Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Isosmotic Contraction of Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells upon Activation of Purinergic Receptors: the Role of Chlorine Transport","authors":"L. V. Smaglii, V. S. Gusakova, S. V. Gusakova, M. A. Pshemyskiy, S. O. Koshuba, E. A. Golovanov","doi":"10.1134/s0022093024030256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0022093024030256","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>We studied the effect of the purinergic signaling system and\u0000the contribution of Cl^– transporters\u0000to isosmotic contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC),\u0000which results from the normalization of osmotic pressure after prolonged\u0000incubation in a hyposmotic medium. The study was carried out by myography\u0000of endothelium-denuded aortic ring segments of male Wistar rats.\u0000Isosmotic contraction was induced by placing vascular segments in\u0000normosmotic Krebs solution (120 mM NaCl) after a 40-minute incubation\u0000in a hyposmotic Krebs solution (40 mM NaCl). Purinergic receptors\u0000were activated by adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP, 500 µM), a nonselective\u0000P₂X and P₂Y receptor\u0000agonist, and uridine 5’-triphosphate (UTP, 500 µM), a selective\u0000P₂Y receptor agonist. ATP and UTP abolished\u0000the transience of the aortic SMC isosmotic contraction without affecting\u0000its amplitude. Pretreatment of vascular segments with ATP and UTP\u0000during incubation in a hyposmotic solution completely suppressed\u0000the development of isosmotic contraction in the presence of ATP\u0000or UTP, but did not affect it without purinergic receptor activators.\u0000The Na⁺–K⁺–2Cl^–-cotransporter\u0000(NKCC) inhibitor bumetanide (100 µM) abolished isosmotic contraction\u0000in the presence of ATP (not UTP) but restored its transience. The\u0000nonselective Cl^– channel and Cl^–/HCO₃\u0000^– exchanger\u0000blocker DIDS (100 µM) suppressed the development of isosmotic contraction\u0000in the presence of both ATP and UTP. The potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium\u0000(10 mM) potentiated the contractile activity of UTP toward isosmotic\u0000volume contraction. Presumably, purinergic receptors abolish the\u0000transience of isosmotic contraction by activating Cl^– currents\u0000through activation of P₂Y receptors. The\u0000mechanism of interaction between the purinergic signaling system\u0000and Cl^– transport during cell volume\u0000changes requires further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preconditioning with Moderate Hypoxia Increases Tolerance to Subsequent Severe Hypoxia in Rats with LPS-Induced Endotoxemia","authors":"Zh. A. Donina","doi":"10.1134/s002209302403027x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s002209302403027x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Hyperproduction of mediators of LPS-induced inflammatory process\u0000(endotoxicosis, sepsis) initiates the development of acute respiratory\u0000failure (ARF), impaired gas exchange, progressive hypoxemia and hypercapnia,\u0000hypotension, respiratory arrest and death. Severe sepsis associated\u0000with hypoxemia remains the main cause of death, and therefore the\u0000development of methods to increase resistance to acute hypoxia in\u0000septic patients is an urgent task. The aim of the work was to study\u0000the effectiveness of preconditioning with short-term intermittent\u0000moderate hypoxia to increase tolerance to subsequent severe hypoxia\u0000in rats with LPS-induced endotoxicosis. The experiments were carried\u0000out on anesthetized and traheostomized male Wistar rats. Endotoxicosis\u0000was modeled by administration of a lipopolysaccharide solution (<i>Escherichia coli</i>) in an amount of\u00007 mg/kg. To assess resistance to severe hypoxia, the rebreathing\u0000method of (RM) with a gradual decrease in oxygen in the rebreather\u0000from 21% to the onset of apnea was used. Hypoxic preconditioning\u0000(hypoxic training, HT) was also created by the method of RM in the\u0000mode of 3 cycles: reduction of the oxygen fraction in the rebreather\u0000to 12%—3 min, 5 min—normoxia. 