{"title":"Study on the antioxidant properties of unsaturated fatty acid microemulsions.","authors":"Fan Yang, Mingjun Tang, Kun Wang, Min Ling","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2521062","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2521062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To enhance the antioxidant properties of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), a UFAs microemulsion (UFAs-M) is prepared via direct emulsification. Its storage stability is evaluated using laser diffraction, while the antioxidant properties of both UFAs-M and free UFAs are assessed using the DPPH method. The effects of temperature and UV exposure are also investigated. Over a 90-day period, the mean particle diameter of UFAs-M ranges from 49.1 nm to 57.4 nm, with zeta potential values between -11.79 mV and -13.13 mV. The polydispersity index (PDI) ranges from 0.276 ± 0.045 to 0.319 ± 0.049. The encapsulation efficiency varies from 98.4 ± 0.59% (w/w) to 91.5 ± 0.98% (w/w), and the drug loading ranges from 0.984 ± 0.011% (w/w) to 0.862 ± 0.013% (w/w). The DPPH radical scavenging activity of UFAs-M (82.8 ± 3.15%) is significantly higher than that of UFAs (65.33 ± 0.26%). Moreover, UFAs-M exhibits superior antioxidant performance under high temperature and UV exposure. Overall, the microemulsion system enhances both the antioxidant capacity and storage stability of UFAs, showing promising potential for practical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"613-622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gagandeep Kaur, Jay Prakash Dewangan, Anuradha Kumari, Rahul Shukla
{"title":"Navigating neurodegeneration: challenges, pathophysiology, biomarkers, and the promise of nanocrystals-based nanotherapeutics.","authors":"Gagandeep Kaur, Jay Prakash Dewangan, Anuradha Kumari, Rahul Shukla","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2507637","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2507637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approximately 90% of drugs struggle with low solubility and non-selectivity in target-specific drug delivery. This creates a significant challenge due to the limited permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier. Poor solubility, low drug concentration at the target site, and rapid clearance <i>via</i> efflux transporters further restrict effective drug delivery in neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Nanocrystal (NC) technology offers a promising approach by producing sub-micron, carrier-free NCs with high drug payload, stabilised with stabilisers to enhance colloidal stability and shelf life. The increased surface area boosts the solubility, bioavailability, and brain permeability of hydrophobic drugs, making NCs an emerging technology for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. NCs are synthesised <i>via</i> top-down, bottom-up, and combinational methods, with NANOEDGE<sup>®</sup> and SmartCrystals<sup>®</sup> being some of the patented technologies. Despite the high potential of NCs in improving drug delivery to the brain, many challenges remain, including thermal instability, scalability, and long-term safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"547-564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144142774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Priyadarshi Aparajay, Harishkumar Madhyastha, Shuvadip Bhowmik, Abhimanyu Dev
{"title":"In vitro apoptotic potential and ex vivo permeation analysis of ulipristal acetate loaded niosomes for management of uterine fibroids.","authors":"Priyadarshi Aparajay, Harishkumar Madhyastha, Shuvadip Bhowmik, Abhimanyu Dev","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2507639","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2507639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To develop and optimise a niosomal formulation of ulipristal acetate (UPA) for enhanced cytotoxicity against uterine fibroids.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Quality by Design, thin film hydration, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, cytotoxicity assays, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Optimised UPA-loaded niosomes (UPA-NS) exhibited mean diameter of 170.7 ± 3.46 nm, polydispersity index of 0.23 ± 0.02, zeta potential of -18.2 ± 2.31 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 90.57 ± 3.22%w/w and 10.65 ± 1.64%w/w loading efficiency. UPA-NS showed 89 ± 3.22%w/w drug release at pH 5.5 within 24 hours compared to 36 ± 5.44%w/w at pH 7.4. UPA-NS demonstrated 70% cytotoxicity in HEC-6 cells at 0.5 μg/mL compared to 44% for free UPA. Flow cytometry showed 23% live cells for UPA-NS vs 33% for free UPA after 16 hours. UPA-NS induced higher ROS generation than free UPA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The niosomal formulation enhanced the cytotoxicity and ROS-generating potential of UPA against uterine fibroid cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"580-592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144159677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanostructured lipid nanocarrier scaffold of ranolazine: preparation, optimization, <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluations.","authors":"Kiran D Patil, Yogeeta O Agrawal","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2521070","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2521070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aimed to develop and optimise Ranolazine-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (RNZ-NLCs) to overcome the poor oral bioavailability and rapid clearance associated with Ranolazine, thereby improving its therapeutic efficacy. RNZ-NLCs were prepared using the hot high-pressure homogenisation technique and optimised using a 2³ factorial design. Characterisation techniques included dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), <i>in vitro</i> drug release profiling, and pharmacokinetic analysis in rats. The optimised RNZ-NLCs exhibited a mean diameter of 205.8 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.318, a surface charge (Zeta potential) of -22.4 mV and drug loading of 8.01% w/w. DSC and XRD studies confirmed the transformation of Ranolazine into an amorphous state, and FTIR indicated no chemical interaction with excipients. <i>In vitro</i> release studies showed a sustained release profile, with 65% drug release at 12 hours and 90% at 24 hours, fitting the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Long-term storage stability studies over 90 days revealed no significant changes in particle characteristics. Pharmacokinetic evaluation in rats showed that RNZ-NLCs increased the Cmax to 18.621 µg/mL (from 9.413 µg/mL for free RNZ), delayed Tmax to 4 h (from 2 h), and enhanced AUC<sub>0</sub>-∞ to 217.02 µg·h/mL (from 32.06 µg·h/mL). Additionally, mean residence time (MRT) and elimination half-life (t<sub>1</sub>/<sub>2</sub>) were extended to 11.83 h and 6.81 h, respectively. RNZ-NLCs significantly improved the pharmacokinetic profile and storage stability of Ranolazine, indicating their potential as a promising delivery system for enhancing oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"623-634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ning He, Danqing Wu, Rui Luo, Ziqin Cao, Shuang Shan, Qingsong Fei, Jiabao Wu, Shaoyun Bai
{"title":"Development and optimisation of esculin-loaded chitosan microspheres for intravitreal injection.","authors":"Ning He, Danqing Wu, Rui Luo, Ziqin Cao, Shuang Shan, Qingsong Fei, Jiabao Wu, Shaoyun Bai","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2515840","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2515840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was to prepare the esculin-loaded chitosan microspheres for intravitreal injection and explore the feasibility of the treatment of macular degeneration. The microspheres were fabricated using an emulsification crosslinking technique. The drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and mean particle diameter of the optimised esculin-loaded chitosan microspheres were 8.03 ± 1.30%, 93.03 ± 2.16%, and 4.81 ± 1.60 μm, respectively. The thermal stability evaluation at 25 °C demonstrated consistent particle diameter maintenance, with microspheres retaining sizes of 4.73 ± 1.75 μm and 4.89 ± 1.55 μm after 15 and 30 days' storage periods, respectively. The <i>in vitro</i> release profile demonstrated 80% cumulative drug release from the microspheres over a 72 h period. Subsequent pharmacokinetic analysis revealed significantly enhanced parameters in the vitreous humour following intravitreal administration, with the half-life (<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>) reaching 879.88 ± 44.00 min and the area under curve (<i>AUC</i>) attaining 150.18 ± 2.28 × 10<sup>3</sup> mg·min/mL. Intravitreal injection of esculin-loaded chitosan microspheres offers a promising drug delivery system for the treatment of macular degeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"593-612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144317147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The pH-controlled release properties of chitosan-gold nanoparticles encapsulated nobiletin to induce apoptosis through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway on gastric cancer cell lines.","authors":"Hongyi Qing, Ping Xie, Zhenjiang Wu, Wenhai Fan, Yuanxiao Liang, Xiulian Xu","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2507638","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2507638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major health concern with limited effective therapies. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems offer targeted and efficient treatment strategies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to develop chitosan-coated gold nanoparticles loaded with Nobiletin (Ch-AuNPs-NB) and evaluate their anticancer potential by targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in GC.<b>Materials and Methods</b>Ch-AuNPs were synthesized by NaBH<sub>4</sub> reduction and loaded with Nobiletin using nanoprecipitation. Characterization was done using UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, DLS, and TEM. Drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and pH-responsive release were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ch-AuNPs-NB (∼120 nm, PDI 0.247, +51 mV) showed enhanced drug loading (15%) and encapsulation efficiency (90.4%) at higher NB concentrations. The formulation demonstrated pH-responsive release over 72 hours and stability for 60 days.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusion: </strong>Ch-AuNPs-NB inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, induced apoptosis, and arrested the cell cycle in AGS cells, highlighting its potential as a targeted GC therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"565-579"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144225701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael M Farag, Nevine S Abdelmalak, Shahira F El Menshawe, Asmaa S Omara, Doaa S Hamad
{"title":"Repurposing linagliptin-loaded novasomes as a neuroprotectant for Alzheimer's disease: in-vitro characterisation, statistical optimisation and ex-vivo permeation study.","authors":"Michael M Farag, Nevine S Abdelmalak, Shahira F El Menshawe, Asmaa S Omara, Doaa S Hamad","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2500542","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2500542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Linagliptin (LGP) has poor oral bioavailability due to P-gp efflux and first-pass metabolism. This study aimed to develop LGP-loaded novasomes (LGP-NVS) for intranasal brain delivery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>LGP-NVS were prepared via thin film hydration and optimised using a Box-Behnken design, varying cholesterol, stearic acid, and span-80 levels. Fifteen formulations were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, and drug release. The optimised formula underwent further surface, compatibility, permeability, and stability studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimised formula showed high entrapment (84.22% ± 1.68%), small particle size (239.35 ± 15.20 nm), plausible zeta potential (-30.25 ± 1.23 mV), polydispersity index (0.32 ± 0.058), and controlled release (66.85 ± 2.25% after 8 h). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated uniform size. Stability was maintained over three months. Ex-vivo permeation studies showed 1.39-fold higher permeation through camel nasal mucosa compared to drug solution.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Intranasal LGP-NVS might be an auspicious therapeutic avenue for the combat of Alzheimer's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"531-545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanaa Ali Hussein, Fatin L Khaphi, Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan, Sivamani Poornima, Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah
