Ocular Immunology and Inflammation最新文献

{"title":"Optic Neuritis Associated with Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: A Systematic Review and Analysis.","authors":"Mahsa Pourmahdi-Boroujeni, Bahareh Abtahi-Naeini, Fereshte Rastegarnasab, Kimia Afshar, Mohammadreza Akhlaghi, Mohsen Pourazizi","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2530144","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2530144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To systematically review and analyze reported cases of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO)-related optic neuritis (ON) without retinal involvement, a potentially sight-threatening complication of varicella-zoster virus (VZV).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A PRISMA-guided search of online databases from inception to January 31, 2025, identified case reports and series describing HZO-related ON without retinal involvement. Study quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. Data on demographics, clinical features, diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes were analyzed using SPSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-two studies (1919-2025) comprising 38 patients were included. The mean patient age was 52.6 years (ranging from 6 to 82), with a near-equal gender distribution. Comorbid conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders were noted in one-third of cases. ON most commonly presented unilaterally and ipsilateral to the dermatome of HZO. The mean interval from HZO onset to ON was approximately 22 days (ranging from 10 days prior to 150 days afterward). Blurred vision and eye pain were the most frequent symptoms. Common signs include visual field defect, congestion, mydriasis, and ophthalmoplegia. Keratitis was the most common observation in slit-lamp examination (62.8% (22 of 35 cases)). Corticosteroid therapy, including high-dose and pulse regimens, was administered in a third-fourth (28 of 38) of patients. In outcome assessment, 52.8% (19 of 36) achieved mild or no impairment, while 36.3% (12 of 36) experienced clinical blindness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HZO-related ON is an uncommon but significant sight-threatening complication in HZO. Timely diagnosis and appropriate antiviral treatment along with corticosteroid therapy may improve the visual prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1732-1747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Diagnostic and Subtype Classification Model Based on RNA N6-Methyladenosine Regulators for Behçet's Uveitis.","authors":"Xin Gu, Yan Qin, Guoqiang Liang","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2495073","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2495073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the role of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) regulators in the diagnosis and subtype classification of Behçet's uveitis, aiming to establish a novel predictive model and explore distinct molecular patterns for personalized therapeutic approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Gene Expression Omnibus GSE209567 dataset comprising 22 Behçet's uveitis patients and 15 controls were analyzed for m⁶A regulator expression. Differentially expressed genes were identified using the \"limma\" R package, followed by random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) model construction to select critical m6A regulators. A nomogram model was developed for prediction, and consensus clustering identified distinct m⁶A and gene-regulating patterns. Immune cell infiltration analysis was conducted using ssGSEA, and m⁶A scores were computed to quantify molecular patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven m⁶A regulators were significantly differentially expressed. The top four candidate m⁶A regulators (FTO, YTHDF2, CBLL1, and METTL14) were identified to predict the risk of Behçet's uveitis. A nomogram was constructed based on the four candidate m⁶A regulators to visualize the association between the expression levels of the candidate with the risk of onset of Behçet's uveitis. Two distinct m⁶A patterns and gene patterns were identified, validated by consensus clustering. High m⁶A scores were associated with more severe disease stages, with differential immune cell infiltration observed between subtypes. Immune-related genes, such as LRRN3 and DAAM2, were identified as key in differentiating m⁶A patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>M⁶A modification plays an important role in the occurrence of uveitis. Distinct m⁶A patterns and gene clusters highlight their potential for early diagnosis and personalized treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1513-1522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swept-Source Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography of a Vascularized Syphilitic Iris Lesion.","authors":"Saitiel Sandoval Gonzalez, Weilin Song, Joseph K Privratsky, Jack Lemon, Edmund Tsui","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2514693","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2514693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the appearance and resolution of a vascularized iris nodule in a case of ocular syphilis with swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (SS AS-OCT) imaging.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case report.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 73-year-old male with a history of ocular syphilis presented with anterior uveitis of the left eye characterized by mutton fat keratic precipitates, anterior chamber cells, hypopyon mixed with hemorrhage, and a vascularized iris nodule. SS AS-OCT similarly showed keratic precipitates, anterior chamber cells, and an iris lesion with anterior hyperreflectivity and shadowing. Systemic workup revealed a new syphilis infection with rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titer of 1:512. After completing a 14-day course of intravenous penicillin and topical steroid treatment, there was resolution of these ocular findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ocular syphilis should be considered on the differential diagnosis for vascularized iris lesions. Our case demonstrates SS-AS-OCT findings in this rare presentation of ocular syphilis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1834-1836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of Osteonecrosis in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Patients with Varying Cumulative Corticosteroid Dosages in the First 3 Months: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.","authors":"Chia-Min Wu, Chi-Hsin Hsu, Meng-Yin Lin, Yu-Hsuan Joni Shao, Chia-Li Chang, Fang-Yuan Chang","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2507709","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2507709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To compare the risk of osteonecrosis (ON) among patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) receiving varying cumulative corticosteroid dosages and to evaluate changes in risk over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed data from 1,512 patients with VKH in Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database from 2000 to 2019. Patients were categorized based on cumulative prednisone-equivalent dosages in the first 3 months of treatment as follows: low dose (<i>n</i> = 544; 0 < dose ≤ 2 g), medium dose (<i>n</i> = 369; 2 < dose ≤ 4 g), high dose (<i>n</i> = 332; > 4 g), and non-users (<i>n</i> = 267; 0 g).