{"title":"Effect of montmorillonite K-10 catalyst on the synthesis of (E)-1-phenyl-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one using the microwave irradiation method","authors":"Suzana, Evieta Rohana, T. Budiati","doi":"10.46542/pe.2024.243.6974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.6974","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A research investigation was conducted to examine how the utilisation of the montmorillonite K-10 catalyst impacts the production of (E)-1-phenyl-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (PMPP) using the microwave irradiation method since the conventional method has not been successful.\u0000Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of employing the montmorillonite K-10 catalyst in the synthesis of PMPP using the microwave irradiation method.\u0000Method: The compound was created using the Claisen-Schmidt condensation technique through a nucleophilic addition reaction. \u0000Results: The result of the synthesis was a yellowish powder. The percentage of synthesis of PMPP using the microwave irradiation method was 4.98%, with a melting point of 53-54oC. The synthesised compounds were identified by UV-Vis, Infrared and H-NMR spectroscopy.\u0000Conclusion: Synthesis of PMPP with montmorillonite K-10 catalyst can be carried out using microwave irradiation. The synthesis using the montmorillonite K-10 catalyst gave a relatively small yield of (E)-1-phenyl-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one compared to a strong base catalyst.","PeriodicalId":19944,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141051986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samirah, Nadea Kalila, A. S. Budiatin, Dinda Monika, Nusantara Ratri, Ani Nurul Fauziyah, T. Aryani, Dewi Wara, Alendronate Bioscrew, Glutaraldehyde Human
{"title":"Mechanical characterisation of polylactic acid-alendronate bioscrew in different concentrations of glutaraldehyde","authors":"Samirah, Nadea Kalila, A. S. Budiatin, Dinda Monika, Nusantara Ratri, Ani Nurul Fauziyah, T. Aryani, Dewi Wara, Alendronate Bioscrew, Glutaraldehyde Human","doi":"10.46542/pe.2024.243.101104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.101104","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bioscrew is a developing innovation as a substitute to avoid re-surgery for screw removal; one of the bioscrew materials is polylactic acid (PLA). Alendronate plays a role in reducing osteoclastic activity, causing a decrease in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, thereby accelerating the process of bone union.\u0000Objective: This study determines adding various glutaraldehyde concentrations to the bioscrew mechanical characteristics.\u0000Method: This study used the PLA bioscrew immersed into bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA)-gelatin (GEL)-alendronate (ALE) solution, then added with 0% (F1), 1% (F2), and 1,5% (F3) glutaraldehyde (GTA) as cross-link agent.\u0000Result: The pore diameter for F1, F2, and F3 were: 38.90±15.34; 29.01±8.94; and 30.58±7.40 μm, respectively. The flexural strength for F1, F2, and F3 were: 1.00±0.22, 1.18±0.13, and 1.11±0.16 MPa, respectively. The pull-out strength for F1, F2, and F3 were: 4.88 ± 0.79; 7.87 ± 0.24; and 7.65±1.02 N, respectively. The degradation rate for F1, F2, and F3 were: 14.40±2.08; 3.81±0.67; and 4.97±0.58 %, respectively. This study has found that glutaraldehyde concentrations significantly affect pull-out strength and degradation rate. The highest mechanical strength and slowest degradation rate for % weight loss was F2.\u0000Conclusion: Adding glutaraldehyde may enhance the mechanical characteristics of the bioscrew.","PeriodicalId":19944,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141055921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of natural polymers-based inhaled microspheres for tuberculosis","authors":"Yotomi Desia Eka Rani, M. Rahmadi, D. Hariyadi","doi":"10.46542/pe.2024.243.123128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.123128","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that mainly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB). Treatment involves a 6-month regimen of four first-line anti-TB drugs: isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), ethambutol (ETH), and pyrazinamide (PZA). However, the effectiveness of this regimen is limited due to the protection of Mtb bacteria in lung lesions. An alternative approach involves delivering the drugs directly to the lungs through inhalation using innovative methods of microspheres, which can greatly enhance treatment efficacy.\u0000Objective: This review focuses on inhaled microspheres that use natural polymers for anti-tubercular drugs. \u0000Method: A comprehensive literature survey was pulled from databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect) from 2012 to 2022.\u0000Result: The characterisation studies, formulation technique, and efficacy using in vitro and in vivo studies of anti-tuberculosis drugs inhaled microspheres.\u0000Conclusion: Microspheres have substantial potential as an inhaled drug delivery system and are likely to have significant clinical contributions in the future.","PeriodicalId":19944,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141044883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prevalence and predictors of polypharmacy in elderly patients discharged from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Swat, Pakistan: A retrospective cross-sectional study","authors":"Shah Faisal, J. Khotib, E. Zairina","doi":"10.46542/pe.2024.243.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The use of polypharmacy in the elderly has been the subject of much consideration in recent years. However, its prevalence and risk factors are yet to be properly investigated in Pakistan.\u0000Objective: The study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of polypharmacy at discharge in Pakistan.\u0000Method: A retrospective cross-sectional study of elderly patients' medical profiles for the year 2021 was performed, and the profiles that met the inclusion criteria were included.