3 groups of animals were studied:\u0000I-control-NaCl, II-LPS, III-LPS+HT. The following parameters were\u0000recorded: external respiration, mean arterial pressure (MAP), saturation (SpO₂),\u0000fraction of inhaled O₂, time of onset of\u0000apnea, the amount of spontaneous respiratory recovery (autoresuscitation)\u0000in the posthypoxic period. It was shown that the administration\u0000of LPS under normoxic conditions was accompanied by hyperventilation,\u0000hypoxemia and hypotension. The maximum deterioration in resistance\u0000to severe hypoxia was observed in rats with LPS, which was manifested\u0000by a decrease in MAP, SpO₂ and a decrease\u0000in the possibility of autoresuscitation after hypoxic apnea. The effect\u0000of HT prevented a decrease in arterial pressure, SpO₂ increased\u0000by 1.4 times, survival increased by 2 times, which is comparable\u0000to the level of normoxia before the introduction of LPS. It is assumed\u0000that the effectiveness of hypoxic preconditioning is due to the\u0000inhibition of the inflammatory response.</p>","PeriodicalId":15805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"355 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Effect of the Antidepressants Imipramine and Fluoxetine on the Sleep–Wake Cycle and Characteristics of Sleep Spindles in Wag/Rij Rats with Absence Epilepsy and Comorbid Depression","authors":"A. V. Gabova, E. A. Fedosova, K. Yu. Sarkisova","doi":"10.1134/s0022093024030293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0022093024030293","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>WAG/Rij rats are a valid model of absence epilepsy and comorbid\u0000depression. We have previously shown that WAG/Rij rats have disturbances\u0000in the sleep–wake cycle and changes in the characteristics of sleep\u0000spindles. A negative correlation was also found between the number\u0000of spike-wave discharges (SWD) and the duration of rapid eye movement\u0000(REM) sleep. Clinical evidence suggests that the traditional antidepressants\u0000imipramine and fluoxetine are effective in suppressing symptoms\u0000of depression, but may have a negative impact on the sleep–wake\u0000cycle and comorbid epilepsy in patients. Our previous studies in\u0000WAG/Rij rats showed that imipramine, when administered chronically, increases\u0000the number of SWDs, while fluoxetine at the same dose reduces their\u0000number, although both antidepressants have a pronounced antidepressant\u0000effect. Comparison of the effects of the antidepressants imipramine\u0000and fluoxetine on the sleep–wake cycle and sleep spindles in WAG/Rij\u0000rats remains unstudied. The purpose of this work is to find out:\u0000(1) what effects do imipramine and fluoxetine have on the sleep–wake\u0000cycle and the characteristics of sleep spindles in WAG/Rij rats\u0000and (2) whether there are differences in their effects. To achieve\u0000this goal, the characteristics of the sleep–wake cycle and sleep\u0000spindles were compared in WAG/Rij rats after chronic administration\u0000of antidepressants and saline and in non-epileptic Wistar rats.\u0000Administration of imipramine led to a significant decrease in the duration\u0000of REM sleep. The administration of imipramine, compared with fluoxetine,\u0000also increased the latency of the transition to sleep and the transition\u0000to REM sleep. Sleep spindle amplitude was significantly increased\u0000by both antidepressants. However, the spectral power density of\u0000“slow” and “medium” spindles, which predominate in WAG/Rij rats\u0000compared to Wistar rats, was significantly higher after administration\u0000of imipramine than fluoxetine. The results suggest that imipramine\u0000causes greater negative changes in the sleep–wake cycle and sleep\u0000spindles than fluoxetine. Studies in the WAG/Rij rat model indicate\u0000that fluoxetine is more preferable antidepressant for the treatment\u0000of depressive disorders comorbid with absence epilepsy, since it\u0000does not cause a significant deterioration in sleep quality. These\u0000results are consistent with clinical data.</p>","PeriodicalId":15805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olfactory Dysfunction in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","authors":"E. V. Bigdai, A. A. Zuikova, A. V. Pozdnyakov","doi":"10.1134/s0022093024030220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0022093024030220","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The article surveys literature data on a close relationship\u0000between energy balance and the sense of smell. Olfaction is one\u0000of the main modalities for hedonic food evaluation. Odor is one\u0000of the most important sensory signals, which predicts food quality\u0000and plays a key role in food selection and consumption. Appetite\u0000can be stimulated by a variety of factors, but the leading role\u0000belongs to olfactory cues (tasty smells) and hormone levels that\u0000signal hunger or satiety. Olfactory perception is subject to hormonal\u0000modulation. In this regard, a special focus in the article is on\u0000the modulating function of insulin. Insulin, one of the main metabolic\u0000hormones, controls food intake and has an