Ocular Immunology and Inflammation最新文献

{"title":"IL-16 in Vitreoretinal Lymphoma: First Vitreous Detection and a Preliminary Longitudinal Observation.","authors":"Maria Carmela Saturno, Danilo Iannetta, Alessandro Lambiase, Marc D de Smet","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2654778","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2654778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is a rare, high-grade intraocular malignancy that poses significant challenges in diagnosis and management. While elevated intraocular interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a recognized biomarker, limitations in vitreous sampling and the fragility of malignant cells warrant exploration of additional indicators. This report describes the first detection of vitreous interleukin-16 (IL-16), a cytokine known to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) in systemic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), as a potential biomarker in VRL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A patient with biopsy-proven VRL underwent longitudinal vitreous cytokine analysis during intravitreal methotrexate (MTX) and dexamethasone (DEX) therapy. Serial vitreous samples were analyzed for IL-6, IL-10 and IL-16 to assess their dynamic changes during treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline vitreous analysis revealed elevated IL-16 levels, with a pre-treatment IL-16/interleukin-6 (IL-6) ratio >1, mirroring the diagnostic IL-10/IL-6 threshold used for VRL. Despite a marked post-treatment decline in IL-10, IL-16 remained detectable for a longer period than IL-10 during MTX/DEX therapy. The different kinetic profile may reflect persistent local TME, although this interpretation remains preliminary.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This report presents the first documentation of vitreous IL-16 in VRL and suggests that IL-May 16, represent a potential adjunct biomarker in this setting. Co-expression of IL-10 and IL-May 16, reflect a dynamic interaction between lymphoma cells and the TME, contributing to immune modulation and treatment resistance. Longitudinal IL-16 monitoring may provide additional insight into disease activity and therapeutic response; however, this requires validation in larger VRL cohorts, ideally including inflammatory controls.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"888-891"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Syphilitic Posterior Uveitis, VDRL Titer and HIV Co-Infection.","authors":"Maria Filipa Madeira, Alexandra Campos da Silva, Luís Figueira, Maria João Furtado, Filipa Gomes Rodrigues, Marco Liverani, Rita Pinto Proença, Miguel Cordeiro, Marta Guedes","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2658133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2026.2658133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Our primary goal is to study the relationship between Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) testing and posterior segment involvement by syphilis. Secondary goals include characterizing the epidemiological and clinical features of syphilitic posterior uveitis in a national multicenter cohort, and assessing the impact of HIV co-infection on disease presentation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective, observational, multicenter study of syphilitic posterior uveitis with serologic confirmation. A review of medical records was conducted to facilitate statistical analysis, collecting epidemiologic, clinical and laboratorial results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighty-three patients with syphilitic posterior uveitis were included (75.9% male, mean age 48.8 years). HIV co-infection was present in 24.1% of patients. The mean VDRL titer was 149.18. Posterior uveitis phenotypes comprised 48 (57.9%) acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis, 41 (49.4%) papillitis, 21 (25.4%) retinitis/choroiditis, 7 (8.4%) vasculitis, 5 (6.0%) neurosyphilis and 4 (4.8%) scleritis. Patients with retinitis/choroiditis had higher VDRL titers than those with other phenotypes (<i>p</i> = 0.055). Among HIV-infected patients, those with papillitis had higher CD4+ lymphocyte count, and this difference was close to being statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.069).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In summary, our study identified a borderline significant association between higher VDRL titers and retinitis/choroiditis and, in HIV-infected individuals, between elevated CD4+ counts and papillitis. These findings suggest that patients presenting with elevated VDRL titers and/or higher CD4+ lymphocyte counts may be at increased risk for more severe posterior uveitis phenotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147818175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Missed Appointments at a Tertiary Referral Ocular Immunology Clinic.","authors":"Anna Haeyoon Kim, Divya Manikandan, Meghan K Berkenstock","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2639002","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2639002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Identify demographic and clinical factors associated with missed appointments among patients with ocular inflammatory diseases at a tertiary ocular immunology clinic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective coho rt study included 222 unique patients (316 appointments) with at least one missed appointment between June 2022 and June 2023 at the Wilmer Eye Institute. Demographic, clinical, and treatment data were extracted from electronic health records. Two patient-level outcomes were evaluated using multivariate regression: total no-show count and recurrent no-show patterns (≥2 missed visits). Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, ADI, insurance, travel distance, disease characteristics, and treatment factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort comprised 222 patients (mean age 47.7 ± 19.1 years; 60.5% female; 69.1% African American; 76.2% with uveitis). Patients missed a mean of 1.4 ± 0.9 appointments, and 29.3% exhibited recurrent no-show patterns (≥2 missed visits). In multivariate analysis, no factors significantly predicted total no-show count (all <i>p</i> > 0.05). However, male gender (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.26-5.39, <i>p</i> = 0.01) and corticosteroid drop use (OR = 2.76, 95% CI 1.24-6.13, <i>p</i> = 0.013) were independent predictors of recurrent no-show patterns. Travel distance, ADI, insurance type, age, race, and disease laterality were not significant predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While sporadic missed appointments occur uniformly across patient groups, recurrent no-show patterns specifically emerge among male patients and those with active disease requiring topical corticosteroids. This suggests distinct mechanisms underlying occasional versus habitual non-attendance behaviors. Targeted interventions focused on these high-risk subgroups may more effectively improve adherence and continuity of care in tertiary uveitis settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"737-746"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-Related Differences in the Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Uveitis in Japan: A Retrospective Comparative Study.","authors":"Masaru Takeuchi, Tomoyuki Oyama, Masaya Imazeki, Shunsaku Nakai, Kenji Miyao, Tomohito Sato, Takayuki Kanda","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2648128","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2648128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate age-related differences in the clinical characteristics and etiologic distribution of uveitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 1190 consecutive uveitis patients, stratified into a younger group (<65 years, <i>n</i> = 720) and an older group (≥65 years, <i>n</i> = 470). Demographic variables, laterality, anatomic classification, pathological classification, and etiologic diagnoses were compared between age groups. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and age-related associations were visualized using forest plots.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Infectious uveitis was significantly more frequent in older patients than in younger patients (31.3% vs. 14.0%; OR 2.79, <i>p</i> < 0.001), whereas noninfectious uveitis predominated in younger patients. Granulomatous inflammation was also more common in older patients (OR 2.50, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Among noninfectious entities, acute anterior uveitis, Behçet disease, diabetic iritis, and tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome were significantly more prevalent in younger patients, whereas malignant lymphoma was more frequent in older patients (OR 7.01, <i>p</i> = 0.010). Among infectious etiologies, herpetic anterior uveitis, endophthalmitis, cytomegalovirus retinitis, and infectious uveitis of unknown cause were significantly associated with older age. Subtype analyses revealed that posterior and necrotizing scleritis occurred exclusively in older patients, and that varicella-zoster virus anterior uveitis was significantly associated with older age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Uveitis exhibits a marked age-dependent shift in etiology, from immune-mediated, noninfectious diseases in younger patients to infectious and neoplastic conditions in older patients. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating age into the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to uveitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"792-801"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147628077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Adalimumab in Pediatric Non-Infectious Uveitis: Including Weekly Dosing Escalation in Refractory Cases.","authors":"Mertcan Esenkaya, Ahmet Özdemir, Hilal Eser-Ozturk, Yüksel Süllü","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2643416","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2643416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of adalimumab (ADA) in pediatric non-infectious uveitis (NIU), with particular emphasis on weekly dose escalation in refractory cases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included pediatric patients with NIU treated with ADA for ≥6 months between January 2016 and March 2023. A total of 48 patients (93 eyes) were analyzed. All patients initially received biweekly ADA in routine clinical practice, with escalation to weekly dosing in cases of persistent or relapsing inflammation. Outcomes included BCVA, intraocular inflammation grades, CMT, relapse frequency, and systemic corticosteroid use. A predefined subgroup analysis was performed in patients receiving weekly ADA (14 patients, 26 eyes). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate relapse risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ADA therapy significantly improved BCVA and reduced intraocular inflammation, CMT, relapse frequency, and corticosteroid use (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). Patients requiring weekly escalation had higher baseline inflammatory activity and showed further clinical improvement with sustained inflammation control and fewer relapses. Weekly ADA escalation was independently associated with a lower relapse risk in Cox regression analysis (HR 0.103, 95% CI 0.034-0.312; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Treatment was well tolerated, with no increase in adverse events.