Parasite最新文献

{"title":"Repositioning of moxidectin: a promising approach in cutaneous leishmaniasis therapy.","authors":"Lynn Al Samra, Mohamad El Nahas, Ilham Mneimneh, Sima Tokajian, Georges Nemer, Aia Sinno, Kelven Rahy, Sergio Thoumi, Zahraa Zibara, Ahmad El Khatib, Dalal Sabbagh, Jacques Guillot, Louna Karam, Lazo Ali, Ruqaya Baghdadi, Charbel Al Khoury","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025035","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2025035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis presents a significant challenge to public health due to its diverse clinical manifestations, resistance development, and treatment-related adverse effects. Here, we examined the efficacy of ivermectin, moxidectin (MOX), afoxolaner, and permethrin against all stages of Leishmania tropica and THP-1 cells. We also assessed the potential for resistance acquisition after 15 rounds of artificial selection. To elucidate the mode of action of MOX, we employed RNA sequencing, molecular dynamics simulation, and chloride flux assays. Additionally, we evaluated the therapeutic index of MOX using the Galleria mellonella infection model. MOX demonstrated the highest selectivity index against leishmaniasis (promastigotes: 0.58 μM; amastigotes: 0.96 μM; host cells: 60.29 μM). Moreover, MOX exhibited the lowest resistance acquisition in both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes after 15 rounds of artificial selection, with resistance ratios of 17.23 and 4.59, respectively. Post-exposure to MOX, differential gene expression profiles showed both stage-specific and stage-unspecific enrichment of gene families involved in crucial biological processes. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations revealed a potential neutralizing effect of MOX on the chloride channel of L. tropica. Specifically, MOX binds to the selectivity filter, potentially disrupting the osmotic equilibrium and thereby killing the parasite. The in vivo introduction of MOX significantly inhibited the growth of L. tropica in G. mellonella larvae, resulting in decreased rates of mortality and melanization. These findings indicate that MOX is a promising candidate for the treatment of L. tropica infections, warranting further investigation and potential consideration for clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"32 ","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12232414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of Pentatrichomonas hominis in pig populations in Guangdong and Anhui Provinces, China.","authors":"Pengyun Lu, Yibin Zhu, Haiming Cai, Hanqin Shen, Siyun Fang, Dingai Wang, Zhuanqiang Yan, Shenquan Liao, Nanshan Qi, Minna Lv, Xuhui Lin, Yongle Song, Xiangjie Chen, Jianfei Zhang, Juan Li, Mingfei Sun","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025027","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2025027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pentatrichomonas hominis is a protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract of humans and mammals, causing abdominal pain and diarrhea. However, its presence in pigs and its potential as a pathogen causing diarrhea in piglets have not been well studied. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of P. hominis in pigs and its potential for zoonotic transmission. A total of 406 pig fecal samples were collected from four pig farms located in Guangdong and Anhui Provinces. Fecal DNA extraction was carried out using a commercially available kit. A nested PCR methodology was employed to detect the presence of P. hominis infection. Samples that tested positive were subsequently subjected to sequencing, and the genetic characteristics of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were analyzed. The overall infection rate of P. hominis was 34.98% (142/406), in Guangdong Province 28.47% (80/281), and in Anhui Province 49.60% (62/125). Among different age groups, suckling piglets had the highest infection rate at 40.24% (68/169). Genetic analysis of the P. hominis isolates showed that the PH-1 genotype was predominant and had a high degree of similarity to P. hominis sequences obtained from humans, cats, and pigs, indicating the potential for zoonotic transmission. The high infection rate and genetic diversity highlight the need for effective control measures in pig farming to reduce parasite transmission and zoonotic risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"32 ","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12158214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial distribution of Ixodes ricinus in forest habitats: a comparative study of the northern and southern slopes of Mount Slavnik, Slovenia.","authors":"Jure Jugovic, Alenka Babič, Anka Kuhelj, Vladimir Ivović","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025044","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2025044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While previous studies have examined the elevational limits of Ixodes ricinus in Central Europe, this study is the first to investigate the influence of slope orientation on tick distribution in Slovenia. Our results provide new insights into how two important microclimatic factors, temperature and humidity, vary between the northern and southern slopes, and how these differences affect the abundance of I. ricinus, a factor that has not been studied in this region before. We found that nymph density was highest on the southern slope at intermediate elevations (720 m) and increased with temperature. In contrast, fewer adult ticks were found on the southern slope compared to the northern slope, most of them at 720 m elevations. The significantly higher abundance of adult ticks on the northern slope is probably related to the cooler temperatures, higher relative humidity, denser ground vegetation and greater availability of hosts such as roe deer. Although these results are regionally specific, they contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological factors influencing the distribution of I. ricinus in Central Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"32 ","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144708335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culturable bacteria and fungi in Ixodes, Dermacentor, Amblyomma and Ornithodoros ticks.","authors":"Marjorie Bruley, Célia Pasternicki, Noor Fattar, Julien Amoros, Maxime Duhayon, Karen McCoy, Olivier Duron","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025013","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2025013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ticks are ectoparasites harboring complex microbial communities, typically dominated by nutritional symbionts that produce B vitamins and sometimes including pathogens affecting human and animal health. However, ticks also host a variety of commensal microbes whose diversity remains poorly documented. In this study, we