IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185899

Aleksander Sawicki, Khalid Saeed, Wojciech Walendziuk

{"title":"Behavioral Biometrics in VR: Changing Sensor Signal Modalities.","authors":"Aleksander Sawicki, Khalid Saeed, Wojciech Walendziuk","doi":"10.3390/s25185899","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185899","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid evolution of virtual reality systems and the broader metaverse landscape has prompted growing research interest in biometric authentication methods for user verification. These solutions offer an additional layer of access control that surpasses traditional password-based approaches by leveraging unique physiological or behavioral traits. Current literature emphasizes analyzing controller position and orientation data, which presents challenges when using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with non-continuous Euler angles. The novelty of the presented approach is that it addresses this limitation. We propose a modality transformation approach that generates acceleration and angular velocity signals from trajectory and orientation data. Specifically, our work employs algebraic techniques-including quaternion algebra-to model these dynamic signals. Both the original and transformed data were then used to train various CNN architectures, including Vanilla CNNs, attention-enhanced CNNs, and Multi-Input CNNs. The proposed modification yielded significant performance improvements across all datasets. Specifically, F1-score accuracy increased from 0.80 to 0.82 for the Comos subset, from 0.77 to 0.82 for the Quest subset, and notably from 0.83 to 0.92 for the Vive subset.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing Heart Rate Detection in Vehicular Settings Using FMCW Radar and SCR-Guided Signal Processing. 利用FMCW雷达和scr制导信号处理增强车辆环境下心率检测。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185885

Ashwini Kanakapura Sriranga, Qian Lu, Stewart Birrell

{"title":"Enhancing Heart Rate Detection in Vehicular Settings Using FMCW Radar and SCR-Guided Signal Processing.","authors":"Ashwini Kanakapura Sriranga, Qian Lu, Stewart Birrell","doi":"10.3390/s25185885","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185885","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an optimised signal processing framework for contactless physiological monitoring using Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar within automotive environments. This research focuses on enhancing heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) detection from radar signals by integrating radar placement optimisation and advanced phase-based processing techniques. Optimal radar placement was evaluated through Signal-to-Clutter Ratio (SCR) analysis, conducted with multiple human participants in both laboratory and dynamic driving simulator experimental conditions, to determine the optimal in-vehicle location for signal acquisition. An effective processing pipeline was developed, incorporating background subtraction, range bin selection, bandpass filtering, and phase unwrapping. These techniques facilitated the reliable extraction of inter-beat intervals and heartbeat peaks from the phase signal without the need for contact-based sensors. The framework was evaluated using a Walabot FMCW radar module against ground truth HR signals, demonstrating consistent and repeatable results under baseline and mild motion conditions. In subsequent work, this framework was extended with deep learning methods, where radar-derived HR and HRV were benchmarked against research-grade ECG and achieved over 90% accuracy, further reinforcing the robustness and reliability of the approach. Together, these findings confirm that carefully guided radar positioning and robust signal processing can enable accurate and practical in-cabin physiological monitoring, offering a scalable solution for integration in future intelligent vehicle and driver monitoring systems.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrated Communication and Navigation Measurement Signal Design for LEO Satellites with Side-Tone Modulation. 基于侧音调制的LEO卫星综合通信与导航测量信号设计。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185890

