Sensors最新文献

{"title":"Using Optical Coherence Tomography in Plant Biology Research: Review and Prospects.","authors":"Ghada Salem Sasi, Adrien Alexis Paul Chauvet","doi":"10.3390/s25082467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visualizing the microscopic structure of plants in vivo, non-invasively, and in real-time is the Holy Grail of botany. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has all the characteristics necessary to achieve this feat. Indeed, OCT provides volumetric images of the internal structure of plants without the need for histological preparation. With its micrometric resolution, OCT is commonly used in medicine, primarily in ophthalmology. But it is seldom used in the field of botany. The aim of the present work is thus to review the latest technical development in the field of OCT and to highlight its current use in botany, in order to promote the technique and further advance research in the field of botany.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030826/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143982629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attofarad-Class Ultra-High-Capacitance Resolution Capacitive Readout Circuits.","authors":"Guoteng Ren, Saifei Yuan, Jingjing Peng, Ruitao Liu, Yuhao Feng, Haonan Liu, Wenshuai Lu, Fei Xing, Ting Sun, Shijie Yu","doi":"10.3390/s25082461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to meet the application requirements for high-precision and low-noise accelerometers in micro-vibration measurement and navigation fields, this paper presents the design and testing of an ultra-high-capacitance resolution capacitive readout circuit with attofarad-level precision. First, a differential charge amplifier circuit is employed for the first stage of capacitance detection. To suppress noise interference in the circuit, a frequency-domain modulation technique is utilized to mitigate low-frequency noise. Subsequently, a differential subtraction circuit is implemented to reduce common-mode noise. Additionally, an improved filtering circuit is designed to suppress noise interference in the final stage. The test results indicate that the designed circuit operates at a carrier frequency of 1 MHz, achieving a capacitance resolution of up to 0.103 aF/Hz1/2 and a noise floor of 25.6 μg/Hz1/2, thereby meeting the requirements for high-precision and low-noise capacitance detection in MEMS accelerometers.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030812/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143980455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of OWL Password-Authenticated Key Exchange Protocol to Enhance IoT Application Protocols.","authors":"Yair Rivera Julio, Angel Pinto Mangones, Juan Torres Tovio, María Clara Gómez-Álvarez, Dixon Salcedo","doi":"10.3390/s25082468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid expansion of the IoT has led to increasing concerns about security, particularly in the early stages of communication where many IoT application-layer protocols, such as CoAP and MQTT, lack native support for secure key exchange. This absence exposes IoT systems to critical vulnerabilities, including dictionary attacks, session hijacking, and MitM threats, especially in resource-constrained environments. To address this challenge, this paper proposes the integration of OWL, a password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) protocol, into existing IoT communication frameworks. OWL introduces a lightweight and secure mechanism for establishing high-entropy session keys from low-entropy credentials, without reliance on complex certificate infrastructures. Its one-round exchange model and resistance to both passive and active attacks make it particularly well-suited for constrained devices and dynamic network topologies. The originality of the proposal lies in embedding OWL directly into protocols like CoAP, enabling secure session establishment as a native feature rather than as an auxiliary security layer. Experimental results and formal analysis indicate that OWL achieves reduced authentication latency and lower computational overhead, while enhancing scalability, resilience, and protocol performance. The proposed solution provides an innovative, practical, and efficient framework for securing IoT communications from the foundational protocol level.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143996655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Defect Detection on Glossy and Curved Surfaces Using Deep Learning and Advanced Imaging Systems.","authors":"Joung-Hwan Yoon, Chibuzo Nwabufo Okwuosa, Nnamdi Chukwunweike Aronwora, Jang-Wook Hur","doi":"10.3390/s25082449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The industrial application of artificial intelligence (AI) has witnessed outstanding adoption due to its robust efficiency in recent times. Image fault detection and classification have also been implemented industrially for product defect detection, as well as for maintaining standards and optimizing processes using AI. However, there are deep concerns regarding the latency in the performance of AI for fault detection in glossy and curved surface products, due to their nature and reflective surfaces, which hinder the adequate capturing of defective areas using traditional cameras. Consequently, this study presents an enhanced method for curvy and glossy surface image data collection using a Basler vision camera with specialized lighting and KEYENCE displacement sensors, which are used to train deep learning models. Our approach employed image data generated from normal and two defect conditions to train eight deep learning algorithms: four custom convolutional neural networks (CNNs), two variations of VGG-16, and two variations of ResNet-50. The objective was to develop a computationally robust and efficient model by deploying global assessment metrics as evaluation criteria. Our results indicate that a variation of ResNet-50, ResNet-50₂₂₄, demonstrated the best overall efficiency, achieving an accuracy of 97.97%, a loss of 0.1030, and an average training step time of 839 milliseconds. However, in terms of computational efficiency, it was outperformed by one of the custom CNN models, CNN₆-240, which achieved