Ocular Immunology and Inflammation最新文献

{"title":"Clinical and Longitudinal Heterogeneity Within the Acute Outer Retinopathy Spectrum: A Three-Case Series.","authors":"Maria Emfietzoglou, Dimitrios Kalogeropoulos, Kalirroi Konstantopoulou, Chrysoula Koutsiouki, Sofia Androudi","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2751585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2751585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe three distinct presentations within the acute outer retinopathy (AOR) spectrum, emphasizing differences in stage, longitudinal evolution, and structure-function relationships.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective case series.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The first, a 14-year-old asymptomatic male, had bilateral sectoral and spot-like outer retinal lesions in the subacute-chronic stage. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated outer nuclear layer thinning with ellipsoid and interdigitation zone disruption and focal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) attenuation, without the angular sign of Henle fiber layer hyperreflectivity (ASHH). Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) revealed lesions with a hypoautofluorescent core and hyperautofluorescent border, while fluorescein angiography (FA) showed window-defect hyperfluorescence and focal venular wall staining. The second, a 20-year-old male, developed severe visual field loss after a viral illness. FAF showed perivenular outer retinal involvement, and OCT revealed perivenular disruption with ASHH documented at 11 months. Visual field deficits were severe and partially correlated with structural abnormalities, with incomplete recovery over 3 years. Pattern electroretinography showed borderline reduction, whereas full-field electroretinography was within the lower limits of normal. The third, a 43-year-old female, presented with acute visual symptoms and mild intraocular inflammation. FAF showed sectoral peripapillary hyperautofluorescence, with corresponding outer retinal disruption on OCT. FA demonstrated venular wall staining and optic disc hyperfluorescence without diffuse vascular leakage. Perimetry showed bilateral diffuse sensitivity loss, while electrophysiology demonstrated generalized cone-predominant photoreceptor dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These cases illustrate clinical and longitudinal heterogeneity within established AOR patterns, including asymptomatic subacute-chronic disease, perivenular disease with structure-function dissociation and late documentation of ASHH, and symptomatic sectoral disease with diffuse photoreceptor dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis After Therapeutic Intravitreal Vancomycin with Favorable Recovery Following Early Vitrectomy: A Case Report.","authors":"Jing-Yi Chen, Hwa-Shin Fang, Hsia-Yi Chang, Xin-Yuan Chen, Wen-Jung Lo","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2751030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2751030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe a postoperative case most consistent with vancomycin-associated hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis (HORV) in which early pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), undertaken for presumed endophthalmitis, proved diagnostically decisive, with a favorable visual outcome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Single observational case report.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 43-year-old man developed blurred vision (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA], counting fingers) 2 days after uncomplicated phacoemulsification, with corneal edema and severe anterior chamber inflammation. No intracameral vancomycin had been used in his prior surgeries. Presumed acute endophthalmitis was treated with intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime. The BCVA worsened to hand motions with hypopyon, prompting urgent 27-gauge PPV. Intraoperatively, diffuse intraretinal hemorrhages with prominent perivenular cuffing, minimal vitreous opacity, discrete whitish powder-like retinal deposits, and absence of purulent membranes or retinal necrosis were noted; aqueous and vitreous samples were negative on aerobic, anaerobic and fungal cultures, and aqueous polymerase chain reaction for <i>Herpes simplex</i> virus 1/2, varicella-zoster virus and cytomegalovirus was negative. The findings were most consistent with HORV rather than fulminant endophthalmitis. With topical corticosteroids and no further intravitreal antibiotics, the hypopyon resolved and BCVA improved to 20/30 by day 78 after vitrectomy, when fluorescein angiography showed residual perivascular leakage and optical coherence tomography showed foveal ellipsoid zone attenuation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>When severe postoperative inflammation worsens despite empiric intravitreal antibiotics and media opacity limits fundus visualization, early PPV can be diagnostically decisive, allowing the hemorrhagic occlusive vasculitic features of HORV to be recognized directly. Its contribution to the favorable visual outcome in this eye, however, remains uncertain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HLA-A29-Positive Birdshot Chorioretinopathy in Egyptian Patients.","authors":"Dina Baddar, Moshir Samuel Naguib","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2751027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2751027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the first HLA-A29‑positive Birdshot Chorioretinopathy (BSCR) patients from Egypt.