IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25123754

Haiyang Hu, Gang He, Man Huang, Dongdong Han, Hongzhou Zhu, Yongli Zhao

{"title":"Measurement Performance Improvement of Buried Strain Sensors for Asphalt Pavement Using Mesoscale Finite Element Simulation.","authors":"Haiyang Hu, Gang He, Man Huang, Dongdong Han, Hongzhou Zhu, Yongli Zhao","doi":"10.3390/s25123754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123754","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately measuring strain in asphalt pavements using buried strain sensors remains challenging due to the temperature sensitivity and heterogeneity of asphalt mixtures. This study focuses on improving the measurement performance of buried strain sensors in asphalt mixtures through finite element simulations. First, the sensing errors of existing buried strain sensors in asphalt mixtures were analyzed based on laboratory experiments. Subsequently, the factors affecting the deformation compatibility between the sensor and the asphalt mixture were investigated, and the effect of asphalt mixture heterogeneity on the stability of the sensor measurements are discussed. More importantly, a series of optimization strategies for buried strain sensors are proposed. The findings suggest that the equivalent modulus of the buried strain sensor should closely match that of the asphalt mixture, and its encapsulation must avoid inducing any reinforcement effects. Considering the dynamic modulus range of the asphalt mixture, it is recommended to adopt the lower bound, such as 0.25 GPa, as the equivalent modulus of the buried sensor. To eliminate the stiffening effect, the encapsulation may utilize low-modulus flexible materials. The inherent heterogeneity of asphalt mixtures influences the measurement stability of buried strain sensors: a higher overall modulus leads to a more uniform internal strain distribution, whereas a larger nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) results in poorer strain field uniformity. Increasing the gauge length of the buried strain sensor to at least three times the NMAS significantly enhances measurement stability. This study provides valuable guidance for the design of buried strain sensors in asphalt pavement applications.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance Analysis of an IRS-Assisted SWIPT System with Phase Error and Interference. 具有相位误差和干扰的irs辅助SWIPT系统性能分析。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25123756

Xuhua Tian, Jing Guo, Zhili Ren

引用次数: 0

Use of Carbon Nanotubes for the Functionalization of Concrete for Sensing Applications. 利用碳纳米管使混凝土功能化用于传感应用。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25123755

Xiaohui Jia, Anna Lushnikova, Olivier Plé

{"title":"Use of Carbon Nanotubes for the Functionalization of Concrete for Sensing Applications.","authors":"Xiaohui Jia, Anna Lushnikova, Olivier Plé","doi":"10.3390/s25123755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123755","url":null,"abstract":"This study advances the development of self-sensing concrete through functionalization with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for structural health monitoring. Through experimental analyses, it relies on its dual responsiveness to mechanical and thermal stimuli. Three-point bending and thermal tests were systematically conducted on concrete samples with CNT concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.05 wt.% of cement, evaluated at 7- and 28-day curing periods. Mechanical testing demonstrated curing-dependent behavior: At 7 days, mechanical strength and electrical current response exhibited pronounced variability across CNTs loadings, with optimal balance achieved at 0.01% CNTs. At 28 days, the tests show that the mechanical properties are relatively stabilized, reaching the highest value at 0.006 wt.% CNTs and achieving the best electrical sensitivity at 0.01 wt.% CNTs. The thermal experiments revealed faster current modulation in the 7-day samples than in the 28-day counterparts, with intermediate CNT concentrations (e.g., 0.01 wt.%) showing a more sensitive response. The sensitivity was analyzed for both mechanical and thermal changes to further evaluate the feasibility of using CNT-reinforced concrete as a sensor material. Conductivity measurements on fully cured samples indicated that all samples exhibited electrical conductivities in the 10-4 S/m range, suggesting semiconductive behavior, while 0.006 wt.% CNTs yielded the highest conductivity. Higher CNT content did not further improve conductivity, likely due to agglomeration disrupting the network. These findings confirm CNT-modified concrete's dual electromechanical and thermal responsiveness and support its potential as a multifunctional sensing material.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On Data Selection and Regularization for Underdetermined Vibro-Acoustic Source Identification. 欠定振声源识别的数据选择与正则化研究。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25123767

