IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/s25051600

Mei Dong, Mingzhe Guan, Kuihua Wang, Yeyao Wu, Yuhan Fu

{"title":"Machine Learning-Based Measurement and Prediction of Ground Settlement Induced by Shield Tunneling Undercrossing Existing Tunnels in Composite Strata.","authors":"Mei Dong, Mingzhe Guan, Kuihua Wang, Yeyao Wu, Yuhan Fu","doi":"10.3390/s25051600","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051600","url":null,"abstract":"To address the issue of insufficient accuracy in traditional settlement prediction methods for shield tunneling undercrossing in composite strata in Hangzhou, this paper proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory neural network (Bi-LSTM) prediction model for high-precision dynamic prediction of ground settlement under small-sample conditions. Shield tunneling is a key method for urban tunnel construction. This paper presents the measurement and prediction of ground settlement caused by shield tunneling undercrossing existing tunnels in composite strata in Hangzhou. The longitudinal ground settlement curve resulting from shield tunnel excavation was analyzed using measured data, and the measured lateral ground settlement was compared with the Peck empirical formula. Using PSO, the performance of three machine learning models in predicting the maximum ground settlement at monitoring points was compared: Long Short-Term Memory neural network (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit neural network (GRU), and Bi-LSTM. The linear relationships between different input parameters and between input parameters and the output parameter were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Based on this analysis, the model was optimized, and its prediction performance before and after optimization was compared. The results show that the Bi-LSTM model optimized with the PSO algorithm demonstrates superior performance, achieving both accuracy and stability.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Innovative Binocular Vision Testing for Phoria and Vergence Ranges Using Automatic Dual Rotational Risley Prisms.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/s25051604

Hui-Rong Su, Yu-Jung Chen, Yun-Shao Hu, Chi-Hung Lee, Shang-Min Yeh, Shuan-Yu Huang

{"title":"Innovative Binocular Vision Testing for Phoria and Vergence Ranges Using Automatic Dual Rotational Risley Prisms.","authors":"Hui-Rong Su, Yu-Jung Chen, Yun-Shao Hu, Chi-Hung Lee, Shang-Min Yeh, Shuan-Yu Huang","doi":"10.3390/s25051604","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051604","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated binocular visual function using automatic dual rotational Risley prisms (ADRRPs) to measure phoria and vergence ranges. Thirty-nine (mean age: 21.82 ± 1.10 years; age range: 20-24 years) healthy adults with normal binocular vision participated. Each underwent baseline refraction exams followed by phoria and vergence tests conducted using both a phoropter with Maddox rods and the ADRRPs. The results revealed a strong positive correlation between the two instruments for distance phoria (r = 0.959, p < 0.001) and near-phoria measurements (r = 0.968, p < 0.001). For vergence testing, positive fusional vergence (PFV) at distance showed a moderate-to-strong correlation for break points (r = 0.758, p < 0.001) and a moderate correlation for recovery points (r = 0.452, p < 0.001). Negative fusional vergence (NFV) at distance demonstrated a strong correlation for break points (r = 0.863, p < 0.001) and a moderate correlation for recovery points (r = 0.458, p < 0.01). Near-vergence testing showed moderate-to-strong correlations for break points (r = 0.777, p < 0.001) and recovery points (r = 0.623, p < 0.001). The inclusion of Bland-Altman analysis provides a more comprehensive evaluation of agreement between ADRRPs and the phoropter. While strong correlations were observed, systematic bias and LoA indicate that these methods are not perfectly interchangeable. The ADRRPs demonstrated potential for binocular vision assessment but require further validation for clinical application.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Coverage Path Planning Using Actor-Critic Deep Reinforcement Learning.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/s25051592