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among VKH patients, combined immunotherapy (IMT) was used in 13.1% within 3 months. After adjustments for age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, disease stage and the IMT use within the first 3 months, the cumulative risk of ON became significant in the fourth and fifth years for both the low-dose group (HR = 4.59, <i>p</i> = 0.047) and the high-dose group (HR = 5.02, <i>p</i> = 0.043).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, only 13.1% of VKH patients received combined IMT within the first 3 months, indicating substantial room to increase early IMT utilization. Early use of combination therapy may potentially reduce corticosteroid exposure, lower the risk of ON, and improve visual outcomes. Patients should be informed of the prolonged risk of corticosteroid-induced ON, which can persist for up to four years, to ensure appropriate monitoring and prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1572-1579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Herpesvirus 6-Associated Unilateral Panuveitis Mimicking Endogenous Endophthalmitis in a Case with Ulcerative Colitis: Report of a Case and Literature Review.","authors":"Omer Karti, Ziya Ayhan, Banu Lebe, Ali Osman Saatci","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2516835","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2516835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To present a rare case of panuveitis caused by Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), initially misdiagnosed as endogenous endophthalmitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case report.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 41-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis was admitted to us with pain in the right eye. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the right eye revealed an ecchymotic and edematous upper eyelid with two papular lesions, diffuse conjunctival hyperemia, severe corneal edema, and dense anterior chamber fibrinous exudation. Left anterior segment was normal. Intraocular pressure was 35 mmHg in the right eye and 15 mmHg in the left eye. Right fundus could not be visualized and B scan ocular ultrasound exhibited an attached retina with dense vitreous echogenicity. A skin biopsy was obtained from the affected eyelid, and vitreous samples were collected via single port dry vitrectomy. As endogenous endophthalmitis could not be ruled out, prophylactic intravitreal vancomycin, ceftazidime, and amphotericin B were administered at the end of the procedure. Following comprehensive clinical evaluation, HHV-6 DNA was detected via PCR analysis of the vitreous sample. The patient was treated with systemic acyclovir, leading to the gradual resolution of the anterior segment inflammation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Present case highlights the importance of including HHV-6 infection in the differential diagnosis of ocular inflammation and emphasizes its ocular features.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1859-1864"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral Anterior Segment Hyphema and Ocular Hypotony Following Treatment with Lutetium (177Lu) Vipivotide Tetraxetan (Pluvicto).","authors":"Roger K Henry, Miriam Habiel, Aretha Zhu, Glen Gejerman, Albert S Khouri, Jonathan C Tsui","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2504582","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2504582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We describe a case of severe bilateral anterior segment neovascularization leading to hyphema in a patient treated with Lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case report with multimodal imaging.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 77-year-old patient was referred for evaluation of a two-day history of blurry vision. At presentation, the exam was significant for bilateral hyphema, elevated intraocular pressure, and significant microcystic edema. Gonioscopy revealed neovascularization of the anterior segment. Multimodal imaging revealed intraretinal hemorrhages without neovascular retinopathy, metastases, or carotid occlusive disease. The patient was treated medically, but developed significant hypotony necessitating postponement of therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case demonstrates a potential ocular adverse reaction to Lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1799-1802"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Angioid Streak Retinopathy is a Two-Phase Inflammatory Process Starting with Outer Retinal Inflammation, Followed by Secondary MEWDS.","authors":"Sara Touhami, Sabrina Rigo, Emilien Faudi, Francesc March de Ribot, Bahram Bodaghi, Alain Gaudric","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2505693","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2505693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To present a case of recurrent acute angioid streak retinopathy (AASR) and discuss its potential pathophysiological mechanisms based on multimodal imaging findings.</p><p><strong>Observations: </strong>A 19-year-old woman with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) experienced three distinct episodes of posterior segment inflammation associated with angioid streaks (AS), previously identified as AASR. Each episode started with acute subretinal inflammation due to a disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/Bruch's membrane (BM) complex at an AS site, which appeared as a peri-AS whitening on fundus photography. About one week later, as the peri-AS lesions resolved, multifocal white dots characteristic of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) appeared around the optic disc and at the posterior pole. Multimodal imaging, including blue autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT-angiography, confirmed these findings. While the peri-AS lesions resembled multifocal choroiditis, they differed in their extension along the AS and faster resolution. Each AASR episode resulted in a detectable AS enlargement on fundus autofluorescence. These findings suggested that AASR could involve a two-phase inflammatory process: an initial disruption of the RPE/BM complex at an AS site triggering localized choroiditis/outer retinitis, followed by secondary MEWDS and subsequent AS enlargement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case illustrates a recurring inflammatory pattern in PXE-associated AS, characterized by localized inflammation at AS sites with RPE/BM disruption, and secondary MEWDS. These findings highlight the pathophysiological mechanisms of AASR and its unique imaging features.