Ocular Immunology and Inflammation最新文献

{"title":"Letter to the Editor: Comment on Upadhyaya et al.'s \"Intravitreal Clindamycin as an Adjuvant Therapy in Congenital Toxoplasma Retinochoroiditis in a Neonate - A Case Report\".","authors":"Pratik Gera, Shreyas Temkar, Amit Kumar Deb, Arun Sahi","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2497485","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2025.2497485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The novel work by Upadhyaya et al. suggests a potential use of intravitreal clindamycin for treating congenital toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. We share our clinical experience of encountering a sudden spike in intraocular pressure (IOP) after administering intravitreal clindamycin (5 mg/0.5 mL) in a neonate. Intravitreal injections are known to cause an increase in IOP immediately, which reduces in a few minutes. However, a smaller vitreous volume in neonates can cause an exponential increase in IOP immediately post-injection, posing a risk of optic nerve damage and compromise in retinal perfusion. We suggest modifying the intravitreal preparation of clindamycin to 0.5 mg/0.025 mL when used in neonates to reduce this risk while maintaining therapeutic efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"896-897"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147628034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive Expansion of Chorioretinal Atrophy in Placoid-Spectrum Disease.","authors":"Timothy M Boyce, Elliott H Sohn, Jonathan F Russell, Ian C Han","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2667775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2667775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Chorioretinal atrophy is a prominent feature of placoid-spectrum disorders including acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), relentless placoid (ampiginous) chorioretinitis (RPC), and serpiginous choroiditis (SC). The rates of atrophy across different placoid disorders and the evolution of atrophy, including with disease quiescence, remain poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective chart review of patients with placoid-spectrum disease was performed, with analysis of multimodal imaging for the presence of chorioretinal atrophy (RPE/outer retinal atrophy) at each visit. If the patient achieved clinical disease quiescence, qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed to assess whether the atrophy expanded with time in the absence of ongoing disease activity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 17 patients (5 APMPPE, 12 RPC/SC) were included in the study. Mean age was 26.4 years for APMPPE and 33.8 years for RPC/SC, with average follow up of 13 months and 65 months, respectively. Chorioretinal atrophy was found in 10 (83.3%) patients with RPC/SC and 1 (20%) patient with APMPPE. Chorioretinal atrophy expanded with time despite disease quiescence, with a mean expansion of 0.09 mm/year.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Chorioretinal atrophy is more often seen in RPC/SC disease than with APMPPE. Atrophic chorioretinal lesions may expand, even when the primary disease is quiescent on immunomodulatory therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147818153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Retinal Necrosis Associated Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Saleha Azeem, Ishmal Fatima Shahid, Awon Muhammad, Eilaf Azeem, Tahzeeb Afzal, Muhammad Imaz Bhatti, Sumara Rashid, Hashem Abu Serhan","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2658757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2658757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the success of surgical management for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) secondary to acute retinal necrosis (ARN).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials, the Cochrane Library, and grey literature (2000-present) were searched for case series, interventional, and cohort studies reporting surgical repair of ARN-related RRD. Interventions included pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckle (SB), and tamponade agents. Outcomes were final anatomical reattachment, visual acuity (VA), complications, and re-detachment. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A single-arm random-effects meta-analysis with subgroup analysis by surgical technique was performed using R.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-three studies including 770 eyes of 680 patients were analyzed. The pooled anatomical success rate was 88% (95% CI: 79-95%), highest with PPV + SB (91%, 95% CI: 45-100%), followed by PPV + silicone oil (83%, 95% CI: 59-99%). The pooled final VA was 1.36 logMAR (95% CI: 1.18-1.54). PPV + SB achieved the best visual outcomes (0.87 logMAR, 95% CI: 0.47-1.27), while PPV + gas tamponade had the poorest (1.75 logMAR, 95% CI: -0.73-4.23); surgical technique significantly affected final VA (<i>p</i> = 0.028). Common complications included proliferative vitreoretinopathy (65%), optic atrophy (53%), retinal re-detachment (25%), and cataract (38%). Poorer preoperative VA was significantly associated with worse postoperative VA (<i>p</i> = 0.026).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Surgical repair of ARN-related RRD yields high anatomical success, but visual recovery remains limited and technique-dependent. Combined PPV + SB provides the most favorable structural and functional outcomes without increased complication risk, supporting its preferential use.