SensorsPub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.3390/s25185817
Emily Gokie, Jon Omaraie, Thejesh N Bandi
{"title":"Long-Term Stability Improvements of the Miniature Atomic Clock Through Enhanced Thermal Environmental Control.","authors":"Emily Gokie, Jon Omaraie, Thejesh N Bandi","doi":"10.3390/s25185817","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advancement of compact atomic clocks has centered on reducing footprint and power consumption. Such developments come at the cost of the clock's stability performance. Various commercial and military applications demand reduced size, weight, and power (SWaP) requirements but desire an enhanced stability performance beyond what is achieved with the lower-profile standards, such as Microchip's chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) or miniature atomic clock (MAC). Furthermore, a high-performing space-rated clock will enhance small satellite missions by providing capability for alternate PNT, one-way radiometric ranging, and eventual lunar PNT purposes. The MAC is a strong candidate as it has modest SWaP parameters. Enhanced performance improvement to the MAC, particularly in the medium to long-term stability over a day and beyond will strengthen its candidacy as an on-board clock in small satellite missions and other ground-based applications. In this work, using external thermal control methods, we demonstrate an improvement of the MAC performance by at least a factor of five, showing a superior stability of σ<sub>y</sub> = 4.2 × 10<sup>-13</sup> compared to the best-performing miniaturized standard on the market for averaging intervals of <i>τ</i> > 10<sup>4</sup> s up to 4 days.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145177944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.3390/s25185816
Madushan Wickramasinghe, Dharmakeerthi Nawarathna
{"title":"Development of 2D Microfluidics Surface with Low-Frequency Electric Fields for Cell Separation Applications.","authors":"Madushan Wickramasinghe, Dharmakeerthi Nawarathna","doi":"10.3390/s25185816","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell separation techniques are widely used in many biomedical and clinical applications for the development of screening, diagnosis and therapeutic tests. Current 3D microfluidics-based cell separation methods have limited applications in part due to low throughput and technical complexity. To address these critical needs, we have developed a 2D microfluidics surface which is the miniaturized version of a 3D microfluids cell separation device. Using low-frequency electric fields (1-10 Vpp and 1 kHz-20 MHz), we have first studied dielectrophoresis, AC electro-osmosis and capillary flow within a sessile drop, and finally utilized the results to develop the 2D cell separation surface. Our study has demonstrated that frequency-dependent dielectrophoretic force and AC electro-osmotic flow can be integrated to minimize the capillary flow and subsequently produce clusters of target cells within the 2D microfluidics surface. To demonstrate the concept, we have isolated the blood cells from a red blood cell-lysed blood sample. Cell isolation results show that significant improvement in throughout up to about 120-fold over 3D microfluidics devices. Additionally, due to the technical simplicity, this device offers great potential for use in a wide range of biomedical and clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.3390/s25185821
Diego Guffanti, Wilson Pavon
{"title":"MultivariateSystem Identification of Differential Drive Robot: Comparison Between State-Space and LSTM-Based Models.","authors":"Diego Guffanti, Wilson Pavon","doi":"10.3390/s25185821","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modeling mobile robots is crucial to odometry estimation, control design, and navigation. Classical state-space models (SSMs) have traditionally been used for system identification, while recent advances in deep learning, such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, capture complex nonlinear dependencies. However, few direct comparisons exist between these paradigms. This paper compares two multivariate modeling approaches for a differential drive robot: a classical SSM and an LSTM-based recurrent neural network. Both models predict the robot's linear (<i>v</i>) and angular (ω) velocities using experimental data from a five-minute navigation sequence. Performance is evaluated in terms of prediction accuracy, odometry estimation, and computational efficiency, with ground-truth odometry obtained via a SLAM-based method in ROS2. Each model was tuned for fair comparison: order selection for the SSM and hyperparameter search for the LSTM. Results show that the best SSM is a second-order model, while the LSTM used seven layers, 30 neurons, and 20-sample sliding windows. The LSTM achieved a FIT of 93.10% for <i>v</i> and 90.95% for ω, with an odometry RMSE of 1.09 m and 0.23 rad, whereas the SSM outperformed it with FIT values of 94.70% and 91.71% and lower RMSE (0.85 m, 0.17 rad). The SSM was also more resource-efficient (0.00257 ms and 1.03 bytes per step) compared to the LSTM (0.0342 ms and 20.49 bytes). The results suggest that SSMs remain a strong option for accurate odometry with low computational demand while encouraging the exploration of hybrid models to improve robustness in complex environments. At the same time, LSTM models demonstrated flexibility through hyperparameter tuning, highlighting their potential for further accuracy improvements with refined configurations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.3390/s25185837
Oliwia Ptaszyk, Tarek Boutefnouchet, Gerard Cummins, Jin Min Kim, Ziyun Ding
