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Defect Detection in Wood Using Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Technique Based on Golay Code. 基于Golay码的空气耦合超声检测木材缺陷。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/s25103168

Jun Wang, Tianyou Xu, Hongyan Zou

{"title":"Defect Detection in Wood Using Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Technique Based on Golay Code.","authors":"Jun Wang, Tianyou Xu, Hongyan Zou","doi":"10.3390/s25103168","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103168","url":null,"abstract":"Air-coupled ultrasound overcomes the limitations of traditional contact-based ultrasonic methods that rely on liquid couplants. Still, it faces challenges due to the acoustic impedance mismatch between air and wood, causing significant signal scattering and attenuation. This results in weak transmission signals contaminated by clutter and noise, compromising measurement accuracy. This study proposes a coded pulse air-coupled ultrasonic method for detecting defects in wood. The method utilizes Golay code complementary sequences (GCCSs) to generate excitation signals, with its feasibility validated through mathematical analysis and simulations. A-scan imaging was performed to analyze the differences in signal characteristics between defective and non-defective areas, while C-scan imaging facilitated a quantitative assessment of defects. Experimental results demonstrated that GCCS-enhanced signals improved the ultrasonic penetration and axial resolution compared to conventional multi-pulse excitation. The method effectively identified defects such as knots and pits, achieving a coincidence area of 85% and significantly enhancing the detection accuracy.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Towards Anytime Optical Flow Estimation with Event Cameras. 基于事件相机的任意时刻光流估计。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/s25103158

Yaozu Ye, Hao Shi, Kailun Yang, Ze Wang, Xiaoting Yin, Lei Sun, Yaonan Wang, Kaiwei Wang

引用次数: 0

Detecting Partial Discharge in Cable Joints Based on Implanting Optical Fiber Using MZ-Sagnac Interferometry. 基于光纤植入的MZ-Sagnac干涉检测电缆接头局部放电。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/s25103166

Weikai Zhang, Yuxuan Song, Xiaowei Wu, Hong Liu, Haoyuan Tian, Zijie Tang, Shaopeng Xu, Weigen Chen

{"title":"Detecting Partial Discharge in Cable Joints Based on Implanting Optical Fiber Using MZ-Sagnac Interferometry.","authors":"Weikai Zhang, Yuxuan Song, Xiaowei Wu, Hong Liu, Haoyuan Tian, Zijie Tang, Shaopeng Xu, Weigen Chen","doi":"10.3390/s25103166","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103166","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting partial discharges in cable joints is critical for timely defect identification and reliable transmission system operation. To improve the long-term reliability and sensitivity of the sensing system, a novel method for cable joint monitoring based on implanting optical fibers within the joint structure is proposed. The electric field distribution of the optical fiber-implanted cable joint was simulated, followed by electrical performance tests, demonstrating that optical fiber implantation had a negligible effect on the electrical properties of the cable joint. A platform utilizing Mach-Zehnder-Sagnac (MZ-Sagnac) interferometry was developed to evaluate the frequency response of the implanted optical fiber sensor, with calibration performed on a non-standard curved surface. The results show that the average sensitivity of the sensor in the 10 kHz-80 kHz range is 71.6 dB, 2.0 dB higher than that of the piezoelectric transducer, with a maximum signal-to-noise ratio of 65.2 dB. To simulate common fault conditions in the actual operation of cable joints, four types of discharge defects were introduced. Partial discharge tests conducted on an optical fiber-implanted cable joint, supplemented by measurements using a partial discharge detector, demonstrate that the optical fiber sensors can detect a minimum discharge of 16.0 pC.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Non-Uniform Antenna Array for Enhanced Medical Microwave Imaging. 用于增强医学微波成像的非均匀天线阵列。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/s25103174

Younis M Abbosh, Kamel Sultan, Lei Guo, Amin Abbosh

{"title":"Non-Uniform Antenna Array for Enhanced Medical Microwave Imaging.","authors":"Younis M Abbosh, Kamel Sultan, Lei Guo, Amin Abbosh","doi":"10.3390/s25103174","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103174","url":null,"abstract":"A non-uniform antenna array is proposed to enhance the accuracy of medical microwave imaging systems by increasing the amount of useful information captured about the imaged domain without increasing the number of antennas. These systems have so far been using uniform antenna arrays, which lead to highly correlated signals, limiting the amount of imaging information and adversely affecting diagnostic accuracy. In the proposed non-uniform antenna array method, the optimal number and positions of antennas are calculated with the aim of enhancing spatial diversity and reducing information redundancy. The mutual information coefficient is used as a metric to evaluate and minimize redundancy between received signals. A microwave head imaging system is used to verify the proposed approach. The results of the investigated scenarios show that using a non-uniform antenna configuration outperforms a uniform setup in imaging accuracy and clarity, when using the same number of antennas. Moreover, the reconstructed images demonstrate that using an optimized non-uniform antenna array with fewer elements can outperform a uniform array with more elements in terms of localization accuracy and image quality. The proposed approach improves imaging performance and reduces system complexity, cost, and power consumption, making it a practical solution for real-world biomedical imaging applications.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12116185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance Optimization of a High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive System for Formula Electric Vehicle Application. 电动方程式汽车用高速永磁同步电机驱动系统性能优化。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25103156