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors for Ocular Complications in Pediatric Uveitis: Analysis of 133 Cases from a Retrospective Single-Center Study.","authors":"Serap Karaca, Esma Ecem Ersoy, Ceren Cemre Beyca, Ozlem Türkyılmaz, Ebubekir Durmuş, Fehim Esen","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2661753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2661753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of pediatric non-infectious uveitis and to identify factors associated with ocular complications and the need for biological therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, 133 pediatric patients with non-infectious uveitis were grouped according to the presence of ocular complications and the need for biological therapy. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of ocular complications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study included 133 patients with a median follow-up period of 24 months. Most cases were anterior (71.4%), bilateral (75.9%), and chronic (75.2%). Ocular complications were observed in 53.4% of patients; the most common were posterior syenchiae. In univariate analysis, younger age at onset (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.97), chronic disease course (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.12-5.68), lower baseline BCVA (OR 1.62 per 0.1 logMAR increase, 95% CI 1.34-1.96), and lower BCVA at the latest visit (OR 1.91 per 0.1 logMAR increase, 95% CI 1.44-2.53) were associated with complications. In multivariate analysis, baseline BCVA remained the only independent predictor of ocular complications (OR 1.58 per 0.1 logMAR increase, 95% CI 1.29-1.94). Patients requiring biological therapy were more frequently female, had earlier disease onset, chronic course, more frequent posterior syenchiae, and higher PLT levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Low baseline BCVA was the only independent predictor of ocular complications. Younger age at onset and chronic disease course were associated with complications. More frequent monitoring might be considered in patients with lower baseline BCVA, chronic course, female gender, posterior syenchiae and higher baseline PLT levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Takayasu Retinopathy Findings on Ultra-Wide Field Fundus Fluorescein Angiography.","authors":"Manu Sharma, Uday Pratap Singh Parmar, Basavaraj Tigari, Mohit Dogra, Niladri Bhowmick, Varun Dhir, Manphool Singhal, Aman Sharma, Rajesh Vijayvergia, Sanjay Jain, Ramandeep Singh","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2661047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2661047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the role of ultra-widefield Fundus fluorescein angiography (UWF-FFA) in patients with Takayasu Arteritis (TA) and its superiority over conventional 7-field FFA in detecting Takayasu retinopathy (TR) changes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective observational study, TA patients with Takayasu Retinopathy (TR) who underwent UWF-FFA were enrolled. Standard 7 × 30° ETDRS fields representing conventional imaging were superimposed over the UWF-FFA images. Additional retinal findings captured by UWF-FFA beyond the 7 standard fields were recorded, and their impact on clinical management was noted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-eight eyes of 39 patients (mean age: 31.31 ± 10 years; 87% female) were included. On UWF-FFA, TR was graded as stage 4 in 5(6.4%) eyes; stage 3 in 33(42.3%), stage 2 in 11(14.1%), stage 1 in 7(9%) eyes, and 22(28.2%) eyes showed no retinopathy. By comparison, conventional imaging detected stage 4 in 4(5.1%) eyes, stage 3 in 1(1.3%), stage 2 in 17(21.8%), stage 1 in 33(42.3%), and 23(29.5%) eyes were normal. UWF-FFA resulted in an increase in detected retinopathy stage in 41 eyes (52.6%, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Notably, UWF-FFA revealed peripheral capillary non-perfusion (CNP) in 28 (35.9%) eyes and neovascularization in 1(1.3%) eye, findings that were missed on conventional fields. These additional findings guided laser photocoagulation treatment in those 28 eyes(35.9%), interventions that would have been missed without UWF imaging.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>UWF-FFA provided significant additional diagnostic information in over one-half of eyes, enabling detection of advanced retinopathy and guiding timely treatment in 36% of eyes. UWF-FFA should be considered for all patients with TA to improve the detection and management of Takayasu retinopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Mediators in Birdshot Chorioretinopathy: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Angel Gao, Kirill Zaslavsky, Yusuf Ahmed, Silas Radies, David Wong, Brian G Ballios, Thomas Wright, Panos Christakis, Alexander J Kaplan, Nupura Bakshi, Vinod Chandran, Larissa Derzko-Dzulynsky","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2655441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2655441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) is a rare, chronic, bilateral posterior uveitis uniquely associated with HLA-A29. Despite this genetic linkage, the immune mechanisms driving BSCR remain poorly defined. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize evidence on immune mediators in BSCR and their potential as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Canada a systematic search of OVID MEDLINE, PubMed and Embase databases was performed on August 1, 2024 following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies investigated cytokines, chemokines, and immune cell populations in BSCR. Non-English studies, animal models, and reviews were excluded. Data extraction and risk-of-bias assessments were independently completed by two reviewers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 130 screened studies, 14 met inclusion criteria. Samples from peripheral blood, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and RNA sequencing. Th17-associated signaling was implicated, with elevated intraocular IL-17 and systemic IL-21, IL-23, TGF-β that responded to treatment. Elevated intraocular IL-6, TNF, IP-10, MCP-1, and soluble adhesion molecules supported localized inflammation. Cellular studies showed consistent elevation of Th17 cells in the blood and CD8+ T-cells in the vitreous. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed treatment-responsive expansion of pro-inflammatory natural killer (NK) cells. B-cells and T-regulatory cells showed minimal or inconsistent alterations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>BSCR pathogenesis involves a Th17-mediated inflammatory response, with CD8+ and NK cell involvement. While anti-TNF agents remain an established treatment for refractory BSCR, the clinical failure of IL-17A inhibitors suggests that broader inhibition, such as dual IL-17A/F blockade, may be needed. Future studies integrating single-cell techniques and tissue-specific insights are needed to understand disease mechanism and guide treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adalimumab Therapy as a Rescue Treatment Option in Refractory Acute Sympathetic Ophthalmia: Case Series and Review of Literature.","authors":"Shishir Narain, Priyanka Gupta, Richa Pyare, Daraius Shroff, Prasan Deep Rath","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2652502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2652502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the efficacy of adalimumab (ADA) in controlling inflammation and salvaging vision in a series of patients with sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) refractory to conventional maximal medical therapy with systemic steroids and immunomodulatory treatment (IMT) or with contraindications to steroid therapy, with a focus on its novel application in acute refractory cases of SO.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective chart review of three patients with acute SO and exudative retinal detachment (ExRD), refractory to corticosteroids and IMT or with contraindication to steroids, termed refractory SO. All patients received ADA 40 mg subcutaneously every 2 weeks under rheumatologist supervision. Clinical response was closely monitored using multimodal imaging.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All three patients had acute active SO with ExRD. Two patients had persistent inflammation despite intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) or high dose oral steroids; the third could not be given systemic steroids due to uncontrolled diabetes. Following ADA initiation, all showed rapid resolution of inflammation and subretinal fluid (SRF) with reduction in the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). This allowed successful tapering of systemic steroids while maintaining inflammatory control at final follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We report a case series of three patients with SO refractory to pulse steroids and IMT, which showed rapid anatomical and functional improvement with ADA. ADA is highly efficacious in acute refractory SO, resulting in prompt resolution of active inflammation and maintenance of remission. This case series adds to the limited existing evidence on the role of TNF-α inhibitors in managing this rare but sight-threatening condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147729381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroretinitis: Etiologies, Treatment Approaches, and Visual Outcomes from a Tertiary Referral Center.","authors":"Furkan Çam, Aydan Altintas, Hande Celiker","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2654781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2654781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the clinical characteristics, etiologies, treatment strategies, and visual outcomes in patients diagnosed with neuroretinitis at a tertiary referral center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective case series included 21 patients (25 eyes) diagnosed with neuroretinitis between January 2014 and February 2025. All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examination, multimodal imaging, and extensive laboratory investigations. Treatment regimens were individualized based on suspected or confirmed etiologies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of patients was 31.9 ± 15.5 years. Bartonella henselae infection was the most frequent etiology (42.9%), followed by Toxoplasma gondii infection (14.3%) and Behçet's disease (BD)-associated neuroretinitis. Despite a thorough evaluation, 33.3% of cases were classified as idiopathic. Empirical antibiotic therapy was