anorexigenic effect at\u0000the level of not only the hypothalamus but also the olfactory pathway,\u0000being particularly strong in the olfactory bulb. It is the olfactory\u0000bulb where the rate of insulin transport is two to eight times higher than\u0000in other parts of the brain, and that contains highest levels of\u0000insulin and insulin receptor kinase. Thus, insulin is not only able\u0000to penetrate to the site of olfactory information processing but\u0000does it quickly. Insulin and its receptors localize in the olfactory\u0000epithelium, in mature olfactory sensory neurons. Therefore, insulin\u0000influences the primary stage of odorous molecule perception, odor detection,\u0000which occurs at the level of the olfactory epithelium. In obesity\u0000and type 2 diabetes, the sense of smell is impaired up to its complete\u0000loss, worsening the quality of life in such patients. The article\u0000also addresses the effectiveness of intranasal insulin administration\u0000for restoring olfactory function in metabolic disorders and other\u0000diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":15805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Methyl-Enriched Diet Improves Episodic Memory but Does Not Affect Conditioned Fear Memory in Offspring of WAG/Rij Rats","authors":"E. A. Fedosova, A. B. Shatskova, K. Yu. Sarkisova","doi":"10.1134/s0022093024030311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0022093024030311","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This study was aimed to find out what effect the maternal\u0000methyl-enriched diet (MED) in the perinatal period exerts on cognitive\u0000functions in adult offspring of WAG/Rij rats, a genetic model of\u0000absence epilepsy with comorbid depression. The cognitive functions\u0000(learning and memory) were evaluated in the novel object recognition\u0000(NOR) and fear conditioning (for fear memory) tests. The experiments\u0000were carried out on 6-month-old male WAG/Rij rats. The mothers of\u0000the experimental group fed a MED, while the mothers of the control\u0000group fed a control diet. The NOR test was used to assess episodic memory.\u0000This test is based on innate exploratory (novelty preference) motivation,\u0000which is usually reduced in depression. The conditioning of fear\u0000memory is the classical Pavlovian defensive conditioned reflex,\u0000manifested as freezing in response to negative reinforcement (electric\u0000footshock). In the NOR test, in rats of the experimental group,\u0000the novel object recognition index (a measure of episodic memory)\u0000and the number of entries to the center of the arena (a measure\u0000of exploratory motivation) were significantly higher compared to\u0000the corresponding measures in the control group. However, no intergroup\u0000differences were revealed in the manifestation of conditioned fear\u0000memory (% of freezing responses) to a context and a sound cue. The\u0000results indicate that the maternal MED improves episodic memory\u0000in the NOR test but does not affect the conditioned fear memory\u0000associated with a context and sound cue in the adult offspring of\u0000WAG/Rij rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":15805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"10871 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression of Aseptic Inflammation Reduces the Severity of Pulmonary Artery Remodeling and Improves the Clinical Course of Experimental Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension","authors":"A. A. Karpov, A. A. Krylov, L. A. Shilenko, A. M. Mihailova, D. D. Vaulina, D. Yu. Ivkin, N. P. Isakova, A. V. Vorotilov, N. Yu. Semenova, V. A. Zinserling, M. M. Galagudza","doi":"10.1134/s002209302403030x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s002209302403030x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a\u0000complication of pulmonary embolism, characterized by high blood\u0000pressure in the pulmonary artery combined with impaired lysis of fibrin\u0000clots. Previously, the presence of aseptic inflammation in CTEPH\u0000was found in the wall of the pulmonary artery branches, as well\u0000as perivascularly. However, the role of this inflammation in shaping CTEPH\u0000is unknown. The aim of the work was to study the effect of aseptic\u0000inflammation on CTEPH formation and progression. The experiments\u0000were carried out on male Wistar rats (<i>n</i> =\u000054). The CTEPH model was reproduced by repeated intravenous administration\u0000of partially biodegradable microspheres (MS). Immediately after\u0000the last MS administration, all animals were randomly allocated\u0000into four groups: (1) control (c.CTEPH) group—physiological