Mahmoud Ibrahim, Oskar Järg, Raigo Seppago, Anton Rassõlkin

{"title":"Performance Optimization of a High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive System for Formula Electric Vehicle Application.","authors":"Mahmoud Ibrahim, Oskar Järg, Raigo Seppago, Anton Rassõlkin","doi":"10.3390/s25103156","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103156","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of electric vehicle (EV) racing competitions, such as Formula electric vehicle (FEV) competitions, has intensified the quest for high-performance electric propulsion systems. High-speed permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for FEVs necessitate an optimized control strategy that adeptly manages the complex interplay between electromagnetic torque production and minimal power loss, ensuring peak operational efficiency and performance stability across the full speed range. This paper delves into the optimization of high-speed PMSM, pivotal for its application in FEVs. It begins with a thorough overview of the FEV motor's basic principles, followed by the derivation of a detailed mathematical model that lays the groundwork for subsequent analyses. Utilizing MATLAB/Simulink, a simulation model of the motor drive system was constructed. The proposed strategy synergizes the principles of maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) with the flux weakening control technique instead of conventional zero direct axis current (ZDAC), aiming to push the boundaries of motor performance while navigating the inherent limitations of high-speed operation. Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) was deployed to determine the optimal d-q axis current ratio achieving maximum operating torque without overdesign problems. The implementation of the optimized control strategy was rigorously tested on the simulation model, with subsequent validation conducted on a real test bench setup. The outcomes of the proposed technique reveal that the tailored control strategy significantly elevates motor torque performance by almost 22%, marking a pivotal advancement in the domain of high-speed PMSM.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhanced Anomaly Detection in IoT Networks Using Deep Autoencoders with Feature Selection Techniques. 使用深度自编码器和特征选择技术增强物联网网络中的异常检测。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25103150

Hamza Rhachi, Younes Balboul, Anas Bouayad

{"title":"Enhanced Anomaly Detection in IoT Networks Using Deep Autoencoders with Feature Selection Techniques.","authors":"Hamza Rhachi, Younes Balboul, Anas Bouayad","doi":"10.3390/s25103150","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103150","url":null,"abstract":"An enormous number of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications and their networks have significantly impacted people's lives in diverse situations. With the increasing adoption of these applications in various sectors, ensuring reliability and security has become a critical concern. Moreover, the network that interconnected IoT devices uses advanced communications norms and technologies to capture and transmit data. Still, these networks are subject to various types of attacks that will lead to the loss of user data. Concurrently, the field of anomaly detection for the Internet of Things (IoT) is experiencing rapid expansion. This expansion requires a thorough analysis of application trends and existing gaps. Furthermore, it is critical in detecting interesting phenomena such as device damage and unknown events. However, this task is tough due to the unpredictable nature of anomalies and the complexity of the environment. This paper offers a technique that uses an autoencoder neural network to identify anomalous network communications in IoT networks. More specifically, we propose and implement a model that uses DAE (deep autoencoder) to detect and classify the network data, with an ANOVA F-Test for the feature selection. The proposed model is validated using the NSL-KDD dataset. Compared to some IoT-based anomaly detection models, the experimental results reveal that the suggested model is more efficient at enhancing the accuracy of detecting malicious data. The simulation results show that it works better, with an overall accuracy rate of 85% and 92% successively for the binary and multi-class classifications.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12116047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Wireless Sensor Network-Based Combustible Gas Detection System Using PSO-DBO-Optimized BP Neural Network. 基于pso - dbo优化BP神经网络的无线传感器网络可燃气体检测系统。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25103151

Min Zhou, Sen Wang, Jianming Li, Zhe Wei, Lingqiao Shui

{"title":"A Wireless Sensor Network-Based Combustible Gas Detection System Using PSO-DBO-Optimized BP Neural Network.","authors":"Min Zhou, Sen Wang, Jianming Li, Zhe Wei, Lingqiao Shui","doi":"10.3390/s25103151","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103151","url":null,"abstract":"Combustible gas leakage remains a critical safety concern in industrial and indoor environments, necessitating the development of detection systems that are both accurate and practically deployable. This study presents a wireless gas detection system that integrates a gas sensor array, a low-power microcontroller with Zigbee-based communication, and a Back Propagation (BP) neural network optimized via a sequential hybrid strategy. Specifically, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed for global parameter initialization, followed by Dung Beetle Optimization (DBO) for local refinement, jointly enhancing the network's convergence speed and predictive precision. Experimental results confirm that the proposed PSO-DBO-BP model achieves high correlation coefficients (above 0.997) and low mean relative errors (below 0.25%) for all monitored gases, including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, alkanes, and smog. The model exhibits strong robustness in handling nonlinear responses and cross-sensitivity effects across multiple sensors, demonstrating its effectiveness in complex detection scenarios under laboratory conditions within embedded wireless sensor networks.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Verification of High-Temperature Resistance and High Resolution of Inductive Tip Clearance Measurement System. 感应式叶尖间隙测量系统的耐高温高分辨率实验验证。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25103145

