Cláudio Carvalho Santana Júnior, Anamaria Mendonça Santos, Ana Maria Santos Oliveira, José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior, Laurent Picot, Luiza Abrahão Frank, Paula Dos Passos Menezes, Izabel Almeida Alves, Mairim Russo Serafini
{"title":"Green synthesis of antimicrobial nanotechnology using flavonoids: a systematic review.","authors":"Cláudio Carvalho Santana Júnior, Anamaria Mendonça Santos, Ana Maria Santos Oliveira, José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior, Laurent Picot, Luiza Abrahão Frank, Paula Dos Passos Menezes, Izabel Almeida Alves, Mairim Russo Serafini","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2487033","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2487033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical public health concern that arises when microorganisms evolve mechanisms to evade the effects of antibiotics, thereby rendering conventional treatments ineffective. This growing challenge underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Nanotechnology, particularly when combined with environmentally sustainable practices such as green synthesis, reduces the use of toxic substances and minimises waste, offering a promising solution. This review explores the green synthesis of antimicrobial nanoparticles using flavonoids-natural compounds with substantial biological activity-as reducing and stabilising agents. By systematically analysing articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, 10 key studies were identified. The primary nanoparticles examined were metallic, including silver, gold, copper, and metallic, which demonstrated notable efficacy against pathogens such as <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>E. coli</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. The results support that green-synthesised nanoparticles represent a viable strategy to combat AMR, offering an effective and eco-friendly alternative for developing antimicrobial agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"392-405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DaІia E Gaber, Alanood S Almurshedi, Basmah N Aldosari, Samiah Alhabardi, Randa M Zaki, Mahasen A Radwan, Xien Chen
{"title":"Design, in vitro, and in vivo evaluation of a new nanoemulsion gel of lamotrigine for application via nasal route.","authors":"DaІia E Gaber, Alanood S Almurshedi, Basmah N Aldosari, Samiah Alhabardi, Randa M Zaki, Mahasen A Radwan, Xien Chen","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2482048","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2482048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of lamotrigine (LMG), an antiepileptic drug with low solubility, by formulating it into a nasal nanoemulsion (NE) for effective epilepsy control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>LMG was incorporated into a nasal nanoemulsion (LMG-NE) using a 3<sup>2</sup> factorial design via spontaneous emulsification method. LMG-NEs were characterised for drug loading (DL), entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size, microscopic examination, rheological profile, phosphatidylcholine liposome uptake, in vitro release, anticonvulsant activity, and in vivo pharmacokinetics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimal formulation exhibited a DL of 79.03 ± 0.5 (w/w), an EE% of 80.2 ± 3.0%, a mean diameter of 182.78 ± 22.76 nm, and a zeta potential of 0.60 ± 0.04 mV. LMG was rapidly released, with 91.87% ± 4.54% of drug was released within 2 hours. The area under the curve (AUC<sub>0-24</sub>) showed a 1.84-fold increase compared to standard formulations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>LMG-NE presents a promising alternative for epilepsy treatment, potentially reducing peripheral side effects and improving therapeutic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"337-351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143764069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The pH-controlled release properties of chitosan-gold nanoparticles encapsulated nobiletin to induce apoptosis through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway on gastric cancer cell lines.","authors":"Hongyi Qing, Ping Xie, Zhenjiang Wu, Wenhai Fan, Yuanxiao Liang, Xiulian Xu","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2507638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2025.2507638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major health concern with limited effective therapies. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems offer targeted and efficient treatment strategies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to develop chitosan-coated gold nanoparticles loaded with Nobiletin (Ch-AuNPs-NB) and evaluate their anticancer potential by targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in GC.<b>Materials and Methods</b>Ch-AuNPs were synthesized by NaBH<sub>4</sub> reduction and loaded with Nobiletin using nanoprecipitation. Characterization was done using UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, DLS, and TEM. Drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and pH-responsive release were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ch-AuNPs-NB (∼120 nm, PDI 0.247, +51 mV) showed enhanced drug loading (15%) and encapsulation efficiency (90.4%) at higher NB concentrations. The formulation demonstrated pH-responsive release over 72 hours and stability for 60 days.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusion: </strong>Ch-AuNPs-NB inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, induced apoptosis, and arrested the cell cycle in AGS cells, highlighting its potential as a targeted GC therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144225701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Priyadarshi Aparajay, Harishkumar Madhyastha, Shuvadip Bhowmik, Abhimanyu Dev