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1803-1806"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and Imaging Features Aiding the Differentiation of Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigmented Epitheliopathy from Other Placoid Diseases.","authors":"Beatrice Gallo, Ilaria Testi, Gabriela Grimaldi, Angela Rees, William Tucker, Carlos Pavesio, Mark Westcott","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2518259","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2518259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe clinical and multimodal imaging features of patients with Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigmented Epitheliopathy (APMPPE) and identify distinctive characteristics guiding in the differentiation between APMPPE and other placoid conditions (non-APMPPE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective single-center observational study of all patients diagnosed with APMPPE in the Uveitis Service of Moorfields Eye Hospital between 2002 and 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty patients with presumed APMPPE at presentation were included, of whom 37 had a confirmed diagnosis of APMPPE, and 23 received a different diagnosis (non-APMPPE) during the follow-up. Non-APMPPE included ampiginous choroiditis (6 patients), idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (5 patients), tubercular multifocal choroiditis (5 patients), serpiginous choroiditis (1 patient), tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis (3 patients), sarcoidosis (2 patients) and persistent placoid maculopathy (1 patient). Compared to non-APMPPE, APMPPE was more commonly observed in individuals of white ethnicity (<i>p</i> = 0.025), had shorter duration of symptoms (11.3 days, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and was associated with a viral prodrome (<i>p</i> < 0.001). APMPPE course was more commonly non-relapsing compared to non-APMPPE (<i>p</i> = 0.02), although relapses were observed in 18.9% of APMPPE cases. Mean final BCVA was significantly better in the APMPPE group (<i>p</i> = 0.04). Subfoveal choroidal thickness at presentation and final visit was significantly greater in APMPPE compared to non-APMPPE (<i>p</i> < 0.001), both in the eyes affected and fellow eyes that became affected later.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In addition to the established clinical features and multimodal imaging characteristics, ethnicity, duration of symptoms, viral prodrome and subfoveal choroidal thickness can add useful information in guiding physicians in differentiating APMPPE from other mimicking placoid conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1661-1669"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OCT Characterization and Monitoring of <i>Fusarium solani</i> Chorioretinitis Lesions.","authors":"María Aramberri Araiz, Estibaliz Alcalde Del Río, Sofía Uncetabarrenechea Larrucea, Joseba Artaraz Beobide, Alex Fonollosa","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2522954","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2522954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a case of chorioretinitis caused by Fusarium in an immunosuppressed 34-year-old patient in the context of an acute lymphoblastic leukemia and to describe its management based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of the inflammatory lesions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case report.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 34-year-old man developed a bilateral multifocal chorioretinitis caused by Fusarium solani during the induction chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed three months earlier. At the time of ophthalmological diagnosis, the patient already presented a disseminated fungal infection involving skin, nasal mucosa, and lungs. The patient was treated with systemic antifungal agents (intravenous voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin B) and five intravitreal injections of voriconazole (100 µg/0.1 mL). The clinical outcome was favorable, with resolution of the lesions and a final best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 in both eyes. Chorioretinal inflammatory lesions were monitored using OCT, enabling the evaluation and characterization of different stages of lesion evolution.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>OCT may be useful for monitoring the evolution of inflammatory lesions in <i>Fusarium</i> chorioretinitis and may assist in therapeutic decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1877-1881"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144369113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type 2 Uveal Effusion Syndrome with Psoriasis Vulgaris: A Case Report.","authors":"Chen Zhou, Yunfeng Lu, Lingying Ge, Chenglang Xin, Xue Yin","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2525493","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2525493","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the case of uveal effusion syndrome (UES) in a 35-year-old woman with psoriasis vulgaris, emphasizing scleral pathology and systemic inflammatory contributions mediated by proteomic alterations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical history, clinical findings and treatment were reviewed, along with histopathological and proteomic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 35-year-old woman presented with retinal and choroidal detachments in the left eye and scleral thickening (3 mm vs. normal 1 mm). Concurrently, her psoriasis symptoms worsened. Histology revealed collagen disorganization and extracellular matrix remodeling in the sclera, accompanied by elevated inflammatory factors (e.g. MCP-4, RANTES, Fractalkine). Treatment included partial sclerotomy, leading to resolution of detachments and improved visual acuity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Systemic inflammation associated with psoriasis may contribute to UES pathogenesis. Dermatologists should refer psoriasis patients for ophthalmologic examinations, while ophthalmologists should be aware of underlying health conditions when treating UES.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1890-1893"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}