an accuracy of 95.08%, a loss of 0.2753, and an average step time of 94 milliseconds, making CNN₆-240 a viable option for computational resource-sensitive environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143992596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Low-Light High-Dynamic-Range Image from Industrial Cameras Using Dynamic Weighting and Pyramid Fusion.","authors":"Meihan Dong, Mengyang Chai, Yinnian Liu, Chengzhong Liu, Shibing Chu","doi":"10.3390/s25082452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to solve the problem of imaging quality of industrial cameras for low-light and large dynamic scenes in many fields, such as smart city and target recognition, this study focuses on overcoming two core challenges: first, the loss of image details due to the significant difference in light distribution in complex scenes, and second, the coexistence of dark and light areas under the constraints of the limited dynamic range of a camera. To this end, we propose a low-light high-dynamic-range image enhancement method based on dynamic weights and pyramid fusion. In order to verify the effectiveness of the method, experimental data covering full-time scenes are acquired based on an image acquisition platform built in the laboratory, and a comprehensive evaluation system combining subjective visual assessment and objective indicators is constructed. The experimental results show that, in a multi-temporal fusion task, this study's method performs well in multiple key indicators such as information entropy (EN), average gradient (AG), edge intensity (EI), and spatial frequency (SF), making it especially suitable for imaging in low-light and high-dynamic-range environments. Specifically in localized low-light high-dynamic-range regions, compared with the best-performing comparison method, the information entropy indexes of this study's method are improved by 4.88% and 6.09%, which fully verifies its advantages in detail restoration. The research results provide a technical solution with all-day adaptive capability for low-cost and lightweight surveillance equipment, such as intelligent transportation systems and remote sensing security systems, which has broad application prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Implementation of Novel Testing System for Intelligent Tire Development: From Bench to Road.","authors":"Ti Wu, Xiaolong Zhang, Dong Wang, Weigong Zhang, Deng Pan, Liang Tao","doi":"10.3390/s25082430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intelligent tire technology significantly enhances vehicle performance and driving safety by integrating sensors and electronics within the tire to facilitate the real-time monitoring of tire-road interactions. However, its testing and validation face challenges due to the absence of integrated bench and road testing frameworks. This paper introduces a novel, comprehensive testing system designed to support the full lifecycle development of intelligent tire technologies across both laboratory and real-world driving scenarios, focusing on accelerometer and strain-based sensing. Featuring a modular, distributed architecture, the system integrates an instrumented wheel equipped with multiple embedded tire sensors and a wheel force transducer (WFT), as well as vehicle motion and driving behavior sensors. A robust data acquisition platform based on NI CompactRIO supports multiple-channel high-precision sensing, with sampling rates of up to 50 kHz. The system ensures that data performance aligns with diverse intelligent tire sensing principles, supports a wide range of test parameters, and meets the distinct needs of each development stage. The testing system was applied and validated in a tire vertical load estimation study, which systematically explored and validated estimation methods using multiple accelerometers and PVDF sensors, compared sensor characteristics and estimation performance under different installation positions and sensor types, and culminated in a product-level assessment in road conditions. The experimental results confirmed the higher accuracy of accelerometers in vertical load estimation, validated the developed estimation algorithms and the intelligent tire product, and demonstrated the functionality and performance of the testing system. This work provides a versatile and reliable platform for advancing intelligent tire technologies, supporting both future research and industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Assessment of a Soft Wearable for sEMG-Based Hand Grip Detection and Control of a Virtual Environment.","authors":"Lohith Chatragadda, Aiden Fletcher, Sam Zhong, Fabian A Vargas, Nishtha Bhagat, Kunal Mankodiya, Matthew J Delmonico, Dhaval Solanki","doi":"10.3390/s25082431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As the number of individuals diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) rises, there is a growing need to enhance both the quantity and quality of approaches used to treat these debilitating conditions. The progression of NDs can cause muscle weakness in the lower or upper limbs. We particularly focus on the area of the upper limb, specifically grip rehabilitation, by developing a system (VRGrip) that can reliably record electromyography (EMG) events of the hand flexor muscles to control an adaptive and engaging game using grip exertion. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using the VRGrip system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We prototyped a three-component wearable system consisting of an e-textile forearm band (E-band), data acquisition module (DAM), and a computer game. This allows participants to play a game by squeezing their dominant hand. A feasibility study was completed with 9 individuals who self-reported an ND (including Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and essential tremor (ET)) and 12 individuals who self-reported to be relatively healthy (RH). Each participant completed 15 min of gameplay (three trials of five minutes), where they would squeeze a resistive ball to trigger in-game actions. The user experience was then evaluated via a User Satisfaction Evaluation Questionnaire (USEQ; scored 0-30, with 30 being best).