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ADA is an effective and safe treatment for pediatric NIU. In patients with inadequate control on biweekly dosing, escalation to weekly ADA improves inflammation control and reduces relapse risk without compromising safety, and should be considered before switching biologic therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"764-771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147474340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Initiation and Continuation of Adalimumab with Methotrexate for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Abdulelah F Alshehri, Rana Alhazzani, Abdulrhman A Almazrou, Faisal M Almutairi, Anas B Barnawi, Abdullah A Aldail, Yazeed I Alfarhan, Khalid G Alshammari, Bandar M Alotaibi, Bayan K Alanazi, Abdulmohsen S Alanazi","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2646604","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2646604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis (JIA-U) is a leading cause of preventable visual loss in children. Whether adalimumab should be initiated with, and continued on, background methotrexate (MTX) remains a pivotal therapeutic question.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To synthesize randomized evidence on the efficacy and safety of initiating and continuing adalimumab with MTX in children with JIA-U.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through May 2025. The primary outcome was time-to-treatment failure or relapse. Hazard ratios (HRs) were pooled using a random-effects model after harmonizing effect direction so that HR < 1 favored adalimumab. Secondary outcomes included control of ocular inflammation, visual acuity, corticosteroid-sparing, and safety.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three RCTs met inclusion; two contributed time-to-event data to meta-analysis (<i>n</i> = 177). Pooled results showed a substantial reduction in treatment failure/relapse with adalimumab plus MTX (HR 0.18; 95% CI 0.09-0.39; I² = 42.7%). The third RCT demonstrated early suppression of intraocular inflammation by laser flare photometry during the blinded phase. Across trials, adalimumab facilitated corticosteroid tapering and preserved visual acuity. Adverse events were comparable between groups, with few serious events and no emergent safety signals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Initiating adalimumab on MTX, and maintaining therapy once remission is achieved, markedly lowers relapse risk and supports steroid-sparing while preserving vision in pediatric JIA-U. These findings endorse adalimumab with MTX as the preferred strategy across initiation and continuation scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"777-784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147633841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Outer Retinopathy Revealing Metastatic Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma: An Atypical Paraneoplastic Retinopathy within the Inflammatory Spectrum.","authors":"Margaux Ismedon, Clement Richard, Clement Touati, Amaury Schmid, Valentin Montero, Tanguy Goutier, Patrick Nguyen, Thierry David, Prithvi Ramtohul","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2656901","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2656901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the longitudinal multimodal imaging findings of a case of acute outer retinopathy (AOR), a distinctive phenotype of outer retinal alteration, which revealed an underlying metastatic small-cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case report.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 60-year-old woman presented with rapidly progressive bilateral vision loss, photopsia, and peripheral visual field constriction. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/50 in the right eye (OD) and counting fingers in the left eye (OS) at baseline, improving to 20/25 OD and 20/32 OS at final follow-up. Ophthalmoscopic examination revealed sharply demarcated, sectoral, and perivenular yellow-grayish outer retinal lesions. Fundus autofluorescence demonstrated hyperautofluorescent perivenular lesions, while optical coherence tomography demonstrated the angular sign of Henle fiber layer hyperreflectivity (ASHH), outer nuclear layer thinning, and ellipsoid zone (EZ)/ interdigitation zone (IZ) disruption with preservation of the retinal pigment epithelium. Fluorescein angiography revealed delayed venous filling without leakage, and indocyanine green angiography was unremarkable. The patient was diagnosed with AOR. Systemic corticosteroid therapy resulted in relative stabilization of lesion extent and partial recovery of the central EZ/IZ. Subsequent systemic evaluation disclosed metastatic small-cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Perivenular AOR may be difficult to recognize clinically, and correlation of multimodal imaging findings is essential for accurate diagnosis. This case highlights the potential paraneoplastic association of AOR with systemic malignancy and underscores the importance of appropriate systemic investigation, guided by clinical context, to identify an underlying neoplasm.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"892-895"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147628005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Uveitis in European Tertiary Ophthalmology Centers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Maja Cieślik, Maria Guszkowska, Bahram Bodaghi, Tomas Bro, Ester Carreño Salas, Ángel García-Aparicio, Lasse Jørgensen Cehofski, Yousif Subhi, Jacek Szaflik, Monika Łazicka-Gałecka","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2658756","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2658756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Uveitis is one of the leading causes of preventable visual impairment and shows marked heterogeneity in anatomical distribution, etiology, and management. Although numerous European cohorts have been published, pooled estimates are lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to contextualize characteristics of uveitis across European