Xue Li, Yujie Feng, Linshan Xue

{"title":"Integrated Communication and Navigation Measurement Signal Design for LEO Satellites with Side-Tone Modulation.","authors":"Xue Li, Yujie Feng, Linshan Xue","doi":"10.3390/s25185890","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185890","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an integrated OFDM signal system combining sidetone signals for communication and measurement, addressing the challenges of system complexity, resource waste, and interference caused by separated communication and measurement functions in traditional LEO satellite systems. The proposed approach effectively combines sidetone signals with OFDM technology, utilizing different short-period coprime pseudorandom codes as pilots to form composite ranging codes, while inserting multi-frequency sidetone signals at specific subcarrier points for precise ranging. A dual-mode channel estimation algorithm is designed to merge the channel estimation results from ranging pilots and sidetone signals, significantly enhancing system performance. Additionally, an adaptive ranging mode switching mechanism based on error thresholds achieves dynamic balance between ranging accuracy and spectral efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system can reduce bit error rate to approximately 10-3 at 6 dB SNR, saving about 3 dB of transmission power compared to conventional pilot methods, while achieving centimeter-level ranging accuracy of approximately 0.02 m, improving precision by 3-4 orders of magnitude over traditional pilot methods. The proposed scheme provides a high-precision, high-efficiency integrated solution for LEO satellite communication systems. The theoretical performance assumes idealized conditions, with practical deployment requiring comprehensive error modeling for hardware imperfections and environmental variations.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Ion Beam Balancing on Frequency Split for Fourth Harmonic Mass Defect of Hemispherical Resonator. 离子束平衡对半球形谐振腔四次谐波质量缺陷频率分裂的影响。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185888

Boran Li, Changhong Wang, Zhen Fang

{"title":"Effect of Ion Beam Balancing on Frequency Split for Fourth Harmonic Mass Defect of Hemispherical Resonator.","authors":"Boran Li, Changhong Wang, Zhen Fang","doi":"10.3390/s25185888","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185888","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the energy equation of the hemispherical resonator, this study analyzes the influence of ion beam balancing on the frequency split of the hemispherical resonator. Firstly, the formula for mass defects and the resonant frequency of the resonator is obtained through the energy equation. All mass defects of the resonator are equivalent to fourth harmonic wall thickness defects. The quantitative relationship between harmonic wall thickness defects and the resonant frequency and the geometric relationship between the heavy axis of the resonator and the distribution of mass defects are determined. Secondly, the balancing function is introduced into the resonant frequency equation of the hemispherical resonator, and a mathematical model is established for the resonant frequency, defect wall thickness, and balancing depth of the hemispherical resonator. By introducing relevant errors, the impact of balancing errors on the frequency characteristics of the hemispherical resonator is calculated. Finally, an ion beam balancing experiment is designed to verify the effectiveness of the theory. The results show that the frequency split can be better than 0.001 Hz after balancing, effectively improving the hemispherical resonator's performance.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473259/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multimodal Large Language Model-Enabled Machine Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Method with Non-Contact Dynamic Vision Data. 基于非接触动态视觉数据的多模态大语言模型机器智能故障诊断方法。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185898

Zihan Lu, Cuiying Sun, Xiang Li

{"title":"Multimodal Large Language Model-Enabled Machine Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Method with Non-Contact Dynamic Vision Data.","authors":"Zihan Lu, Cuiying Sun, Xiang Li","doi":"10.3390/s25185898","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185898","url":null,"abstract":"Smart manufacturing demands ever-increasing equipment reliability and continuous availability. Traditional fault diagnosis relies on attached sensors and complex wiring to collect vibration signals. This approach suffers from poor environmental adaptability, difficult maintenance, and cumbersome preprocessing. This study pioneers the use of high-temporal-resolution dynamic visual information captured by an event camera to fine-tune a multimodal large model for the first time. Leveraging non-contact acquisition with an event camera, sparse pulse events are converted into event frames through time surface processing. These frames are then reconstructed into a high-temporal-resolution video using spatiotemporal denoising and region of interest definition. The study introduces the multimodal model Qwen2.5-VL-7B and employs two distinct LoRA fine-tuning strategies for bearing fault classification. Strategy A utilizes OpenCV to extract key video frames for lightweight parameter injection. In contrast, Strategy B calls the model's built-in video processing pipeline to fully leverage rich temporal information and capture dynamic details of the bearing's operation. Classification experiments were conducted under three operating conditions and four rotational speeds. Strategy A and Strategy B achieved classification accuracies of 0.9247 and 0.9540, respectively, successfully establishing a novel fault diagnosis paradigm that progresses from non-contact sensing to end-to-end intelligent analysis.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sex Differences in Cortical Hemodynamic Responses During Interactive and Passive Tasks: An fNIRS Study Using the Nefroball System. 互动和被动任务中皮质血流动力学反应的性别差异：使用Nefroball系统的fNIRS研究。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185897