saline\u0000was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) for 6 weeks; (2) low-dose\u0000prednisolone (LDP) group—prednisolone was administered i.m. at a\u0000dose of 1.5 mg/kg; (3) high-dose prednisolone (HDP) group—prednisolone\u0000was administered i.m. at a dose of 6 mg/kg; (4) healthy or intact\u0000(INT) group. After 6 weeks, there were performed the treadmill test, transthoracic\u0000echocardiography, cardiac catheterization with blood pressure manometry,\u0000and lung tissue histological examination. In a separate series of\u0000experiments, the degree of vascular wall and perivascular space\u0000inflammatory infiltration was assessed immunohistochemically. In\u0000LDP group, the vascular wall hypertrophy index (HI) and the percentage\u0000of collagen fibers in the vascular wall were reduced compared to\u0000the control group, with the HI being reduced significantly greater\u0000than in HDP group. In the latter, there was revealed a positive\u0000effect of high-dose prednisolone on the percentage of collagen fibers\u0000in the vascular wall, with this parameter being non-significantly\u0000different from that in intact animals. By immunohistochemical data,\u0000low-dose prednisolone effectively suppressed inflammatory infiltration\u0000of the vascular wall and perivascular space. Thus, we revealed the\u0000ability of low-dose prednisolone to reduce the degree of remodeling\u0000of the pulmonary artery branches by suppressing aseptic inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Synergistic Trio of Metabolic Master Regulators Sustaining a Vicious Circle of Pathological Processes in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"M. V. Kondashevskaya, K. A. Artemyeva, L. M. Mikhaleva","doi":"10.1134/s0022093024030116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0022093024030116","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive response\u0000to the exposure of an extraordinary-intensity stressor. The animal\u0000and human body responds to any external challenges at the systemic, organismal\u0000and cellular levels. In stress-sensitive individuals, the collaboration\u0000of stress-implementing and stress-limiting systems is compromised,\u0000causing the transformation of behavior, cognitive abilities and\u0000other functions of the central nervous system. It is commonly accepted\u0000now that changes in the abundance and repertoire of the intestinal\u0000microbiota play an important role in the pathogenesis of PTSD. In\u0000this regard, the methods of improving the microflora are high on\u0000the agenda. Analyzing the literature data, we came to the conclusion\u0000that metabolic, somatic and mental health largely depends on the\u0000coordinated functioning of the key interdependent metabolic components:\u0000hepatobiliary system, intestinal microbiota and, as we believe,\u0000the state of mast cells. Close scrutiny of the interplay of these components\u0000will help identify new therapeutic targets and the most effective\u0000methods to treat PTSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glibenclamide Prevents Inflammation by Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in vitro","authors":"E. D. Khilazheva, Yu. A. Panina, A. I. Mosiagina, O. S. Belozor, Yu. K. Komleva","doi":"10.1134/s002209302403013x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s002209302403013x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a significant role in the development\u0000of neurodegeneration, physiological aging and metabolic inflammation,\u0000which actualizes the search for effective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors\u0000and assessing their effects. This study was aimed to assess the\u0000effect of pharmacological modulation of NLRP3 activity by an indirect\u0000NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, glibenclamide, on the in vitro expression\u0000of metaflammasome components in brain cells derived from middle-aged\u0000mice. It was found that glibenclamide reduces the expression of\u0000pro-inflammatory markers NLRP3 and IL18 in cell culture, which in\u0000turn prevents the phosphorylation of metaflammasome complex protein\u0000kinases, PKR and IKKβ. At the same time, there were no changes in\u0000the expression of pathologically phosphorylated IRS, as well as\u0000in the number of senescent cells in cultures after glibenclamide\u0000exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":15805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial-Temporal Structure Features of Muscle Synergies during Profiling Elements Implementation in Rhythmic Gymnastics","authors":"S. A. Moiseev, S. M. Ivanov","doi":"10.1134/s0022093024030165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0022093024030165","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The article presents an analysis of the muscle synergies involved\u0000in making ball throws in different directions and from different\u0000starting positions. The study involved 6 highly qualified athletes\u0000engaged in rhythmic gymnastics. Electromyograms of the superficial\u0000muscles of the upper extremities and trunk were recorded synchronously\u0000during the movements, as well as video capture of the movements\u0000of body segments. Synergy parameters were extracted from the recorded\u0000signals using factor analysis using the principal component method.