a two-way ANOVA to determine the effects of feedback and activity (e.g., inspections or drilling) on posture and muscle activation. Feedback slightly increased neck angles, but back angles remained nominally unchanged. Reduced UT activation and increased right LES activation suggests altered muscle recruitment strategies. Heatmap and RULA analyses indicated a shift toward more varied and potentially safer postural distributions during feedback trials. Postural and muscle activation data were also analyzed across four activity labels, which revealed that Drilling was consistently associated with higher ergonomic risk. Real-time haptic feedback influenced posture and muscle activation in dental students, particularly by reducing UT strain despite increased neck flexion. These findings support the integration of wearable feedback systems into preclinical training to enhance ergonomic awareness and potentially reduce the risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders, to which dentists are particularly prone.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improvements to Unsteady Pressure-Sensitive Paint Formulations. 非稳定压敏涂料配方的改进。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185892

Sarah M Peak, Daniel T Reese, Kyle Z Goodman, A Neal Watkins

{"title":"Improvements to Unsteady Pressure-Sensitive Paint Formulations.","authors":"Sarah M Peak, Daniel T Reese, Kyle Z Goodman, A Neal Watkins","doi":"10.3390/s25185892","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185892","url":null,"abstract":"Improvements to unsteady pressure-sensitive paint (uPSP) formulations have been realized by judicious selection of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles and dispersant. Traditionally, uPSP formulations based on polymer/ceramic coating have been used in many wind tunnel test campaigns but suffer from photodegradation and changes in pressure sensitivity during the testing window. As such, this paper details the investigation of employing different grades of TiO2 particles and dispersants to achieve desirable characteristics such as coating properties, pressure sensitivity, frequency response and overall degradation. Employing hydrophobic TiO2 particles along with a high-molecular-weight acrylic co-polymer generated uPSP coatings with many desirable features, including smoothness, thickness, and pressure sensitivity. In addition, the pressure sensitivity of the coatings exhibited linear behavior, having very little dependence on temperature. Finally, the frequency response was characterized qualitatively, and all uPSP formulations tested exhibited response to pressure fluctuations up to 12 kHz.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative Performance Analysis of Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms on Resource-Constrained IoT Platforms. 资源受限物联网平台上轻量级加密算法性能对比分析。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185887

Tiberius-George Sorescu, Vlad-Mihai Chiriac, Mario-Alexandru Stoica, Ciprian-Romeo Comsa, Iustin-Gabriel Soroaga, Alexandru Contac

{"title":"Comparative Performance Analysis of Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms on Resource-Constrained IoT Platforms.","authors":"Tiberius-George Sorescu, Vlad-Mihai Chiriac, Mario-Alexandru Stoica, Ciprian-Romeo Comsa, Iustin-Gabriel Soroaga, Alexandru Contac","doi":"10.3390/s25185887","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185887","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in Internet of Things (IoT) devices has introduced significant security challenges, primarily due to their inherent constraints in computational power, memory, and energy. This study provides a comparative performance analysis of selected modern cryptographic algorithms on a resource-constrained IoT platform, the Nordic Thingy:53. We evaluated a set of ciphers including the NIST lightweight standard ASCON, eSTREAM finalists Salsa20, Rabbit, Sosemanuk, HC-256, and the extended-nonce variant XChaCha20. Using a dual test-bench methodology, we measured energy consumption and performance under two distinct scenarios: a low-data-rate Bluetooth mesh network and a high-throughput bulk data transfer. The results reveal significant performance variations among the algorithms. In high-throughput tests, ciphers like XChaCha20, Salsa20, and ASCON32 demonstrated superior speed, while HC-256 proved impractically slow for large payloads. The Bluetooth mesh experiments quantified the direct relationship between network activity and power draw, underscoring the critical impact of cryptographic choice on battery life. These findings offer an empirical basis for selecting appropriate cryptographic solutions that balance security, energy efficiency, and performance requirements for real-world IoT applications.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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