Karolina Jezierska, Agnieszka Turoń-Skrzypińska, Iwona Rotter, Anna Syroka, Aleksandra Rył

{"title":"Sex Differences in Cortical Hemodynamic Responses During Interactive and Passive Tasks: An fNIRS Study Using the Nefroball System.","authors":"Karolina Jezierska, Agnieszka Turoń-Skrzypińska, Iwona Rotter, Anna Syroka, Aleksandra Rył","doi":"10.3390/s25185897","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185897","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to investigate sex differences in the hemodynamic response of the cerebral cortex during interactive and passive tasks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy fNIRS. Ninety-seven healthy adults (63 women, 34 men) participated in the study. Participants performed two tasks: an interactive motor game and a passive hand movement, and activation was measured in five cortical regions. Statistically significant differences in the amplitude of the hemodynamic response of oxygenated haemoglobin ΔHbO levels were observed, particularly in the parietal cortex, where men showed higher activation levels. The differences remained significant in the parietal, prefrontal, left hemisphere, and visual cortex. The differences were more pronounced in the passive task, which may indicate different processing strategies in women and men. Although no significant group differences were found in the latency time of maximum reaction tmax, men tended to have longer times in the visual cortex. Additionally, a moderate positive correlation between ΔHbO and tmax was observed among men, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. These results highlight the importance of considering biological sex in neuroimaging studies and suggest directions for further analysis.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of Force Scaling on Physician Fatigue in a Bilateral Tele-Ultrasound System. 双侧远程超声系统中力标度对医生疲劳的影响。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185894

Eleonora Storto, Valerio Novelli, Antonio Frisoli, Francesco Porcini

{"title":"Impact of Force Scaling on Physician Fatigue in a Bilateral Tele-Ultrasound System.","authors":"Eleonora Storto, Valerio Novelli, Antonio Frisoli, Francesco Porcini","doi":"10.3390/s25185894","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185894","url":null,"abstract":"Tele-ultrasound systems enable remote diagnostic imaging by transmitting both motion commands and haptic feedback between a sonographer and a robotic probe. While these systems aim to replicate conventional ultrasound procedures, they rarely address the physical strain typically experienced by sonographers. In this study, the effect of applying a force scaling strategy to haptic feedback on reducing muscular fatigue and task-induced stress during a realistic tele-ultrasound task is studied. First, a thorough operational and biomechanical analysis of the abdominal US procedure was performed to reconstruct a representative task in the laboratory. Then, a bilateral position-force tele-ultrasound architecture was implemented, and a total of 11 subjects performed the reconstructed remote ultrasound task under two randomized conditions: with and without force scaling. Surface electromyography (sEMG) signals were acquired from seven upper-limb muscles (posterior deltoid, trapezius, anterior deltoid, biceps, triceps, wrist flexors, and wrist extensors). Teleoperation-related stress was also assessed using a seven-item Likert-scale self-report questionnaire administered after each trial. Statistical significance was tested using Repeated Measures ANOVA for EMG data and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for stress scores. The results showed a statistically significant reduction in muscle activation in 5 out of 7 muscles, and a clear mitigation of fatigue progression over time in the scaled condition. Additionally, perceived stress levels were significantly lower in the presence of force scaling in overall stress scores. These findings support the effectiveness of force scaling as a tool to enhance ergonomics in tele-ultrasound procedures without compromising the operator's ability to perform the task. The proposed methodology proved robust and generalizable, offering valuable insight into the integration of human-centered design in tele-operated diagnostic systems.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diffusion-Based Frequency Hopping for Collision Mitigation in Dense Bluetooth Networks. 密集蓝牙网络中基于扩散的跳频碰撞缓解。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185893