isolated and identified culturable bacteria and fungi associated with various tick species from the genera Ixodes, Dermacentor, Amblyomma, and Ornithodoros, collected from their natural habitats or hosts in France and French Guiana. A total of 111 bacterial and 27 fungal isolates were obtained which were then identified using both molecular and morphological approaches. Substantial fungal diversity was observed in a few ticks, whereas culturable bacteria displayed a broader distribution and diversity across tick species. Interestingly, the diversity of culturable bacteria and fungi revealed a microbiome structure that reflected the ecological niches of the tick host, indicating habitat-specific microbial associations and a potential ecological role in tick biology. The isolation of common gut bacteria of other arthropods, as well as the isolation of a viable entomopathogenic fungus, underscores the potential influence of these microbes on tick biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"32 ","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11936413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathology of fatal Baylisascaris schroederi infection in a wild giant panda.","authors":"Lingling Chang, Danhui Zhang, Yashi Wang, Zun Ren, Yaping Wu, Qiang Zhang, Guanghui Zhao, Guanglin Pan, Xinglong Wang, Xiaomin Zhao, Dewen Tong","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025026","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2025026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Baylisascaris schroederi McIntosh, 1939 (Ascarididae), a nematode specific to giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), is a major health threat, particularly to wild populations. A 20-year-old wild adult female giant panda rescued from a Chinese nature reserve died with a 2-month history of emaciation and weakness. Necropsy was performed. Grossly, the giant panda was very thin with minimal fat stores throughout, and marked serous atrophy of fat around the kidneys. Mesenteric edema was very pronounced in the posterior intestine. The abdominal cavity contained approximately 5 L of orange-yellow, translucent, low-viscosity fluid. There were ca. 1,660 robust ascarids occupying the lumen of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Microscopically, the intestine showed moderate necrotizing and eosinophilic enteritis with adult nematodes, consistent with an ascarid. PCR and sequencing confirmed that the ascarid species was B. schroederi. This case highlights a fatal B. schroederi infection in a wild giant panda, with malnutrition and possible multiple organ failure identified as the primary causes of death.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"32 ","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12158236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and characterization of Cryptosporidium in sika deer from Northern China.","authors":"Yan Tang, Nian-Yu Xue, Yang Gao, Zhen-Qiu Gao, Hong-Di Zhuang, Guang-Rong Bao, Hong-Wei Cao, Jing Liu, Jian-Ming Li, Shuo Liu","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025029","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2025029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryptosporidium spp. are important zoonotic parasites that can cause moderate to severe diarrhea in humans and animals. However, the epidemiological data of Cryptosporidium in sika deer in China need to be updated. In this study, a total of 466 fecal samples were collected from sika deer in Shandong, Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang provinces. Nested PCR was used to amplify the SSU rRNA gene to detect Cryptosporidium spp. The results showed that the overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 14.81%, with no significant differences among regions (p = 0.05). The highest infection rate was found in Heilongjiang Province (23.60%) and the lowest in Jilin Province (10.71%). The infection rate in summer (23.61%) seemed higher than that in autumn (13.20%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.30). Notably, young sika deer showed a significantly higher infection rate (28.21%) compared to adults (10.32%) (p < 0.0001). Sequence analysis identified two Cryptosporidium species/genotypes: Cryptosporidium deer genotype (98.55%) and Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (1.45%). Subtyping revealed that the C. ubiquitum isolate belonged to the zoonotic XIIa subtype. These findings provide new insights into the prevalence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in sika deer and suggest that sika deer may act as a potential reservoir for zoonotic Cryptosporidium transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"32 ","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12158220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioassay tests reveal for the first time pyrethroid resistance in Aedes mosquitoes from Franceville, southeast Gabon, Central Africa.","authors":"Judicaël Obame-Nkoghe, Faël Moudoumi Kondji, El Hadji Diouf, Omar Thiaw, Brad Ghaven Niangui, Arnauld Ondo-Oyono, Yasmine Okomo-Nguema, Neil Michel Longo-Pendy, Franck Mounioko, Boris Makanga, Basile Kamgang, Christophe Paupy, Pierre Kengne, Patricks Voua Otomo, El Hadji Amadou Niang","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025036","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2025036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The spread of resistance to insecticides, such as pyrethroids, in Aedes vectors increases the risk of spread of arboviral diseases. In Gabon, the insecticide resistance profiles of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus species remain poorly known. During a study to monitor the dynamics of Aedes populations in Franceville, in south-east Gabon, the resistance profiles of these two species to pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates were assessed. Susceptibility tests on adults and synergist tests with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were carried out as per the World Health Organization protocol. The results showed that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were susceptible to permethrin, pirimiphos-methyl and bendiocarb. However, both species were resistant to deltamethrin (mortality: 67% for Ae. aegypti; 33% for Ae. albopictus). Exposure to a 5-fold dose of deltamethrin increased mortality to 100% and 91% for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, respectively. Resistance to alpha-cypermethrin was also recorded (mortality: 82% for Ae. aegypti; 64.6% for Ae. albopictus). Pre-exposure to PBO resulted in the restoration of susceptibility to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin for Ae. aegypti, and a significant increase in mortality for Ae. albopictus. These data provide the first evidence of pyrethroid resistance in Aedes in Gabon and could help to establish more effective control measures against arbovirus vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"32 ","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12212768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from the placenta of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and potential transplacental transmission of the parasite.","authors":"Gaohui Mao, Bingyan Guo, Shanshan Xie, Yurong Yang","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2025045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasma gondii infects almost all warm-blooded animals, including marine mammals. Toxoplasmosis has been reported in wild and captive marine mammals in North America; however, no viable T. gondii strains have been isolated from northern fur seals. In this study, reproduction and T. gondii infection status were investigated in 10 northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), from tissues collected from 2012 to 2024 in China. Toxoplasma gondii infections were determined by the modified agglutination test (MAT), PCR, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and isolation of the parasite by bioassay in mice. MAT was performed using placenta or tissue exudates to detect anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies. Four of the 10 seals had anti-T. gondii antibodies; Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected by PCR in placenta tissues of two of these four animals, and T. gondii antibody positive reactions were observed in four seals by IHC. A viable T. gondii strain, TgFurSealCHn1, was isolated from placenta of one seal by bioassay in mice. In all, five seals had signs of T. gondii infection, and three of them had fetal stillbirth. One stillborn fetus had T. gondii nucleic acid detected by PCR, indicating potential vertical transmission of the parasite. Multilocus genetic typing of the TgFurSealCHn1 isolate revealed ToxoDB #5 genotype, which had demonstrated avirulence in Swiss Webster outbred mice, and the ROP18/ROP5 type was 2/2. ToxoDB #5 is the dominant genotype of wild terrestrial and marine mammals in North America. This is the first report of a viable T. gondii strain isolated from northern fur seal placenta.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"32 ","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. infection in foxes (Alopex lagopus) in northern China.","authors":"Yan Tang, Hai-Tao Wang, Xue-Min Li, Zhong-Yuan Li, Qing-Yu Hou, Jing Jiang, Li-Hua Yang, Ya Qin","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025010","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2025010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To examine the prevalence of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. in foxes in China, this study analyzed the prevalence and distribution of genotypes or subtypes. A total of 352 fresh fecal samples were collected from foxes across five provinces in northern China and analyzed using PCR. The overall prevalences of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. were 48.3% and 2.0%, respectively; the highest prevalences were found in Shandong Province, with 87.1% and 5.4%, respectively. The prevalence rates were influenced by several factors; a breeding scale value <1,500 was related to higher prevalences. Multivariate analysis showed that the region and breeding scale were the main risk factors for E. bieneusi. Eleven genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified, all of which are classified within Group 1. This includes five previously characterized genotypes and six novel genotypes. Among these, CHN-F1 was the predominant genotype, accounting for 67.7% of cases. Blastocystis sp. was detected with only one subtype (ST3), which represents the first report of this genotype in foxes. The identification of E. bieneusi in foxes and the first detection of the ST3 subtypes of Blastocystis sp. contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of these microeukaryotes. These findings suggest a potential pathway for the transmission of microeukaryotes from fox farms to human populations, underscoring the importance of monitoring the public health risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"32 ","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11852784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of schistosomiasis on the Global Disease Burden: a systematic analysis based on the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study.","authors":"Zhangzhou Shen, Houqiang Luo","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025005","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2025005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that causes a significant global burden. The aim of this study was to report the latest estimates of the global, regional, and national schistosomiasis disease burden and forecast changes in schistosomiasis-related disease burden. This work was based on the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. We analyzed the schistosomiasis data by sex, age in years, and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) region and country, using Age-Standardized Rates (ASR) for comparisons among different groups. The Estimated Annual Percent Changes (EAPC) analysis was used to evaluate the temporal trend of the disease burden, and the Differential Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Exponential Smoothing (ES) models were used to predict the disease burden from 2022 to 2046. In the GBD 2021 study, it was reported that compared to 1990, the number of deaths has decreased by 74,350, the prevalence number has increased by 1,482,260, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) have decreased by 1,770,436. Additionally, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) has decreased by 0.31 per 100,000 people, with an EAPC of -0.353 (95% CI: -0.361 to -0.344). Similarly, the age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) has decreased by 15.45 per 100,000 people (EAPC: -1.56, 95% CI: -1.78 to -1.34), and the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) has decreased by 559.64 per 100,000 people (EAPC: -0.63, 95% CI: -0.95 to -0.31). The regions and countries with the highest disease burden are mostly concentrated in Africa. Despite a general decline in global schistosomiasis burden indicators, the burden of disease has actually increased in high SDI areas. The ARIMA and ES models forecast results show that female mortality and ASMR will decline in the next 25 years, while male mortality and ASMR will remain stable, and other disease indicators will continue to decline. The global schistosomiasis burden has significantly decreased over the past 30 years, but it remains high in African regions and countries, as well as low-SDI areas. Effective cooperation among countries should be strengthened to improve the disease burden in high-burden areas and countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"32 ","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}