Sergio Isahí Garrido-Castañeda, Juan Irving Vasquez, Mayra Antonio-Cruz

{"title":"Coverage Path Planning Using Actor-Critic Deep Reinforcement Learning.","authors":"Sergio Isahí Garrido-Castañeda, Juan Irving Vasquez, Mayra Antonio-Cruz","doi":"10.3390/s25051592","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051592","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main capabilities a mobile robot must demonstrate is the ability to explore its environment. The core challenge in exploration lies in planning the route to fully cover the environment. Despite recent advances, this problem remains unsolved. This study proposes an approach to address the coverage path planning problem, where the mobile robot is tasked with exploring and completely covering a terrain using a deep reinforcement learning framework. The environment is divided into cells, with obstacles designated as prohibited areas. The robot is trained using two state-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithms based on actor-critic methods: Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). By defining a set of observations, states, and a reward function tailored to characteristics of the environment and the desired behavior of the robot, the training process is conducted, resulting in optimized policies for each algorithm. Then, these policies are evaluated to determine the most effective approach to accomplish the proposed task. Our findings demonstrate that actor-critic methods can produce policies capable of guiding a robot to efficiently explore and cover new environments.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance Evaluation of a Mesh-Topology LoRa Network. 网状拓扑 LoRa 网络的性能评估。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/s25051602

Thomas Gerhardus Durand, Marthinus Johannes Booysen

{"title":"Performance Evaluation of a Mesh-Topology LoRa Network.","authors":"Thomas Gerhardus Durand, Marthinus Johannes Booysen","doi":"10.3390/s25051602","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051602","url":null,"abstract":"Research into, and the usage of, Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) has increased significantly to support the ever-expanding requirements set by IoT applications. Specifically, the usage of Long-Range Wide-Area Networks (LoRaWANs) has increased, due to the LPWAN's robust physical layer, Long-Range (LoRa), modulation scheme, which enables scalable, low-power consumption, long-range communication to IoT devices. The LoRaWAN Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is currently limited to only support single-hop communication. This limits the coverage of a single gateway and increases the power consumption of devices which are located at the edge of a gateway's coverage range. There is currently no standardised and commercialised multi-hop LoRa-based network, and the field is experiencing ongoing research. In this work, we propose a complementary network to LoRaWAN, which integrates mesh networking. An ns-3 simulation model has been developed, and the proposed LoRaMesh network is simulated for a varying number of scenarios. This research focuses on the design decisions needed to design a LoRa-based mesh network which maintains the low-power consumption advantages that LoRaWAN offers while ensuring that data packets are routed successfully to the gateway. The results highlighted a significant increase in the packet delivery ratio in nodes located far from a centralised gateway in a dense network. Nodes located further than 5.8 km from a gateway's packet delivery ratio were increased from an average of 40.2% to 73.78%. The findings in this article validate the concept of a mesh-type LPWAN network based on the LoRa physical layer and highlight the potential for future optimisation.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quality of Experience (QoE) in Cloud Gaming: A Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Techniques via Facial Emotions in a Virtual Reality Environment.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/s25051594

Awais Khan Jumani, Jinglun Shi, Asif Ali Laghari, Muhammad Ahmad Amin, Aftab Ul Nabi, Kamlesh Narwani, Yi Zhang

{"title":"Quality of Experience (QoE) in Cloud Gaming: A Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Techniques via Facial Emotions in a Virtual Reality Environment.","authors":"Awais Khan Jumani, Jinglun Shi, Asif Ali Laghari, Muhammad Ahmad Amin, Aftab Ul Nabi, Kamlesh Narwani, Yi Zhang","doi":"10.3390/s25051594","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051594","url":null,"abstract":"Cloud gaming has rapidly transformed the gaming industry, allowing users to play games on demand from anywhere without the need for powerful hardware. Cloud service providers are striving to enhance user Quality of Experience (QoE) using traditional assessment methods. However, these traditional methods often fail to capture the actual user QoE because some users are not serious about providing feedback regarding cloud services. Additionally, some players, even after receiving services as per the Service Level Agreement (SLA), claim that they are not receiving services as promised. This poses a significant challenge for cloud service providers in accurately identifying QoE and improving actual services. In this paper, we have compared our previous proposed novel technique that utilizes a deep learning (DL) model to assess QoE through players' facial expressions during cloud gaming sessions in a virtual reality (VR) environment. The EmotionNET model technique is based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. Later, we have compared the EmotionNET technique with three other DL techniques, namely ConvoNEXT, EfficientNET, and Vision Transformer (ViT). We trained the EmotionNET, ConvoNEXT, EfficientNET, and ViT model techniques on our custom-developed dataset, achieving 98.9% training accuracy and 87.8% validation accuracy with the EmotionNET model technique. Based on the training and comparison results, it is evident that the EmotionNET model technique predicts and performs better than the other model techniques. At the end, we have compared the EmotionNET results on two network (WiFi and mobile data) datasets. Our findings indicate that facial expressions are strongly correlated with QoE.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Label-Free Extended Gate Field-Effect Transistor for Sensing Microcystin-LR in Freshwater Samples.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/s25051587