\u0000Results: The total sample size was 800, and 51.9% of patients received polypharmacy at discharge. The authors found that the female gender (OR = 0.469) has comparatively less risk of receiving polypharmacy. Furthermore, patients with an increased length of stay and increased medication use in the hospital (OR 1.1295, OR = 17.189, respectively) have a high risk of receiving polypharmacy at discharge. Furthermore, patients diagnosed with peripheral vascular disease (OR = 4.689), cerebrovascular accident (OR = 2.764), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 3.748), asthma (OR = 2.321), and diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.754) had higher risks of receiving polypharmacy.\u0000Conclusion: The study found a high prevalence of polypharmacy at discharge in Pakistan and identified several risk factors that could help to reduce polypharmacy by targeting vulnerable groups.","PeriodicalId":19944,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141044586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rahmadi, Z. Izzah, Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan, S. Suharjono
{"title":"Chronic intake of energy drinks affects changes in kidney function biomarkers in a diabetes mellitus animal model","authors":"M. Rahmadi, Z. Izzah, Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan, S. Suharjono","doi":"10.46542/pe.2024.243.2531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.2531","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Energy drinks are a food supplement consisting of multivitamins, macronutrients, taurine, and caffeine. Their excessive consumption is suspected to be a risk factor for chronic kidney failure.\u0000Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of energy drinks on kidney function in rat models with diabetes mellitus (DM).\u0000Method: Thirty-two experimental male Wistar rats were injected with alloxan 150 mg/kg intraperitoneally to induce DM and then randomly divided into four groups. The positive control group was treated with drinking water. ED1, ED2, and ED3 groups were respectively treated with energy drinks coded EDK, EDH, and EDE, with a dose equivalent to caffeine 25 mg/kg twice a day for 15 days. All energy drinks used are distributed in the Asian region, especially in Southeast Asia. Urinalysis, haematology, and kidney histopathology evaluations were carried out.\u0000Result: Energy drinks affect BUN, serum creatinine, sodium, and potassium. In the histopathological observation of kidney tissue, there was a significant difference in the value of damage between the control group and the ED3 group.\u0000Conclusion: Energy drinks significantly increase the risk of impaired kidney function in diabetes mellitus rat models.","PeriodicalId":19944,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dewi Damayanti, Budi Suprapti, Mareta Rindang Andarsari, Abdulloh Machin, Lukman Nul Hakim
{"title":"ABC-VEN analysis of drug use in outpatients at a neurology department in Indonesia","authors":"Dewi Damayanti, Budi Suprapti, Mareta Rindang Andarsari, Abdulloh Machin, Lukman Nul Hakim","doi":"10.46542/pe.2024.243.6368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.6368","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Drug inventory in hospitals must be maintained appropriately and effectively to promote affordability and sustainable drug availability. \u0000Objective: To analyse the drug use profile in the neurology department with ABC-VEN. \u0000Method: A retrospective observational study was conducted with prescription samples of outpatient drugs in the Neurology Department at Airlangga University Hospital, Indonesia, from January to March 2020. An analysis of ABC-VEN was performed. \u0000Results: From 1,993 prescription samples, the total types of drugs used were 131. The ABC analysis based on the drug use value and investment value found that 16 vs. 6, 16 vs. 10, and 99 vs. 115 types of drugs belonged to the A, B, and C categories, respectively. VEN analysis showed that Group V had 16 types of drugs, Group E had 69 types of drugs, and Group N had 46 types of drugs. ABC-VEN analysis showed that Category I contained 18 types of drugs, Category II contained 68 types of drugs, and Category III contained 45 types of drugs. \u0000Conclusion: There was a discrepancy between the results of the ABC analysis based on the value of drug use, investment value, and the VEN. Using the ABC-VEN analysis helps improve pharmacy management.","PeriodicalId":19944,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141054237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ala'a Saif Alqhtani, Baher Al-Tayar, T. Berniyanti, I. Kriswandini
{"title":"Role of acyl-homoserine lactone quorum-sensing system in oral biofilm formation: A review","authors":"Ala'a Saif Alqhtani, Baher Al-Tayar, T. Berniyanti, I. Kriswandini","doi":"10.46542/pe.2024.243.129134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.129134","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The function of Acyl homoserine Lactone (AHL) as a communication system in oral biofilm formation by oral microorganisms is essential. A complete understanding of the role of AHL in oral microflora leads to new strategies for controlling biofilms and promoting oral health. The relationship between AHL and oral biofilm formation is not fully understood. Closing this knowledge gap leads to a better understanding of how oral AHL influences the microbiota and enables the development of more effective oral healthcare strategies.\u0000Objective: To summarise the connection between AHL and oral biofilm formation, including the mechanisms involved and the impact of Quorum sensing (QS) on oral and dental health.\u0000Methods: The authors performed a comprehensive literature review utilising Google Scholar and PubMed to investigate the association between the AHL and the development of biofilms by oral microflora.\u0000Result: The research included a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge regarding the interplay between AHL signalling and the formation of oral biofilms.\u0000Conclusion: The AHL quorum sensing system plays a fundamental function in developing and organising oral biofilms, which contribute to oral and dental diseases such as gum disease and dental caries.","PeriodicalId":19944,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141025262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Hariyadi, Shafa Azaria, Lintang Arum Cindravani, Annisa Dayu, Syifa Ramadhani, Yotomi Desia, Eka Rani, I. Nengah, Budi Sumartha, Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan, T. Aryani, M. Rahmadi, Yashwant V. Pathak, Chrismawan Ardianto, Alginate Microsphere Quercetin