Laixu Jiang, Jingqiao Liu, Xin Jiang, Yuezhao Pang

{"title":"On Data Selection and Regularization for Underdetermined Vibro-Acoustic Source Identification.","authors":"Laixu Jiang, Jingqiao Liu, Xin Jiang, Yuezhao Pang","doi":"10.3390/s25123767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123767","url":null,"abstract":"The number of hologram points in near-field acoustical holography (NAH) for a vibro-acoustic system plays a vital role in conditioning the transfer function between the source and measuring points. The requirement for many overdetermined hologram points for extended sources to obtain high accuracy poses a problem for the practical applications of NAH. Furthermore, overdetermination does not generally ensure enhanced accuracy, stability, and convergence, owing to the problem of rank deficiency. To achieve satisfactory reconstruction accuracy with underdetermined hologram data, the best practice for choosing hologram points and regularization methods is determined by comparing cross-linked sets of data-sorting and regularization methods. Three typical data selection and treatment methods are compared: iterative discarding of the most dependent data, monitoring singular value changes during the data reduction process, and zero padding in the patch holography technique. To test the regularization method for inverse conditioning, which is used together with the data selection method, the Tikhonov method, Bayesian regularization, and the data compression method are compared. The inverse equivalent source method is chosen as the holography method, and a numerical test is conducted with a point-excited thin plate. The simulation results show that selecting hologram points using the effective independence method, combined with regularization via compressed sensing, significantly reduces the reconstruction error and enhances the modal assurance criterion value. The experimental results also support the proposed best practice for inverting underdetermined hologram data by integrating the NAH data selection and regularization techniques.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efficient Real-Time Isotope Identification on SoC FPGA. 基于SoC FPGA的高效实时同位素识别。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25123758

Katherine Guerrero-Morejón, José María Hinojo-Montero, Jorge Jiménez-Sánchez, Cristian Rocha-Jácome, Ramón González-Carvajal, Fernando Muñoz-Chavero

{"title":"Efficient Real-Time Isotope Identification on SoC FPGA.","authors":"Katherine Guerrero-Morejón, José María Hinojo-Montero, Jorge Jiménez-Sánchez, Cristian Rocha-Jácome, Ramón González-Carvajal, Fernando Muñoz-Chavero","doi":"10.3390/s25123758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123758","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient real-time isotope identification is a critical challenge in nuclear spectroscopy, with important applications such as radiation monitoring, nuclear waste management, and medical imaging. This work presents a novel approach for isotope classification using a System-on-Chip FPGA, integrating hardware-accelerated principal component analysis (PCA) for feature extraction and a software-based random forest classifier. The system leverages the FPGA's parallel processing capabilities to implement PCA, reducing the dimensionality of digitized nuclear signals and optimizing computational efficiency. A key feature of the design is its ability to perform real-time classification without storing ADC samples, directly processing nuclear pulse data as it is acquired. The extracted features are classified by a random forest model running on the embedded microprocessor. PCA quantization is applied to minimize power consumption and resource usage without compromising accuracy. The experimental validation was conducted using datasets from high-resolution pulse-shape digitization, including closely matched isotope pairs (12C/13C, 36Ar/40Ar, and 80Kr/84Kr). The results demonstrate that the proposed SoC FPGA system significantly outperforms conventional software-only implementations, reducing latency while maintaining classification accuracy above 98%. This study provides a scalable, precise, and energy-efficient solution for real-time isotope identification.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Linear Pseudo-Measurements Filtering for Tracking a Moving Underwater Target by Observations with Random Delays. 基于随机时延观测跟踪水下运动目标的线性伪测量滤波。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25123757

Alexey Bosov

引用次数: 0

Research on Substation Electrical Proximity Early-Warning Technology Based on the "Electric Field + Distance" Double Criterion. 基于“电场+距离”双准则的变电站电气接近预警技术研究。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25123761

Jing Zhao, Shengfang Li, Qianhao She, Wenyan Gan, Xian Meng, Qian Wang, Yingkai Long, Qing Yang, Jianglin Zhou

{"title":"Research on Substation Electrical Proximity Early-Warning Technology Based on the \"Electric Field + Distance\" Double Criterion.","authors":"Jing Zhao, Shengfang Li, Qianhao She, Wenyan Gan, Xian Meng, Qian Wang, Yingkai Long, Qing Yang, Jianglin Zhou","doi":"10.3390/s25123761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123761","url":null,"abstract":"With the continuous improvement of China's power grid, safety issues in substation operation and maintenance have become increasingly prominent. However, the existing electrical proximity early-warning devices are inadequate for the complex environments of substations, highlighting the urgent need to develop new electrical proximity early-warning technologies. Based on the safety needs of substation operators, this paper proposes an electrical proximity early-warning method that integrates 'electric field + distance'. It combines MEMS electric field test technology with ultrasonic ranging technology and designs a double-criterion electrical proximity early-warning device. Based on the COMSOL 6.0 finite-element electric field simulation and the construction safety specification for substation equipment, a multistage electric-field early-warning threshold has been reasonably formulated. A field test conducted at a 220 kV substation demonstrates that this device can issue alerts for various electrical proximity threat levels of the circuit breaker within 0.1 s, which is faster and more accurate than existing commercial electrical proximity early-warning devices. The double-criterion early-warning system minimizes the risk of missed alarms during multi-distance measurements. Additionally, its flexible warning threshold accommodates the increasingly complex operational requirements of substations.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and Experimental Demonstration of an Integrated Sensing and Communication System for Vital Sign Detection. 生命体征检测集成传感与通信系统的设计与实验演示。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25123766

Chi Zhang, Jinyuan Duan, Shuai Lu, Duojun Zhang, Murat Temiz, Yongwei Zhang, Zhaozong Meng