Giwon Yang, Hyungjoon Shin, Hyogon Kim

{"title":"Diffusion-Based Frequency Hopping for Collision Mitigation in Dense Bluetooth Networks.","authors":"Giwon Yang, Hyungjoon Shin, Hyogon Kim","doi":"10.3390/s25185893","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185893","url":null,"abstract":"This paper challenges the conventional wisdom of using uniform random resource selection for collision resolution in distributed scheduling, particularly in wireless protocols. Bluetooth, being one such technology, is analyzed through its frequency hopping mechanism to explore for a better alternative in random access MAC (medium access control). Using diffusion theory, we characterize Bluetooth's original frequency hopping as exhibiting maximum diffusivity, which correlates with unnecessarily high collision rates and a short mean first encounter time (MFET) between nodes. MFET, defined as the expected time until two independent hopping sequences first collide on the same channel, serves as an intuitive metric for evaluating collision likelihood. This insight leads to the proposal of a new collision avoidance mechanism with reduced diffusivity, effectively increasing MFET while maintaining efficient spectrum utilization. Our analysis and simulation results demonstrate that it can significantly lower packet collisions, outperforming existing techniques such as adaptive frequency hopping. The results are further corroborated by a real-life prototype implementation that closely replicates the predicted performance. The proposed diffusion-based MAC, by explicitly targeting longer MFETs, is expected to better handle dense Bluetooth environments, which are becoming increasingly common.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Partial Discharge Activity Inductive Sensors and the Application of Magnetic Materials. 局部放电活度电感传感器及其磁性材料的应用。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/s25185896

Ján Zbojovský, Ardian Hyseni, Jaroslav Petráš

{"title":"Partial Discharge Activity Inductive Sensors and the Application of Magnetic Materials.","authors":"Ján Zbojovský, Ardian Hyseni, Jaroslav Petráš","doi":"10.3390/s25185896","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185896","url":null,"abstract":"The monitoring of partial discharge activity is part of very basic methods used to determine the status of insulation systems in high-voltage electric power devices. These methods use direct galvanic coupled measurement, measurement by inductive offline methods, or other non-electric methods. The inductive method requires sensitive inductive sensors, which detect the partial discharge pulses occurring in high-voltage circuits. The sensitivity of such sensors strongly depends on the design, construction, and materials of the sensor core. Therefore, knowledge of the magnetic material parameters of a sensor is crucial for obtaining optimal values in terms of the sensor's final sensitivity. In this experiment, experimental sensor cores were constructed using different magnetic materials and different sensor construction processes. For the laboratory experiments, two types of magnetic material were selected: a magnetic material based on Fe-Ni (Permalloy) and a magnetic material based on MO.Fe2O3. As a reference level for sensitivity, the minimum acceptable sensitivity was defined as the equivalent measuring sensitivity obtained using the direct galvanic measurement method. The optimal construction type and magnetic material for the sensor core of inductive sensors were determined.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A ST-ConvLSTM Network for 3D Human Keypoint Localization Using MmWave Radar. 基于ST-ConvLSTM网络的毫米波雷达人体关键点三维定位。

IF 3.5 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.3390/s25185857

Siyuan Wei, Huadong Wang, Yi Mo, Dongping Du

{"title":"A ST-ConvLSTM Network for 3D Human Keypoint Localization Using MmWave Radar.","authors":"Siyuan Wei, Huadong Wang, Yi Mo, Dongping Du","doi":"10.3390/s25185857","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185857","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate human keypoint localization in complex environments demands robust sensing and advanced modeling. In this article, we construct a ST-ConvLSTM network for 3D human keypoint estimation via millimeter-wave radar point clouds. The ST-ConvLSTM network processes multi-channel radar image inputs, generated from multi-frame fused point clouds through parallel pathways. These pathways are engineered to extract rich spatiotemporal features from the sequential radar data. The extracted features are then fused and fed into fully connected layers for direct regression of 3D human keypoint coordinates. In order to achieve better network performance, a mmWave radar 3D human keypoint dataset (MRHKD) is built with a hybrid human motion annotation system (HMAS), in which a binocular camera is used to measure the human keypoint coordinates and a 60 GHz 4T4R radar is used to generate radar point clouds. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ST-ConvLSTM, leveraging its unique ability to model temporal dependencies and spatial patterns in radar imagery, achieves MAEs of 0.1075 m, 0.0633 m, and 0.1180 m in the horizontal, vertical, and depth directions. This significant improvement underscores the model's enhanced posture recognition accuracy and keypoint localization capability in challenging conditions.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473235/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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