{"title":"Recent developments in sustained-release and targeted drug delivery applications of solid lipid nanoparticles.","authors":"Hanaa Ali Hussein, Fatin L Khaphi, Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan, Sivamani Poornima, Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2495290","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2495290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) are versatile nano-carriers for wide range of applications. The advantages of SLNs include ease of preparation, low toxicity, high active compound bioavailability, flexibility of incorporating hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, and feasibility of large-scale production. This review provides an overview on the preparation methods of the SLNs, the micro and nanostructure characteristics of the SLNs, and the different factors influencing sustained release and targeted drug delivery. The applications in agriculture and environment, cosmetics, wound healing, malarial treatment, gene therapy and nano-vaccines, and cancer therapy, are elaborated. The mechanisms such as passive, active, and co-delivery are discussed. The issues, challenges and the way forward with ionisable SLNs for delivery of gene and vaccines, RAS-targeted therapy, and bioactive compounds, are highlighted. In combination with multiple compounds and the potential for integration with nature/bio-based solutions, SLNs are proven to be effective, and practical for diverse applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"472-502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faqir Ullah, Fahad Y Sabei, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Awaji Y Safhi, Mohammed Ali Bakkari, Osama A Madkhali, Ahmed H Albariqi, Muhammad Danish Saeed, Muhammad Ramzan
{"title":"Inhalable microparticles embedding hyaluronic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles: fabrication and evaluation for preferential accumulation of montelukast in the lung.","authors":"Faqir Ullah, Fahad Y Sabei, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Awaji Y Safhi, Mohammed Ali Bakkari, Osama A Madkhali, Ahmed H Albariqi, Muhammad Danish Saeed, Muhammad Ramzan","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2500537","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2500537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to prepare nanoembedded microparticles for pulmonary delivery of montelukast. The nanoparticles were synthesised by ionic gelation method and characterised for physicochemical properties. The nanoembedded microparticles fabricated via freeze drying method were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, drug release, aerodynamic performance and pharmacokinetic parameters in male <i>Sprague Dawley</i> rats. The hyaluronic-coated chitosan nanoparticles with particle size of 276.221 ± 08.232 nm, PDI of 0.397 ± 0.007, zeta potential of 14.101 ± 0.107 mV, drug content of 22.781 ± 1.002 µg/mg, and a triangular structure were embedded within microparticles. The sustained release of montelukast from nanoembedded microparticles was attributed to slow dissolution of chitosan at lung pH. The lactose-embedded nanoparticles had higher fine particle fraction (FPF: 31.37 ± 1.29) as compared to mannitol-embedded nanoparticles (FPF: 25.053 ± 0.93) due to spherical compact structure. The microparticles have lower AUC<sub>0-t</sub> (835-856 µg.h/ml) compared to montelukast solution (1488 µg.h/ml), confirming preferential accumulation of microparticles in the lung.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"519-530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shraddha S Ghodke, K M G Taylor, Satyanarayana Somavarapu
{"title":"Spray-dried micellar dry powder inhalation of curcumin for lung-targeted delivery in non-small cell lung cancer therapy.","authors":"Shraddha S Ghodke, K M G Taylor, Satyanarayana Somavarapu","doi":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2495246","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02652048.2025.2495246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A spray-dried DPI formulation was developed to enhance solubility, stability, and pulmonary delivery of curcumin-loaded CS-HA dual-coated micelles for lung cancer therapy. Curcumin was encapsulated in Pluronic F68 micelles via thin-film hydration and coated with CS-HA to improve colloidal stability and cellular interaction. The micellar suspension was spray-dried using lactose and L-leucine as dispersibility enhancers. Formulation characterisation was conducted using DLS to determine mean diameter and PDI, zeta potential analysis, and HPLC for drug loading and encapsulation efficiency, along with TEM. Spray-dried formulations were further characterised by SEM, laser diffraction (Sympatec), FTIR, and XRPD. <i>In vitro</i> aerosol characterisation was performed using NGI. The micelles exhibited a mean diameter of 209 nm, PDI of 0.21, zeta potential of -14 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 50-90%, and loading capacity of 5.6% (w/w). XRPD and FTIR confirmed amorphous conversion and stability. The optimized DPI showed favourable aerodynamic properties for targeted pulmonary delivery in NSCLC.</p>","PeriodicalId":16391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of microencapsulation","volume":" ","pages":"459-471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}