tertiary ophthalmology centers to provide a reference framework for clinical and research applications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search was conducted up to January 15, 2026, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and a pre-registered protocol. Observational cohort and cross-sectional studies including ≥ 50 adult uveitis patients managed in European tertiary referral centers were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Random-effects meta-analyses with logit transformation and restricted maximum likelihood estimation were performed for outcomes reported by at least five comparable studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven studies including 30 471 patients were analyzed. Anterior uveitis was the most common anatomical subtype (pooled proportion 52.1%, 95% CI: 43.2-60.9%), followed by posterior uveitis (18.9%, 95% CI: 15.9-22.4%), panuveitis (14.4%, 95% CI: 10.7-19.1%), and intermediate uveitis (8.7%, 95% CI: 6.9-10.9%). Etiologically, non-infectious uveitis predominated (44.9%, 95% CI: 39.4-50.5%), followed by idiopathic (34.3%, 95% CI: 29.9-39.0%) and infectious uveitis (23.0%, 95% CI: 20.6-25.5%). All pooled estimates showed substantial heterogeneity (I² > 90%). Treatment patterns and complication rates were inconsistently reported and are therefore summarized descriptively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides the first pooled benchmark estimates of uveitis characteristics across European tertiary centers, revealing substantial heterogeneity. The results offer a reference framework for contextualizing single-center cohorts and identifying regional variation across Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"858-874"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147699386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotype of Tear Leukocytes in Seasonal Ocular Allergy and Their Potential Impacts on Ocular Surface Inflammation.","authors":"Yutong Jin, Lyndon Jones, Maud Gorbet","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2647163","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2647163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Under normal physiological conditions, tear polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) collected from the ocular surface after prolonged eye closure at night exhibit a distinct phenotype from circulating PMNs. While leukocytes have been previously observed in tears of individuals suffering from ocular allergies, limited knowledge exists on tear PMNs activation. This pilot study aims to investigate the phenotype of tear PMNs collected from participants with seasonal ocular allergy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten participants experiencing symptoms of ocular allergy were recruited and age- and gender-matched with 10 healthy participants. Participants were asked to collect cells using a gentle eyewash protocol immediately following a full night of sleep in the morning on Day 1 and at the end of the day on Day 2. After cell count, tear leukocytes were activated with N-Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (fMLP) or left unstimulated. Samples were stained with antibodies against degranulation markers (CD66b, CD63), adhesion markers (CD11b, CD54), eosinophil marker (CD193), and aging marker (CD184), and analysed by flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significantly more tear leukocytes were collected after a night of sleep from participants with ocular allergy compared to healthy participants (<i>p</i> = 0.024), while there was no difference in late afternoon collections. Tear PMNs from ocular allergy patients also exhibited a less activated baseline phenotype but a higher activation potential in response to fMLP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study indicates that the ocular environment in seasonal allergy affects the recruitment and activation of tear PMNs. Further research is needed to understand the role of tear leukocytes in ocular surface homeostasis and inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"785-791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reperfusion of Retinal Arteriolar Occlusion After Initiation of Immunosuppressive Therapy in Pediatric Susac Syndrome.","authors":"Abeer AlHazzani, Haneen AlSubki, Rakan Alsahly, Ahmed Abu ElAsrar","doi":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2643413","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273948.2026.2643413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Susac syndrome is a rare autoimmune microangiopathy that affects the precapillary arterioles of the brain, retina, and inner ear. It is typically characterized by a clinical triad of encephalopathy, branch retinal arteriolar occlusions (BRAOs), and sensorineural hearing loss. At present, reports of reperfusion of occluded retinal arterioles are scarcely reported in the literature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two case reports.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two pediatric patients presented with sudden visual field defects caused by multiple retinal arteriolar occlusions. Following appropriate immunosuppressive therapy, complete reperfusion of the occluded retinal arterioles was achieved.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These cases highlight the importance of the early recognition of Susac syndrome in children presenting with BRAOs, even in the absence of the complete triad. Retinal vascular occlusion in this condition may be reversible with timely and aggressive immunosuppression, underscoring the need for prompt diagnosis and consideration of biological agents for refractory pediatric diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19406,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"760-763"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147474350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}