Ziyu Zhao, Lingqiang Zhao, Yaguo Lyu, Zhenxia Liu

{"title":"Experimental Verification of High-Temperature Resistance and High Resolution of Inductive Tip Clearance Measurement System.","authors":"Ziyu Zhao, Lingqiang Zhao, Yaguo Lyu, Zhenxia Liu","doi":"10.3390/s25103145","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103145","url":null,"abstract":"An inductive clearance measurement sensor has advantages of good anti-interference, fast response speed, and high sensitivity, and it has obvious technical potential in aeroengine turbine tip clearance measurement. In this paper, a rotor dynamic tip clearance measurement experiment system was designed based on a high-resolution inductive measurement system. The high temperature calibration experiment, performance verification experiment, and dynamic clearance measurement experiment under varying operating conditions were used to verify the high-temperature dynamic measurement performance of the measurement system. The resolution was used as the evaluation parameter of measurement performance. The experimental result shows the system has good resolution and dynamic response at 1000 °C, and the dynamic resolution reaches 10 μm in the 3 mm measuring range. The varying condition experiment results show that the blade deformation caused by the speed change of 1000-3000 r/min and the temperature change of 600-1000 °C can be resolved, and the resolution reaches about 10 μm. The research results verify that the inductance clearance measurement system has the characteristics of high temperature resistance and high resolution, and the technical specifications of clearance detection meet the basic requirements of dynamic clearance measurement of turbine tips, which provides an effective detection method for aeroengine health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12116069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatial-Temporal Heatmap Masked Autoencoder for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition. 基于骨架动作识别的时空热图掩码自编码器。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25103146

Cunling Bian, Yang Yang, Tao Wang, Weigang Lu

{"title":"Spatial-Temporal Heatmap Masked Autoencoder for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition.","authors":"Cunling Bian, Yang Yang, Tao Wang, Weigang Lu","doi":"10.3390/s25103146","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103146","url":null,"abstract":"Skeleton representation learning offers substantial advantages for action recognition by encoding intricate motion details and spatial-temporal dependencies among joints. However, fully supervised approaches necessitate large amounts of annotated data, which are often labor-intensive and costly to acquire. In this work, we propose the Spatial-Temporal Heatmap Masked Autoencoder (STH-MAE), a novel self-supervised framework tailored for skeleton-based action recognition. Unlike coordinate-based methods, STH-MAE adopts heatmap volumes as its primary representation, mitigating noise inherent in pose estimation while capitalizing on advances in Vision Transformers. The framework constructs a spatial-temporal heatmap (STH) by aggregating 2D joint heatmaps across both spatial and temporal axes. This STH is partitioned into non-overlapping patches to facilitate local feature learning, with a masking strategy applied to randomly conceal portions of the input. During pre-training, a Vision Transformer-based autoencoder equipped with a lightweight prediction head reconstructs the masked regions, fostering the extraction of robust and transferable skeletal representations. Comprehensive experiments on the NTU RGB+D 60 and NTU RGB+D 120 benchmarks demonstrate the superiority of STH-MAE, achieving state-of-the-art performance under multiple evaluation protocols.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on Combustion State System Diagnosis Based on Voiceprint Technology. 基于声纹技术的燃烧状态系统诊断研究。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25103152

Jidong Yan, Yuan Wang, Liansuo An, Guoqing Shen

{"title":"Research on Combustion State System Diagnosis Based on Voiceprint Technology.","authors":"Jidong Yan, Yuan Wang, Liansuo An, Guoqing Shen","doi":"10.3390/s25103152","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25103152","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates a multi-scenario combustion state diagnosis system based on acoustic feature extraction techniques. In this study, the voiceprint technology is applied to combustion condition monitoring for the first time, and an integrated approach for monitoring and diagnosis is proposed by combining multiple acoustic features, such as acoustic pattern features, step index P, and frequency-domain monitoring. In this study, a premixed hydrogen combustion test bed was built to simulate common combustion faults, and the corresponding acoustic features were collected and extracted. In this study, step index P and acoustic features are used for parallel diagnostic analysis, and CNN, ANN, and BP models are used to train the four states of flameout, flameback, thermoacoustic oscillation, and stable combustion, and the training diagnostic performance of each model is compared and analyzed using a confusion matrix. It is found that CNN has the strongest classification ability, can accurately distinguish the four states, has the lowest misclassification rate, has very strong generalization ability, and has a diagnostic accuracy of 93.49%. The classification accuracy of ANN is not as good as that of CNN, and there are local fluctuations during the training process. The BP neural network has a slower convergence speed and a high error rate in recognizing the flameback and thermoacoustic oscillations. In summary, the combustion state diagnosis system based on CNN model combined with acoustic features has optimal performance, and the combination of step index P and frequency-domain monitoring in the flameback diagnosis can improve the accuracy of combustion state identification and safety control level, which provides an important theoretical basis and practical reference in the field of combustion state diagnosis and is of profound significance to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the combustion process.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0