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of the grip detection reliability during the feasibility study resulted in an F1 score of 0.8343 ± 0.1208 for the healthy participant group and 0.8401 ± 0.1034 for the ND participant group. The USEQ (Avg. score: 4.65 ± 0.51) indicated that participants found the system comfortable, engaging, and enjoyable. Additionally, we potentially identified age-related changes in muscle fatigue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study demonstrate that our VRGrip system could be used for hand grip detection in a virtual environment. In the future, we aim to conduct longitudinal studies to determine if repeated use of the system has merit for grip rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143983145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Vibrotactile Feedback Effects on Posture, Muscle Recruitment, and Cognitive Performance.","authors":"Demir Tuken, Ian Silva, Rachel V Vitali","doi":"10.3390/s25082416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent among medical professionals like dentists, who often maintain prolonged, ergonomically disadvantageous postures. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a wearable sensor-based monitoring and feedback system designed to improve posture and evaluate muscle recruitment. Thirty-five healthy adults participated in a controlled experiment, performing a typing task under various postural conditions with and without haptic feedback. Surface electromyography sensors measured muscle activity in the upper trapezius and infraspinatus muscles, while inertial measurement units tracked spine orientation. The results indicated that haptic feedback significantly influenced muscle activity and posture. Feedback reduced deviations from the desired postures but increased muscle activity in certain conditions. Cognitive performance, measured by typing speed, decreased with feedback, suggesting a trade-off between maintaining posture and the performance of the task. These findings highlight the potential of haptic feedback in ergonomic interventions to mitigate MSDs. Future research should explore the long-term effects and optimize feedback mechanisms to balance posture correction and cognitive demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031471/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Invasive Real-Time Monitoring of Bacterial Activity by Non-Contact Impedance Spectroscopy for Off-the-Shelf Labware.","authors":"Carsten Thirstrup, Ole Stender Nielsen, Mikael Lassen, Thomas Emil Andersen, Hüsnü Aslan","doi":"10.3390/s25082427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monitoring bacterial activity is essential for numerous scientific and industrial applications. However, current benchmark measurements, i.e., optical density (OD), exhibit a limited dynamic range and require transparent or translucent media. Conventional impedance spectroscopy involves direct electrode contact with the bacterial medium or biofilm, potentially perturbing the sample environment and compromising measurement fidelity. Moreover, many real-time methods rely on costly, specialized labware that limits scalability and versatility. Here, we introduce a non-contact impedance spectroscopy (NCIS) technique with customizable electrodes for off-the-shelf labware and show that the data collected from a KCl solution series agree well with the simplest electrolytic conductivity cell model solution, demonstrating the accuracy and simplicity of NCIS. As an example of bacterial activity monitoring, NCIS was performed in glass laboratory bottles and 24-well plates in which <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> cultures were inoculated into Brain Heart Infusion media, maintained at 37 °C. Comparative OD measurements acquired intermittently from the same media exhibited a strong correlation between NCIS and OD data, confirming reliability and reproducibility. The bacterial culture was verified by Raman spectroscopy assisted by machine learning. NCIS eliminates the risks of contamination and sample alteration, minimizing costs and operational complexity and providing a scalable, versatile solution for biological and chemical research.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143982107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Voltage Gain Single-Switch Quadratic Semi-SEPIC Converters for Powering High-Voltage Sensors Suitable for Renewable Energy Systems and Industrial Automation with Low Voltage Stresses.","authors":"Frederick Nana Oppong, Soroush Esmaeili, Ashraf Ali Khan","doi":"10.3390/s25082424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents two new non-isolated DC-DC converters with and without a coupled inductor based on quadratic voltage conversion. Firstly, the coupled inductor-less type is explained in detail. It employs a voltage-boosting cell and a modified SEPIC structure to provide a high voltage boost ability with a lower and practical value for the switching duty cycle. This allows for lower power loss compared to conventional DC-DC converters. Having only one switch in the proposed converter simplifies the control and reduces the required number of control signals. Furthermore, the presented transformer-less structure can help avoid producing huge voltage spikes across the power switch. In traditional quadratic SEPIC converters, the voltage-boosting cell's capacitor experiences relatively high voltage stress due to the voltage multiplication process. In contrast, the proposed converter offers significantly lower voltage stresses. Hence, it becomes possible to utilize a capacitor with a lower voltage rating, leading to cost savings and improved reliability and availability of suitable components. The first topology can be improved for ultrahigh voltage applications by replacing the middle inductor with a coupled transformer. Consequently, a higher voltage range with a lower switching duty cycle can be attained. Theoretical analysis and mathematical derivations are provided, and the comparison section claims the proposed converter's ability to minimize voltage stress across the switch and output diode. Finally, experimental results are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converters at an output power of 260 W.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}