{"title":"In vitro apoptotic potential and ex vivo permeation analysis of ulipristal acetate loaded niosomes for management of uterine fibroids.","authors":"Priyadarshi Aparajay, Harishkumar Madhyastha, Shuvadip Bhowmik, Abhimanyu Dev","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2507639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2025.2507639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To develop and optimise a niosomal formulation of ulipristal acetate (UPA) for enhanced cytotoxicity against uterine fibroids.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Quality by Design, thin film hydration, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, cytotoxicity assays, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Optimised UPA-loaded niosomes (UPA-NS) exhibited mean diameter of 170.7 ± 3.46 nm, polydispersity index of 0.23 ± 0.02, zeta potential of -18.2 ± 2.31 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 90.57 ± 3.22%w/w and 10.65 ± 1.64%w/w loading efficiency. UPA-NS showed 89 ± 3.22%w/w drug release at pH 5.5 within 24 hours compared to 36 ± 5.44%w/w at pH 7.4. UPA-NS demonstrated 70% cytotoxicity in HEC-6 cells at 0.5 μg/mL compared to 44% for free UPA. Flow cytometry showed 23% live cells for UPA-NS vs 33% for free UPA after 16 hours. UPA-NS induced higher ROS generation than free UPA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The niosomal formulation enhanced the cytotoxicity and ROS-generating potential of UPA against uterine fibroid cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gagandeep Kaur, Jay Prakash Dewangan, Anuradha Kumari, Rahul Shukla
{"title":"Navigating neurodegeneration: challenges, pathophysiology, biomarkers, and the promise of nanocrystals-based nanotherapeutics.","authors":"Gagandeep Kaur, Jay Prakash Dewangan, Anuradha Kumari, Rahul Shukla","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2507637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2025.2507637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approximately 90% of drugs struggle with low solubility and non-selectivity in target-specific drug delivery. This creates a significant challenge due to the limited permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier. Poor solubility, low drug concentration at the target site, and rapid clearance <i>via</i> efflux transporters further restrict effective drug delivery in neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Nanocrystal (NC) technology offers a promising approach by producing sub-micron, carrier-free NCs with high drug payload, stabilised with stabilisers to enhance colloidal stability and shelf life. The increased surface area boosts the solubility, bioavailability, and brain permeability of hydrophobic drugs, making NCs an emerging technology for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. NCs are synthesised <i>via</i> top-down, bottom-up, and combinational methods, with NANOEDGE<sup>®</sup> and SmartCrystals<sup>®</sup> being some of the patented technologies. Despite the high potential of NCs in improving drug delivery to the brain, many challenges remain, including thermal instability, scalability, and long-term safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariam Zewail, Manal A Elsheikh, Haidy Abbas, Passent M E Gaafar
{"title":"Unveiling the synergistic impact of cocktail nanohyalurosomes encapsulating berberine and dexamethasone in managing rheumatoid arthritis: in-vitro evaluation and biological studies.","authors":"Mariam Zewail, Manal A Elsheikh, Haidy Abbas, Passent M E Gaafar","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2498963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2025.2498963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The current therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have limited effectiveness; the present study focused on the formulation of hyalurosomes co-encapsulating dexamethasone and berberine (BER-DEX hyalurosomes).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Different formulations were developed and in-vitro characterized. The optimized formulation was transdermally applied in rats with AIA model. At the end of the experiment, histopathological examination and evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Entrapment efficiency of 81.14 ± 2.36% for DEX and 92.69 ± 1.58% for BER was achieved with a sustained release for 24h for both drugs. TNF-α, IL7, MMP9, and HO levels decreased by 2.7, 2.4, 2.24, and 3.6 folds in BER-DEX hyalurosomes compared to the positive control group. Histopathological assessment revealed that BER-DEX hyalurosomes showed normal joint structure comparable to the negative control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The BER-DEX hyalurosomes offered a synergistic, non-invasive nanoplatform that actively targeted CD44 receptors, provided a novel and effective strategy for localized management of RA..</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faqir Ullah, Fahad Y Sabei, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Awaji Y Safhi, Mohammed Ali Bakkari, Osama A Madkhali, Ahmed H Albariqi, Muhammad Danish Saeed, Muhammad Ramzan