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two patients, from 2 separate cities along the Egyptian Nile Valley, were found to have chorioretinopathy with characteristic \"birdshot\" pale ill-defined choroidal lesions arranged in a radial fashion emerging from the optic disc, with a relatively quiet anterior segment. On OCT, both patients showed varying degrees of photoreceptor disruption and choroidal structural changes related to long-standing inflammation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HLA-A29 testing was positive in both patients. Both patients tested negative for tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. One patient was started on systemic steroids and immunosuppressive therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>With a few exceptions, BSCR has been predominantly reported in the literature in patients with Northern European ancestry. We urge clinicians to consider BSCR in patients of North African ancestry. Albeit a rare cause of posterior uveitis, BSCR may result in significant and irreversible visual compromise.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor: Comment on Ni et al.'s \" Long-Term Follow-Up of Checkpoint Inhibitor‑Associated Uveitis Treated with Fluocinolone Acetonide Intravitreal Implant in a Pediatric Patient \".","authors":"Srinivasan Sanjay, Soon-Phaik Chee","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2751024","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2751024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149216535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Imaging Characteristics of Sarcoid Retinal Granulomas.","authors":"Usanee Tungsattayathitthan, Umangi Patel, Nikita Saladi, Anjum F Koreishi, Timothy M Janetos, Debra A Goldstein","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2736175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2736175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the clinical presentation and multimodal imaging characteristics of retinal granulomas in patients with ocular sarcoidosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective observational case series, patients with definite or presumed ocular sarcoidosis presenting with retinal granulomas were evaluated. Multimodal retinal imaging was reviewed to characterize lesion morphology, imaging patterns, and longitudinal evolution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Retinal granulomas were identified in three patients with ocular sarcoidosis from diverse racial backgrounds. On fundus photographs, lesions ranged from multiple, superficial, small, faint yellow-gray nodules to more distinct, deeper yellow lesions, predominantly located in the mid- to peripheral retina. All retinal granulomas demonstrated hyperreflectivity on OCT with four distinct morphologic patterns: (1) inner and/or outer retinal granulomas; (2) retinal granulomas associated with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) disruption and hypertransmission defects; (3) sub-RPE granulomas located between the RPE and Bruch's membrane; and (4) combined chorioretinal granulomas extending from the choroid. FAF demonstrated predominantly isoautofluorescent lesions in the absence of RPE involvement, whereas hypoautofluorescence was observed when the RPE was involved. FA was available for one patient and demonstrated late hyperfluorescent staining of the retinal granulomas. Longitudinal imaging demonstrated evolution from active inflammatory nodules to regression with residual retinal and/or RPE changes, commonly manifesting as punched-out atrophic lesions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Retinal granulomas may represent an underrecognized manifestation of ocular sarcoidosis. In our series, multimodal imaging allowed detailed characterization of their morphologic patterns and longitudinal evolution. Recognition of these characteristic imaging features of sarcoid retinal granulomas may facilitate consideration of sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of retinal infiltrative lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149207501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Performance of CD4 T-Cell Count and CD4/CD8 Ratio for Identifying HIV-Related Posterior Segment Disease: A Retrospective Single-Center Study.","authors":"Hiromasa Hirai, Aki Nakajima, Daiki Kuraoka, Yutaro Mizusawa, Hiroki Tsujinaka, Tomo Nishi, Satoru Kase","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2742505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2742505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the diagnostic performance of CD4 T-cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio for identifying HIV-related posterior segment disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 53 patients infected with HIV who first visited the ophthalmology department of Nara Medical University between January 2014 and December 2025. CD4 T-cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio were analyzed for their association with HIV-related posterior segment disease. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to compare the discriminatory ability of these markers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HIV-related posterior segment disease was identified in 13 of 53 patients (25%). Diagnoses included cytomegalovirus retinitis (<i>n</i> = 5), acute retinal necrosis (<i>n</i> = 1), and HIV microvasculopathy (<i>n</i> = 7). In univariate analysis, lower CD4 count, lower CD4/CD8 ratio, absence of antiretroviral therapy, and active cytomegalovirus infection were associated with posterior segment disease. In multivariable analysis, the CD4 count remained associated with posterior segment disease (odds ratio 0.58 per 50 cells/μL increase; 95% CI 0.33-0.99), whereas the CD4/CD8 ratio was not. ROC analysis showed a numerically higher area under the curve for CD4 count (0.81) than for CD4/CD8 ratio (0.74), although the difference was not statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.27). A CD4 threshold of ≤100 cells/μL yielded a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 75.0%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The CD4 T-cell count showed numerically higher discriminatory performance than the CD4/CD8 ratio, although the difference was not statistically significant. A CD4 threshold of ≤100 cells/μL showed high sensitivity and may represent an exploratory threshold.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149207445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posterior Scleritis Following Uneventful Small-Incision Cataract Surgery.","authors":"Richa Dhiman, Vidhi Bajpai","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2744245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2744245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Posterior scleritis following routine, uncomplicated cataract surgery in a patient without underlying systemic disease is an exceedingly rare and potentially sight-threatening clinical entity.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A 55-year-old female with no systemic medical history presented three weeks after uneventful small-incision cataract surgery (SICS) in the right eye with sudden vision loss, redness, and severe ocular pain exacerbated by eye movements. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) had deteriorated from 6/9 to finger counting close to her face. Dilated fundus examination revealed multiple dull yellow subretinal lesions across the posterior pole. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed hyperreflective vitreous cells, subretinal fluid (SRF), and choroidal undulations. B-scan ultrasonography confirmed diffuse posterior scleritis, demonstrating localized sclerochoroidal thickening and fluid accumulation in the sub-Tenon's space. Comprehensive laboratory testing and imaging ruled out infectious and autoimmune etiologies.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The patient was treated with high-dose intravenous pulse methylprednisolone (1 g/day for three days) followed by an oral prednisolone taper, which led to immediate pain relief and anatomical resolution. At six months, the scleritis had completely resolved with a BCVA improvement to 6/12, limited by persistent localized disruption of the foveal ellipsoid zone on OCT. The patient remained recurrence-free at six months.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Diffuse posterior scleritis can occur as a postoperative inflammatory phenomenon following uneventful cataract surgery. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion, utilize B-scan ultrasonography for diagnosis, and initiate prompt systemic corticosteroid therapy to optimize anatomical and visual outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149194716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperacute Outer Retinal Dysfunction in a Child: A Case Report With 18 Months of Multimodal Imaging Follow-Up.","authors":"Rana Hussein Amin, Noha Ossama Salem, Yousef Ahmed Fouad","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2748366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2748366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a case of hyperacute outer retinal dysfunction (HORD), a rare pediatric outer retinopathy, with 18 months of multimodal imaging follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case report with multimodal imaging.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 3-year-old girl presented with abrupt bilateral vision loss two weeks after a flu-like illness. Examination showed sluggish pupils, attenuated retinal vessels, and blotchy yellowish peripheral pigmentation. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated diffuse ellipsoid zone and external limiting membrane disruption with parafoveal outer nuclear layer thinning. Full-field electroretinography showed extinguished photopic and scotopic responses. She received pulse steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, oral prednisone, and weekly methotrexate. Parents reported improved visual function from one month, with ambulatory vision regained by three months. Over 18 months, the ellipsoid zone and external limiting membrane partially recovered centrally, parafoveal outer nuclear layer thinning persisted, and cystoid spaces developed in the right eye on tapering of therapy that regressed on dose re-escalation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case is consistent with the reported HORD phenotype and adds a descriptive observation of peripheral pigmentation already present at presentation. Visual function improved during immunosuppressive treatment, but a treatment effect cannot be determined from a single uncontrolled case. Whether the cystoid spaces reflect inflammatory or degenerative change remains uncertain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149183493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Inner Foveal Toxoplasmic Maculopathy: An Atypical Manifestation of Ocular Toxoplasmosis.","authors":"Vivian Cristina Costa Afonso, Heloisa Nascimento, Luciana Peixoto Finamor, Antonio M Casella, Cristina Muccioli","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2737305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2737305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the clinical and multimodal imaging characteristics of an atypical clinical and imaging presentation of ocular toxoplasmosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed six eyes of five immunocompetent patients (including one patient with bilateral involvement), with clinically diagnosed ocular toxoplasmosis. Diagnosis was based on compatible clinical findings, multimodal retinal imaging, positive <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> serology, and exclusion of alternative infectious etiologies. Intraocular PCR and Goldmann-Witmer coefficient analysis were not available. Clinical presentation, multimodal imaging findings, treatments and outcomes were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six eyes of five patients were included. All eyes demonstrated a consistent inner foveal SD-OCT imaging pattern characterized by focal inner retinal cavitation, ellipsoid zone disruption, and outer nuclear layer involvement, with variable but generally limited intraocular inflammation. Two eyes (Case 1 OD and Case 3) presented with predominantly macular involvement without adjacent active retinochoroiditis. Following treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and systemic corticosteroids, all eyes showed anatomical improvement, although residual inner retinal thinning persisted in several eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case series described an atypical clinical and imaging presentation of ocular toxoplasmosis characterized by a distinctive inner foveal SD-OCT imaging pattern (acute inner foveal toxoplasmic maculopathy). Although the absence of intraocular microbiological confirmation limits diagnostic certainty, recognition of this presentation may facilitate earlier diagnosis and appropriate treatment in selected patients. The term \"acute\" refers to the active ocular presentation and does not imply recently acquired systemic infection. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings and clarify their underlying pathophysiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Eye Care Utilization and Social Determinants of Health Among Patients with Non-Infectious Uveitis: A Cross-Sectional Factor Analysis of the <i>All of Us</i> Research Cohort.","authors":"Usanee Tungsattayathitthan, Rohail Memon, Seema Emami, Nikita Saladi, Dustin French, Timothy M Janetos","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2739466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2739466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the association between social determinants of health (SDOH) and eye care utilization among individuals with noninfectious uveitis (NIU) in the United States, using a large national database.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study with de-identified data from the All of Us Research Program. Adults with ≥2 ICD-9/10 codes for NIU at least 6 months apart were included. Eye care utilization within the past year was assessed using the Healthcare Access and Utilization survey. Sociodemographic and SDOH data were obtained from respective surveys. An exploratory factor analysis identified latent SDOH constructs, and modified Poisson regression assessed associations with utilization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 4,311 participants (2,127 with utilization data), 81.3% reported eye care use within the past year. Two latent SDOH factors were identified: (Factor 1) Psychosocial adversity (loneliness, perceived discrimination, stress, neighborhood disorder, low social support), and (Factor 2) Structural hardship (food insecurity, transportation difficulty, low educational attainment, provider concordance concerns, limited health literacy). In multivariable analysis, structural hardship was significantly associated with lower eye care utilization (RR = 0.952, 95% CI: 0.913-0.992). Male sex was also associated with reduced utilization (RR = 0.949, 95% CI: 0.904-0.995), whereas older age showed a modest positive association (RR = 1.005 per year, 95% CI: 1.003-1.007).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Structural SDOH barriers were associated with reduced eye care utilization among individuals with NIU. Food insecurity, transportation difficulty, limited health literacy, and lower educational attainment are potential key modifiable barriers and warrant further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}