{"title":"Design and Experimental Demonstration of an Integrated Sensing and Communication System for Vital Sign Detection.","authors":"Chi Zhang, Jinyuan Duan, Shuai Lu, Duojun Zhang, Murat Temiz, Yongwei Zhang, Zhaozong Meng","doi":"10.3390/s25123766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123766","url":null,"abstract":"The identification of vital signs is becoming increasingly important in various applications, including healthcare monitoring, security, smart homes, and locating entrapped persons after disastrous events, most of which are achieved using continuous-wave radars and ultra-wideband systems. Operating frequency and transmission power are important factors to consider when conducting earthquake search and rescue (SAR) operations in urban regions. Poor communication infrastructure can also impede SAR operations. This study proposes a method for vital sign detection using an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system where a unified orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal was adopted, and it is capable of sensing life signs and carrying out communication simultaneously. An ISAC demonstration system based on software-defined radios (SDRs) was initiated to detect respiratory and heartbeat rates while maintaining communication capability in a typical office environment. The specially designed OFDM signals were transmitted, reflected from a human subject, received, and processed to estimate the micro-Doppler effect induced by the breathing and heartbeat of the human in the environment. According to the results, vital signs, including respiration and heartbeat rates, have been accurately detected by post-processing the reflected OFDM signals with a 1 MHz bandwidth, confirmed with conventional contact-based detection approaches. The potential of dual-function capability of OFDM signals for sensing purposes has been verified. The principle and method developed can be applied in wider ISAC systems for search and rescue purposes while maintaining communication links.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Drive-By Bridge Damage Identification Using Successive Variational Modal Decomposition and Vehicle Acceleration Response. 基于连续变分模态分解和车辆加速度响应的行车桥损伤识别。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25123752

Xiaobiao Jiang, Kun Ma, Jiaquan Wu, Zhengchun Li

{"title":"Drive-By Bridge Damage Identification Using Successive Variational Modal Decomposition and Vehicle Acceleration Response.","authors":"Xiaobiao Jiang, Kun Ma, Jiaquan Wu, Zhengchun Li","doi":"10.3390/s25123752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123752","url":null,"abstract":"Using a two-axle test vehicle, a new drive-by-based bridge damage identification method is proposed in this study. The method firstly obtains the vehicle acceleration response of a vehicle passing through an undamaged bridge and a damaged bridge; then, the acceleration response is processed using successive variational modal decomposition (SVMD) to obtain the intrinsic modal function (IMF) corresponding to the driving frequency; finally, the difference of the IMF is used to construct a damage indicator for damage identification of the bridge. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) the constructed damage index can successfully identify single and multiple damages of bridges; (2) even in the case of pavement roughness, the proposed damage index is still able to identify the location of the damage; (3) the constructed damage index is not only applicable to simply supported bridges, but also applicable to the damage identification of continuous bridges; (4) the experiment shows that the proposed damage index can successfully identify the damage location, but the local vibration of the vehicle and the measurement noise interfere with the damage identification effect severely.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electrocatalytical Nitrite Oxidation via Manganese and Copper Oxides on Carbon Screen-Printed Electrode. 锰和铜氧化物在碳网印电极上的电催化亚硝酸盐氧化。

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊

Sensors Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/s25123764

Roberta Farina, Silvia Scalese, Alessandra Alberti, Stefania Maria Serena Privitera, Giuseppe Emanuele Capuano, Domenico Corso, Giuseppe Andrea Screpis, Serena Concetta Rita Reina, Guglielmo Guido Condorelli, Maria Anna Coniglio, Sebania Libertino

{"title":"Electrocatalytical Nitrite Oxidation via Manganese and Copper Oxides on Carbon Screen-Printed Electrode.","authors":"Roberta Farina, Silvia Scalese, Alessandra Alberti, Stefania Maria Serena Privitera, Giuseppe Emanuele Capuano, Domenico Corso, Giuseppe Andrea Screpis, Serena Concetta Rita Reina, Guglielmo Guido Condorelli, Maria Anna Coniglio, Sebania Libertino","doi":"10.3390/s25123764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123764","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrite (NO2-) has long been recognized as a contaminant of concern due to its detrimental effects on both human health and the environment. As a result, there is a continuing need to develop sensitive, real-time, low-cost, and portable systems for the accurate detection of trace levels of NO2- in drinking water. We present a novel, low-cost, and easy-to-fabricate amperometric sensor designed for detecting low concentrations of NO2- in drinking water. The fabrication technique involves the electrodeposition of manganese and copper oxides onto a carbon working electrode. CuO and MnO2 act synergistically as efficient catalysts for the electrooxidation of nitrite to nitrate (NO3-) thanks to their complementary redox properties. The resulting sensor exhibits high catalytic activity toward the electrooxidation of NO2-, with a sensitivity of 10.83 μA/µM, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.071 µM, and a good linear dynamic concentration range (0.2-60 µM). The sensor's performance was evaluated against potential interfering analytes (NO3-, Cl-, NH4+, and NH2Cl), all of which showed negligible interference. Reproducibility (maximum standard deviation 2.91%) and repeatability (usable up to three times) were also evaluated.","PeriodicalId":21698,"journal":{"name":"Sensors","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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