Sondavid Nandanwar, Songyi Lee, Myeongkee Park, Hak Jun Kim

{"title":"Label-Free Extended Gate Field-Effect Transistor for Sensing Microcystin-LR in Freshwater Samples.","authors":"Sondavid Nandanwar, Songyi Lee, Myeongkee Park, Hak Jun Kim","doi":"10.3390/s25051587","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051587","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we developed a label-free biosensor based on aptamer-modified multi-walled carbon nanotube extended gate field-effect transistor (MWCNT-EG-FET) for easy and selective detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a prominent cyanotoxin associated with liver damage, bleeding, and necrosis. EG-FET had two parts: a MOSFET and an extended-gate Au/SiO2 electrode, which serves as the sensitive membrane. A custom-designed DNA oligonucleotide (5-NH2-C6-AN6) was used as MC-LR-targeting aptamer (MCTA). MWCNTs were functionalized with MCTA and then stably fixed on the sensitive membrane. The detection of MC-LR in freshwater was effectively achieved within 5 min by assessing the variations in electrical resistance that occur due to the selective interactions between MC-LR and MCTA. The detection limit and analytical sensitivity of the biosensor for MC-LR were found to be 0.134 ng/mL and 0.024 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitive membrane could be readily discarded if damaged, eliminating the need to replace the main transducer MOSFET. The developed sensor exhibits features such as straightforward preparation, swift response, potential for miniaturization, and ease of use, making it an attractive candidate for future integrated lab-on-chip systems for MC-LR detection in freshwater environments.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fixed-Time Global Sliding Mode Control for Parallel Robot Mobile Platform with Prescribed Performance.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/s25051584

Aojie Wang, Guoqin Gao, Xue Li

{"title":"Fixed-Time Global Sliding Mode Control for Parallel Robot Mobile Platform with Prescribed Performance.","authors":"Aojie Wang, Guoqin Gao, Xue Li","doi":"10.3390/s25051584","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051584","url":null,"abstract":"A fixed-time global sliding mode control with prescribed performance is proposed for the varying center of mass parallel robot mobile platform with model uncertainties and external disturbances to improve the global robustness and convergence performance of the model, and reduce overshoots. Firstly, kinematic and dynamic models of the parallel robot mobile platform with a varying center of mass are established. A reference velocity controller for the mobile platform system's outer loop is designed using the back-stepping method, which provides the expected reference velocity for the inner loop controller. Secondly, to improve the global robustness and convergence performance of the system, a fixed-time global sliding mode control algorithm in the inner loop of the system is designed to eliminate the reaching phase of sliding mode control and ensure that the system converges quickly within a fixed time. Meanwhile, by designing a performance function to constrain the system errors within the performance boundary further, the fixed-time global sliding mode control with prescribed performance is implemented to reduce overshoots of the system. Then, the Lyapunov stability of the proposed method is proved theoretically. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method are verified by simulation experiments.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

BGLE-YOLO: A Lightweight Model for Underwater Bio-Detection.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/s25051595