\u0000It has been established that individuals who have mastered a complex motor\u0000skill can demonstrate similar motor control strategies. This is\u0000manifested in the structuring of intermuscular interaction in the\u0000form of two general modules, the degree of involvement of muscles\u0000in which is highly similar in the implementation of different motor\u0000tasks. The first muscle module implements active movement of the\u0000upper limb by jointly activating the muscles of the forearm, shoulder and\u0000upper shoulder girdle, and also provides stabilization of the position\u0000of the trunk by synchronizing the activity of the muscles of the\u0000back and abdomen. The second muscle module is specific and is mainly associated\u0000with high involvement in the synergy of the muscles of the upper\u0000shoulder girdle and forearm for the implementation of exercises\u0000performed without visual control, or from starting positions that limit\u0000the mobility of certain parts of the body. Thus, the solution to\u0000the problem of coordination of many elements of the motor system\u0000may consist not only in reducing the number of executive organs—muscles involved\u0000in control, but also in organizing control variables in the form\u0000of modules at the kinematic level and their stabilization through\u0000muscle synergies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Importance of Adrenal Hormones in the Implementation of Stress-Protective Effect of Low L-Thyroxine Doses","authors":"E. A. Gusakova, I. V. Gorodetskaya","doi":"10.1134/s0022093024030141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0022093024030141","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Although low L-thyroxine doses have previously been found\u0000to increase body’s stress resistance, it has remained unclear whether\u0000this effect is related to the action of L-thyroxine itself or is\u0000mediated by its activating/potentiating impact on other hormones.\u0000The aim of this work was to study the role of adrenal hormones in\u0000the implementation of the protective effect of low L-thyroxine doses\u0000under stress. The work was carried out on white mongrel male rats;\u0000stress was modeled by a time deficit situation. L-thyroxine was\u0000administered at low, close to physiological, doses according to\u0000the following schedule: week 1—1.5 µg/kg, week 2—2.0 µg/kg, week\u00003—2.5 µg/kg, week 4—3.0 µg/kg. It was found that stress exposure\u0000(1) increases the blood concentration of iodine-containing thyroid\u0000hormones (ITH) by 23–44%, corticosteroids by 40%, and adrenal relative\u0000mass (RM) by 31%, (2) reduces thymic and splenic RMs by 26 and 14%,\u0000respectively, and insulin level by 46%, (3) causes damage to the\u0000gastric mucosa (GM) with a damage index (DI) of 1.36, (4) increases\u0000animal physical endurance, locomotor activity and anxiety, while\u0000decreasing the intensity of exploratory responses. Bilateral adrenalectomy\u0000(BA) prevents the activation of thyroid function, abolishes the\u0000increase in physical endurance, and alters the structure of behavior,\u0000as well as determines a more severe damage to the GM (DI 2.7), an\u0000increase in anxiety, and the suppression of exploratory behavior\u0000under stress. BA limits the protective effect of L-thyroxine under stress,\u0000as manifested by lower values of rat horizontal locomotor and exploratory\u0000activity, higher anxiety, and damage to the GM (after L-thyroxine\u0000administration, DI under stress without BA is 0.12, against BA is\u00001.19). This corresponds to a lower blood ITH concentration (by 14–43%).\u0000Hence, low L-thyroxine doses have a stress-protective effect. BA\u0000limits but does not completely prevents its implementation, suggesting\u0000that adrenal hormones play an important, albeit not crucial, role\u0000in shaping the L-thyroxine anti-stress effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":15805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}