{"title":"Wearable Devices for the Quantitative Assessment of Knee Joint Function After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury or Reconstruction: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Oliwia Ptaszyk, Tarek Boutefnouchet, Gerard Cummins, Jin Min Kim, Ziyun Ding","doi":"10.3390/s25185837","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction (ACLR) are associated with biomechanical deficits and reinjury risk. Wearable devices offer promising tools for objective assessment of knee joint function. This scoping review aimed to map the use of wearable devices in quantifying knee outcomes following ACL injury or reconstruction, and to evaluate their clinical readiness and methodological quality. Eligible studies were human, English-language studies in ACL/ACLR populations or healthy cohorts assessing ACL-relevant knee outcomes with wearable devices. MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), APA PsycInfo (Ovid), PubMed, and Scopus were searched up to 27 August 2025. Data on devices, tasks, participants, outcomes, and validation were extracted, and an adapted technology readiness level (TRL) mapping was applied. Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) were used most often for kinematics. Standalone accelerometers quantified pivot-shift features, while force-sensing insoles captured bilateral loading. Electromagnetic trackers and electrogoniometers served as higher-precision comparators but were workflow-limited. Reporting of calibration and criterion validation was inconsistent. TRL bands clustered at 3-6, and none reached clinical integration. We propose task-matched sampling, transparent calibration, criterion validation, pairing with patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and multi-site workflow trials to progress towards routine care.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473230/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of a PEBA-Silicone Composite Magneto-Sensitive Airbag Sensor for Simultaneous Contact Force and Motion Detection.","authors":"Zhirui Zhao, Chun Xia, Xinyu Zeng, Xinyu Hou, Lina Hao, Dexing Shan, Jiqian Xu","doi":"10.3390/s25185823","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Considering that soft airbag sensors made from soft materials are limited to detecting only normal forces, a novel PEBA-silicone composite magneto-sensitive airbag sensor is proposed for simultaneously detecting normal contact force and horizontal motion during human-robot interaction. In terms of structural design, the PEBA-silicone composite airbag is manufactured using fused deposition modeling, 3D printing, and silicone casting, achieving a balance between high airtightness and adjustable stiffness. Beneath the airbag, a magneto-sensitive substrate with several NdFeB magnets is embedded, while a fixed Hall sensor detects spatially varying magnetic fields to determine horizontal displacements without contact. The results of contact-force and motion experiments show that the proposed sensor achieves a force resolution of 20 g, a force range of 0 to 1100 g, a fitting sensitivity of 7.54 N/Pa, an average static stiffness of 4.82 N/mm, and a horizontal motion detection range of 0.125 to 1 cm/s. In addition, the prototype of the sensor is lightweight (with the complete assembly weighing 81.25 g and the sensing part weighing 56.13 g) and low-cost, giving it potential application value in exoskeletons and industrial grippers.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.3390/s25185820
Baiyi Li, Jian Zhao, Tingting Yang
{"title":"UAV-Enabled Maritime IoT D2D Task Offloading: A Potential Game-Accelerated Framework.","authors":"Baiyi Li, Jian Zhao, Tingting Yang","doi":"10.3390/s25185820","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maritime Internet of Things (IoT) with unmanned surface vessels (USVs) faces tight onboard computing and sparse wireless links. Compute-intensive vision and sensing workloads often exceed latency budgets, which undermines timely decisions. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed computation offloading framework for maritime IoT scenarios. By leveraging the limited computational resources of USVs within a device-to-device (D2D)-assisted edge network and the mobility advantages of UAV-assisted edge computing, we design a breadth-first search (BFS)-based distributed computation offloading game. Building upon this, we formulate a global latency minimization problem that jointly optimizes UAV hovering coordinates and arrival times. This problem is solved by decomposing it into subproblems addressed via a joint Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) and Successive Convex Approximation (SCA) approach, effectively reducing the time between UAV arrivals and hovering coordinates. Extensive simulations verify the effectiveness of our framework, demonstrating up to a 49.6% latency reduction compared with traditional offloading schemes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.3390/s25185836
Doaa Yaseen Doohee, Abbas Azarian, Mohammad Reza Mozaffari
{"title":"Temporal Sculpting of Laser Pulses for Functional Engineering of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/AgO Films: From Structural Control to Enhanced Gas Sensing Performance.","authors":"Doaa Yaseen Doohee, Abbas Azarian, Mohammad Reza Mozaffari","doi":"10.3390/s25185836","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines the effects of laser pulse duration on the structural, morphological, optical, and gas-sensing characteristics of Al2O3/AgO thin films deposited on glass substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Pulse durations of 10, 8, and 6 nanoseconds were achieved through optical lens modifications to control both energy density and laser spot size. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses showed a distinct reduction in both crystallite and grain sizes with decreasing pulse width, along with significant improvements in surface morphology refinement and film compactness. Hall effect measurements revealed a transition from n-type to p-type conductivity with decreasing pulse width, demonstrating increased hole concentration and reduced carrier mobility attributed to grain boundary scattering. Furthermore, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics demonstrated improved photoconductivity under illumination, with the most pronounced enhancement observed in samples prepared using longer pulse durations. Gas sensing measurements for NO2 and H2S revealed enhanced sensitivity, improved response/recovery characteristics at 250 °C, with optimal performance achieved in films deposited using shorter pulse durations. This improvement is attributed to their larger surface area and higher density of active adsorption sites. Our results demonstrate a clear relationship between laser pulse parameters and the functional properties of Al2O3/AgO films, providing valuable insights for optimizing deposition processes to develop advanced gas sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fluorescent Probes for Monitoring Toxic Elements from the Nuclear Industry: A Review.","authors":"Clovis Poulin-Ponnelle, Denis Boudreau, Dominic Larivière","doi":"10.3390/s25185835","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With nuclear power playing an increasing role in efforts to reduce carbon emissions, the development of effective and sensitive monitoring tools for (radio)toxic elements in the environment has become essential. This review highlights recent advances in fluorescent probes developed for the detection of key elements associated with the nuclear industry, including uranium, cesium, strontium, technetium, zirconium, and beryllium. Various sensor platforms, ranging from organic ligands and DNAzymes to metal-organic frameworks and quantum dots, offer promising features, such as high sensitivity, selectivity, and suitability for environmental matrices. Several recent designs now achieve detection limits in the nanomolar to picomolar range, revealing new perspectives for environmental and biological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CLCFM3: A 3D Reconstruction Algorithm Based on Photogrammetry for High-Precision Whole Plant Sensing Using All-Around Images.","authors":"Atsushi Hayashi, Nobuo Kochi, Kunihiro Kodama, Sachiko Isobe, Takanari Tanabata","doi":"10.3390/s25185829","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research aims to develop a novel technique to acquire a large amount of high-density, high-precision 3D point cloud data for plant phenotyping using photogrammetry technology. The complexity of plant structures, characterized by overlapping thin parts such as leaves and stems, makes it difficult to reconstruct accurate 3D point clouds. One challenge in this regard is occlusion, where points in the 3D point cloud cannot be obtained due to overlapping parts, preventing accurate point capture. Another is the generation of erroneous points in non-existent locations due to image-matching errors along object outlines. To overcome these challenges, we propose a 3D point cloud reconstruction method named closed-loop coarse-to-fine method with multi-masked matching (CLCFM3). This method repeatedly executes a process that generates point clouds locally to suppress occlusion (multi-matching) and a process that removes noise points using a mask image (masked matching). Furthermore, we propose the closed-loop coarse-to-fine method (CLCFM) to improve the accuracy of structure from motion, which is essential for implementing the proposed point cloud reconstruction method. CLCFM solves loop closure by performing coarse-to-fine camera position estimation. By facilitating the acquisition of high-density, high-precision 3D data on a large number of plant bodies, as is necessary for research activities, this approach is expected to enable comparative analysis of visible phenotypes in the growth process of a wide range of plant species based on 3D information.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SensorsPub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.3390/s25185825
Denis Čaušević, Emir Mustafović, Nedim Čović, Ensar Abazović, Cătălin Vasile Savu, Dragoș Ioan Tohănean, Bogdan Alexandru Antohe, Cristina Ioana Alexe
{"title":"Who Runs the Most? Positional Demands in a 4-3-3 Formation Among Elite Youth Footballers.","authors":"Denis Čaušević, Emir Mustafović, Nedim Čović, Ensar Abazović, Cătălin Vasile Savu, Dragoș Ioan Tohănean, Bogdan Alexandru Antohe, Cristina Ioana Alexe","doi":"10.3390/s25185825","DOIUrl":"10.3390/s25185825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to examine position-specific physical demands among elite U19 football players competing in a 4-3-3 formation, using data collected via STATSports GPS technology. A total of 23 players from a top-tier Bosnian club, FK \"Sarajevo\", were monitored during 26 official matches in the 2024/2025 season. Match data included total distance, distance in six speed zones, high-speed running (HSR), sprint distance, number of sprints, maximum speed, and acceleration/deceleration events. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc analyses revealed significant positional differences across all performance metrics (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Central midfielders (CMs) covered the greatest total distance and distance per minute, while side defenders (SD) and forwards (FWs) recorded the highest values in sprint distance, HSR, and sprint frequency. Central defenders (CDs) consistently demonstrated the lowest outputs in high-speed and sprint metrics. These findings highlight the distinct physical profiles required for each playing position in a 4-3-3 system and provide practical insights for designing position-specific training and load management strategies in elite youth football.</p>","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}