Hua Zhao, Chao Xu, Jiaxing Chen, Zhexian Zhang, Xiang Wang

{"title":"BGLE-YOLO: A Lightweight Model for Underwater Bio-Detection.","authors":"Hua Zhao, Chao Xu, Jiaxing Chen, Zhexian Zhang, Xiang Wang","doi":"10.3390/s25051595","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051595","url":null,"abstract":"Due to low contrast, chromatic aberration, and generally small objects in underwater environments, a new underwater fish detection model, BGLE-YOLO, is proposed to investigate automated methods dedicated to accurately detecting underwater objects in images. The model has small parameters and low computational effort and is suitable for edge devices. First, an efficient multi-scale convolutional EMC module is introduced to enhance the backbone network and capture the dynamic changes in targets in the underwater environment. Secondly, a global and local feature fusion module for small targets (BIG) is integrated into the neck network to preserve more feature information, reduce error information in higher-level features, and increase the model's effectiveness in detecting small targets. Finally, to prevent the detection accuracy impact due to excessive lightweighting, the lightweight shared head (LSH) is constructed. The reparameterization technique further improves detection accuracy without additional parameters and computational cost. Experimental results of BGLE-YOLO on the underwater datasets DUO (Detection Underwater Objects) and RUOD (Real-World Underwater Object Detection) show that the model achieves the same accuracy as the benchmark model with an ultra-low computational cost of 6.2 GFLOPs and an ultra-low model parameter of 1.6 MB.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimization of Control Point Layout for Orthophoto Generation of Indoor Murals.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/s25051588

Dingfei Yan, Yongming Yang

{"title":"Optimization of Control Point Layout for Orthophoto Generation of Indoor Murals.","authors":"Dingfei Yan, Yongming Yang","doi":"10.3390/s25051588","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051588","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the preservation of indoor murals, which can be supported by combining RTK and total station technology to explore the optimization of image geometric accuracy based on a control points layout. The study involves placing varying numbers of control points on the mural surface and processing the collected data using a spatial coordinate transformation model to assess the impact of different layouts on image accuracy. Some control points are used to ensure the spatial positioning accuracy of the images, while others serve as check points to validate the geometric precision of the images. After data processing, high-precision digital orthophotos are generated using Agisoft PhotoScan2.0.1 software, with accuracy verified by the check points. The experimental results show that as the number of control points increases, image accuracy improves gradually. When the number of control points reaches 24, the geometric accuracy of the images stabilizes, and further increases in the number of control points have a limited effect on improving accuracy. Therefore, the study proposes an optimal layout scheme: 24 control points for every 16 square meters. This scheme not only meets millimeter-level precision requirements but also effectively optimizes resource allocation and reduces time costs. The research provides reliable data support for the high-precision preservation and restoration of murals and offers important references for similar cultural heritage preservation projects.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Sensor Employing an Array of Silicon Photomultipliers for Detection of keV Ions in Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.3390/s25051585

Antonio Mariscal-Castilla, Markus Piller, Jerome Alozy, Rafael Ballabriga, Michael Campbell, Oscar de la Torre, David Gascón, Sergio Gómez, David Heathcote, Joan Mauricio, Dennis Milesevic, Andreu Sanuy, Claire Vallance, Daniel Guberman

{"title":"A Sensor Employing an Array of Silicon Photomultipliers for Detection of keV Ions in Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.","authors":"Antonio Mariscal-Castilla, Markus Piller, Jerome Alozy, Rafael Ballabriga, Michael Campbell, Oscar de la Torre, David Gascón, Sergio Gómez, David Heathcote, Joan Mauricio, Dennis Milesevic, Andreu Sanuy, Claire Vallance, Daniel Guberman","doi":"10.3390/s25051585","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25051585","url":null,"abstract":"Pixellated scintillation detectors have the potential to overcome several limitations of conventional microchannel-plate-based detectors employed in time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToF-MS), such as extending detector lifetime, reducing vacuum requirements, or increasing the ion throughput. We have developed a prototype comprising a fast organic scintillator (Exalite 404) coupled to an array of 16 silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), with read-out electronics based on the FastIC application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Each SiPM signal processed by FastIC is fed into its own time-to-digital converter (TDC). The dead time of a single channel can be as short as ∼20 ns. As a result, our system have the potential to process ion rates above 109 cm-2 s-1. We have evaluated the performance of our prototype using a velocity-map imaging ToF-MS instrument, recording the time-of-flight mass spectra of C3H6 and CF3I samples. We achieved time resolutions of (3.3±0.1) and (2.5±0.2) ns FWHM for ions of mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) values of 196 and 18, respectively. This corresponds to a mass resolution of ∼1000 for m/z<200, which we found to be dominated by the spread in ion arrival times.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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