initiated in most patients (85.7%) pending serological results. All patients received systemic corticosteroids, and selected cases required immunosuppressive therapy, including azathioprine or biologic agents. The mean baseline best-corrected visual acuity was 0.84 ± 0.67 logMAR, improving significantly to 0.08 ± 0.17 logMAR at final follow-up (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Visual recovery was favorable in nearly all eyes, with a final BCVA >0.3 logMAR in only two cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case series highlights the etiologic spectrum encountered in a tertiary referral center and underscores the importance of careful exposure history and targeted serologic testing in facilitating etiologic differentiation. Neuroretinitis may also represent an ocular manifestation of systemic inflammatory diseases such as BD, while empirical treatment may be considered when infectious causes cannot be confidently excluded at presentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147729418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy with Granulomatous Uveitis Unmasking Crohn's Disease.","authors":"Jules Fricker, Maxime Nhari, Lucas Sejournet, Pascal Sève, Laurent Kodjikian, Thibaud Mathis","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2658755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2658755","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a rare case of Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE) revealing Crohn's disease in an adolescent, and to discuss potential immunopathological links between these two inflammatory conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case-Report.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 16-year-old boy presented with a rapidly progressive bilateral central vision blurring. Examination revealed bilateral granulomatous hypertensive anterior uveitis, mild vitritis, and multifocal placoid lesions involving posterior poles. Multimodal imaging demonstrated active choriocapillaritis mimicking atypical APMPPE, with non-occlusive retinal vasculitis. Systemic evaluation, prompted by recent weight loss and digestive symptoms, led to a diagnosis of histologically confirmed Crohn's disease. Systemic corticosteroid therapy followed by anti-TNFα therapy (adalimumab) resulted in full remission, with no recurrence of inflammation or development of choroidal neovascularization after one year.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the exact pathophysiology of APMPPE remains uncertain, increasing evidence suggests an immune-mediated vasculitic mechanism rather than primary ischemia alone. This case is noteworthy as APMPPE revealed previously undiagnosed Crohn's disease. It highlights the need for systemic evaluation in atypical presentations, especially when granulomatous anterior involvement is present. Modern multimodal imaging, including OCT, provided precise characterization of the lesions and contributed to the comprehensive evaluation of this rare association.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147729442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posterior Segment Involvement in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Clinical Features and Outcomes.","authors":"Feyza Onder, Abdullah Ağın, Dilhan Karaca, Emre Avci, Remzi Avci","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2661752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2661752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To characterize posterior segment involvement in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) using clinical and multimodal imaging findings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective evaluation of three patients with SSPE presenting with posterior segment findings. Ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), neurological assessment, and clinical outcomes were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three patients (aged 10, 16, and 22 years) demonstrated variable posterior segment involvement, including macular chorioretinitis, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alterations, macular edema, superficial hemorrhages, vascular dilatation, subretinal membrane formation, serous retinal detachment, and macular scarring. In two cases, ocular findings preceded or contributed to the suspicion of SSPE. One patient initially presented with visual complaints and subtle neuropsychiatric symptoms, leading to a delayed neurological diagnosis confirmed by electroencephalography and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. OCT revealed macular edema, retinal thinning, atrophy, and a characteristic patchy intraretinal degeneration pattern resembling a moth-eaten appearance in affected areas. Partial visual improvement was observed in one patient following treatment with levetiracetam, isoprinosine, and interferon beta-1a, whereas two patients showed neurological deterioration and died within four months and two years, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Posterior segment findings in SSPE are heterogeneous and may precede neurological manifestations. Multimodal imaging, particularly OCT and FFA, provides valuable diagnostic insights. Early recognition of these ocular features may facilitate timely diagnosis and management of SSPE.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147717503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}