{"title":"Formulation, physicochemical characterisation, and in vitro evaluation of quercetin-alginate microsphere system","authors":"D. Hariyadi, Shafa Azaria, Lintang Arum Cindravani, Annisa Dayu, Syifa Ramadhani, Yotomi Desia, Eka Rani, I. Nengah, Budi Sumartha, Ahmad Dzulfikri Nurhan, T. Aryani, M. Rahmadi, Yashwant V. Pathak, Chrismawan Ardianto, Alginate Microsphere Quercetin","doi":"10.46542/pe.2024.243.1924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.1924","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Quercetin exhibits various pharmacological properties. Unfortunately, quercetin has problems related to solubility, stability, and bioavailability, so it is necessary to develop an appropriate drug delivery system for quercetin. \u0000Objective: The study aims to develop a quercetin microsphere system and determine the effect of sodium alginate concentration on the physical characteristics and release of quercetin from the microspheres. \u0000Method: Quercetin-alginate microspheres were formed using sodium alginate with concentrations: Formula 1 (F1) 1%; Formula 2 (F2) 1.5%; Formula 3 (F3) 2% combined with 0.5 M CaCl2 using the ionotropic gelation and aerosolisation technique.\u0000Results: The study found that the higher alginate concentration significantly increased microsphere particle size (6.53 – 8.34 µm) and decreased drug loading (11.58% - 6.08%). In addition, too low or high alginate concentrations accelerated the quercetin release. Variations of alginate concentration did not significantly affect the encapsulation efficiency, polydispersity index, and moisture content properties. The kinetic release of the microsphere followed the Higuchi kinetics model with the diffusion-controlled mechanism. \u0000Conclusion: This study successfully developed an alginate microsphere system controlling quercetin release. In addition, variations in sodium alginate concentration affect the particle size, drug loading, and cumulative release of quercetin from the alginate microsphere system.","PeriodicalId":19944,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141052688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Fariez Kurniawan, D. Hariyadi, Dwi Setyawan
{"title":"Optimisation of the extraction process of pectin polymer from red dragon skin (Hylocereus polyrhizus)","authors":"Muhammad Fariez Kurniawan, D. Hariyadi, Dwi Setyawan","doi":"10.46542/pe.2024.243.116122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.116122","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The variation of pectin extracted from red dragon skin (Hylocereus polyrhizus) depends on the type of acid, temperature, and length of extraction time.\u0000Objective: This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of pectin produced from red dragon skin based on using citric, oxalic, and acetic acids at pH 4, extraction temperature of 60°C and 75°C, and duration of 120 minutes.\u0000Method: A total of six conditions for pectin extraction were performed and the obtained product was dried using the freeze-dryer. Furthermore, the optimisation included yield, moisture content (MC), equivalent weight (EW), methoxyl content (MeO), galacturonic acid content (GA), degree of esterification (DE), sugar and organic acid levels (SO), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was performed.\u0000Result: The EW value of red dragon skin and commercial apple pectin were comparable but the MeO value was slightly different from those extracted with 75°C oxalic acid. Compared to commercial apple and orange skin, the GA value of red dragon pectin extracted with 75°C oxalic acid was not different.\u0000Conclusion: FT-IR spectra contained groups -OH, -CH, and C=O and were confirmed to have a GA structure. The best product was obtained by conducting extraction under the condition of 75°C for 120 minutes using oxalic acid.","PeriodicalId":19944,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141031754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An evaluation of the validity and reliability of the tuberculosis patient knowledge questionnaire","authors":"Syaripah Ulandari, Abdul Rahem, Y. Priyandani","doi":"10.46542/pe.2024.243.173177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.173177","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Poor knowledge of tuberculosis (TB) patients on tuberculosis affects adherence. It is necessary to measure patient awareness of the disease and treatment to assess the extent to which patients know about the disease and its treatment. A good questionnaire has been tested for validity and reliability. Currently, some studies need to show the validity process of the TB knowledge questionnaire directly. \u0000Objective: To measure the validity and reliability of the tuberculosis patient knowledge questionnaire.\u0000Method: Accidental sampling was used in the research approach. By comparing the corrected item-total item values, the construct validity and reliability of the final knowledge questionnaire were evaluated. Additionally, an internal consistency test with an alpha coefficient (Cronbach's Alpha) was used to assess the questionnaire’s reliability.\u0000Result: A total of 93 respondents were picked from different Bengkulu healthcare centers. The validity test results indicate the corrected item-total item > 0.30. According to the findings of the reliability test, Cronbach's alpha > 0.60 throughout. \u0000Conclusion: This study proves the validity and reliability of the knowledge questionnaire as a tool for measuring knowledge.","PeriodicalId":19944,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141041999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}