{"title":"Inhalable microparticles embedding hyaluronic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles: fabrication and evaluation for preferential accumulation of montelukast in the lung.","authors":"Faqir Ullah, Fahad Y Sabei, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Awaji Y Safhi, Mohammed Ali Bakkari, Osama A Madkhali, Ahmed H Albariqi, Muhammad Danish Saeed, Muhammad Ramzan","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2500537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2025.2500537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to prepare nanoembedded microparticles for pulmonary delivery of montelukast. The nanoparticles were synthesised by ionic gelation method and characterised for physicochemical properties. The nanoembedded microparticles fabricated via freeze drying method were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, drug release, aerodynamic performance and pharmacokinetic parameters in male <i>Sprague Dawley</i> rats. The hyaluronic-coated chitosan nanoparticles with particle size of 276.221 ± 08.232 nm, PDI of 0.397 ± 0.007, zeta potential of 14.101 ± 0.107 mV, drug content of 22.781 ± 1.002 µg/mg, and a triangular structure were embedded within microparticles. The sustained release of montelukast from nanoembedded microparticles was attributed to slow dissolution of chitosan at lung pH. The lactose-embedded nanoparticles had higher fine particle fraction (FPF: 31.37 ± 1.29) as compared to mannitol-embedded nanoparticles (FPF: 25.053 ± 0.93) due to spherical compact structure. The microparticles have lower AUC<sub>0-t</sub> (835-856 µg.h/ml) compared to montelukast solution (1488 µg.h/ml), confirming preferential accumulation of microparticles in the lung.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael M Farag, Nevine S Abdelmalak, Shahira F El Menshawe, Asmaa S Omara, Doaa S Hamad
{"title":"Repurposing linagliptin-loaded novasomes as a neuroprotectant for Alzheimer's disease: in-vitro characterisation, statistical optimisation and ex-vivo permeation study.","authors":"Michael M Farag, Nevine S Abdelmalak, Shahira F El Menshawe, Asmaa S Omara, Doaa S Hamad","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2500542","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2500542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Linagliptin (LGP) has poor oral bioavailability due to P-gp efflux and first-pass metabolism. This study aimed to develop LGP-loaded novasomes (LGP-NVS) for intranasal brain delivery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>LGP-NVS were prepared via thin film hydration and optimised using a Box-Behnken design, varying cholesterol, stearic acid, and span-80 levels. Fifteen formulations were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, and drug release. The optimised formula underwent further surface, compatibility, permeability, and stability studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimised formula showed high entrapment (84.22% ± 1.68%), small particle size (239.35 ± 15.20 nm), plausible zeta potential (-30.25 ± 1.23 mV), polydispersity index (0.32 ± 0.058), and controlled release (66.85 ± 2.25% after 8 h). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated uniform size. Stability was maintained over three months. Ex-vivo permeation studies showed 1.39-fold higher permeation through camel nasal mucosa compared to drug solution.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Intranasal LGP-NVS might be an auspicious therapeutic avenue for the combat of Alzheimer's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ebru Kilicay, Betul Sahin, Zeynep Karahaliloglu, Ekin Celik, Baki Hazer
{"title":"siRNA-guided dual-targeting nanocarrier for breast cancer treatment.","authors":"Ebru Kilicay, Betul Sahin, Zeynep Karahaliloglu, Ekin Celik, Baki Hazer","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2490041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2025.2490041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to develop a thermoplastic polyurethane-oleic acid-based nanosystem (TPU-Ole NPs) incorporating siRNA and curcumin (CUR) to overcome multidrug resistance in breast cancer by silencing the c-myc gene.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>TPU-Ole and CUR-loaded NPs were prepared via solvent evaporation and coated with poly-L-lysine (PLL) for siRNA attachment. NPs were characterised by dynamic light scattering (DLS) for mean diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP). Encapsulation (EE) and loading efficiencies (LE) were measured by NanoDrop. Release (pH 5.0; 7.4) and storage stability (pH 7.4) were evaluated using the eppendorf method. siRNA binding was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Gene silencing and apoptosis were assessed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean diameter, PDI, and ZP of NPs were 170 ± 2 nm, 0.011 ± 0.080, and -27.5 ± 0.11 mV. EE and LE were 75 ± 0.12 and 14.2 ± 0.06%. Sustained release and good stability were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>siRNA-CUR-NPs efficiently silenced c-myc and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shraddha S Ghodke, K M G Taylor, Satyanarayana Somavarapu
{"title":"Spray-dried micellar dry powder inhalation of curcumin for lung-targeted delivery in non-small cell lung cancer therapy.","authors":"Shraddha S Ghodke, K M G Taylor, Satyanarayana Somavarapu","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2495246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2025.2495246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A spray-dried DPI formulation was developed to enhance solubility, stability, and pulmonary delivery of curcumin-loaded CS-HA dual-coated micelles for lung cancer therapy. Curcumin was encapsulated in Pluronic F68 micelles via thin-film hydration and coated with CS-HA to improve colloidal stability and cellular interaction. The micellar suspension was spray-dried using lactose and L-leucine as dispersibility enhancers. Formulation characterisation was conducted using DLS to determine mean diameter and PDI, zeta potential analysis, and HPLC for drug loading and encapsulation efficiency, along with TEM. Spray-dried formulations were further characterised by SEM, laser diffraction (Sympatec), FTIR, and XRPD. <i>In vitro</i> aerosol characterisation was performed using NGI. The micelles exhibited a mean diameter of 209 nm, PDI of 0.21, zeta potential of -14 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 50-90%, and loading capacity of 5.6% (w/w). XRPD and FTIR confirmed amorphous conversion and stability. The optimized DPI showed favourable aerodynamic properties for targeted pulmonary delivery in NSCLC.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}