Danna V Hernandez-Urquizo, Jesús A Claudio Rizo, Denis A Cabrera-Munguía, Martín Caldera-Villalobos, Maria I León-Campos, Francisco J Enríquez-Medrano, Luis Ernesto Elizalde-Herrera
{"title":"Antibacterial collagen-guar gum hydrogels with zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67): an innovative platform for advanced wound healing.","authors":"Danna V Hernandez-Urquizo, Jesús A Claudio Rizo, Denis A Cabrera-Munguía, Martín Caldera-Villalobos, Maria I León-Campos, Francisco J Enríquez-Medrano, Luis Ernesto Elizalde-Herrera","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2486859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2025.2486859","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current challenge in developing wound healing dressings lies in achieving antibacterial effects while avoiding cytotoxicity to cells that are crucial for the healing process. Addressing this challenge, Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67), a cobalt-containing metal-organic framework (MOF), has emerged as a promising additive due to cobalt's broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. This study developed semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogels by incorporating 1-3 wt.% ZIF-67 into collagen-guar gum matrices, resulting in biocomposites with tunable structural and functional properties. These biocomposites exhibit a fibrillar-granular morphology, uniform cobalt ion distribution on a semi-crystalline surface, and strong antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli (E. coli)</i>. At 3 wt.%, ZIF-67 accelerates gelation, strengthens crosslinking interactions, and enhances the storage modulus, thermal stability, and hydrolytic resistance of the hydrogels. Furthermore, biocomposites with 1 wt.% ZIF-67 also function as <i>in-situ</i> curcumin delivery systems, offering controlled release under physiological conditions and significant biodegradation in the presence of collagenase. <i>In vitro</i> tests demonstrate that the chemical composition of these hydrogels, regardless of ZIF-67 content, effectively supports monocyte and fibroblast metabolic activity, promotes cell proliferation, and increases interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion by human monocytes. Additionally, the absence of hemolytic effects in human blood further underscores the safety and suitability of these hydrogel biocomposites for advanced wound treatment applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143764053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Amphoteric ionic hydrogels containing graphene oxide and bioactive glass loaded with BMP-2 significantly promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.","authors":"Yaru Zhu, Ruiming Yan, Tao Wang, Qidong Wang","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2480881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2025.2480881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The treatment of bone nonunion is a tricky challenge, and the development of bone tissue engineering has provided a direction for the treatment of bone nonunion, making the search for suitable tissue-engineered scaffolds particularly important. Three hydrogel scaffolds were constructed, their physical properties and osteogenesis-promoting properties were compared, and the characteristics of the three scaffolds were studied <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Z-CS/BG/GO group scaffolds have more uniform pore size and porosity than other groups, with better inter-pore connectivity. The scaffolds were favorable for BMP-2 loading and possessed good mechanical properties while enabling smoother drug release, thus achieving good promotion of proliferation and bone differentiation of BMSCs. So, Z-CS/BG/GO scaffolds are good materials to promote the differentiation of BMSCs and bone formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing the efficacy of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan nanofibrous mat loaded with myrtle essential oil/gum Arabic in wound healing.","authors":"Fateme Sanati, Mansoureh Ashghali Farahani, Mohammad Reza Rostami-Darounkola, Fatemeh Shokrolahi, Mohsen Naseri","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2476288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2025.2476288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nowadays, extensive research has been conducted on electrospun nanofibers for wound dressing applications. Considering the growing concern over bacterial resistance to common antibiotics, investigating the potential of natural essential oils with antibacterial properties could prove to be beneficial in addressing this issue. In response to the challenges posed by impaired wound healing, we have designed a novel electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan nanofiber embedded with myrtle essential oil and gum Arabic dispersion (PVA/CS/MT-GA). The morphology and molecular structure of the prepared nanofibers were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The synthesized PVA/CS/MT-GA composite demonstrated a remarkable swelling capacity of 744% and exhibited acceptable mechanical strength. Additionally, the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of these nanofibers was obtained as 2497 g.m<sup>-2</sup>.day<sup>-1</sup>, which falls within the ideal range for wound dressings. The antimicrobial test results revealed that PVA/CS/MT-GA nanofibers exhibited notable antibacterial properties when tested against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The release profile of MT from MT-containing nanofibers exhibited a burst release mechanism in PVA/CS/MT-GA nanofibers, which can be beneficial in applications that require an immediate therapeutic effect. Furthermore, nanofibers as wound dressings in the full-thickness wound model of Wistar rats demonstrated a remarkable capacity to care for damaged tissue and promote faster healing times. Collectively, the results obtained in this study suggest that the developed nanofiber holds great promise as a potential candidate for wound dressing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neutrophil membrane-coated multifunctional biomimetic nanoparticles for spinal cord injuries.","authors":"Hongyi Zhu, Feng Cai, Ziang Li, Lichen Zhang, Xindie Zhou, Jiapei Yao, Wei Wang, Liang Zhou, Xinzhao Jiang, Kun Xi, Yong Gu, Liang Chen, Yidi Zhou","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2024.2404760","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2024.2404760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most complex diseases. After SCI, severe secondary injuries can cause intense inflammatory storms and oxidative stress responses, leading to extensive neuronal apoptosis. Effective regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress after SCI remains an unresolved challenge. In this study, resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles coated with neutrophil membranes (NMR) were prepared using the emulsion-solvent evaporation method and membrane encapsulation technology. Multifunctional biomimetic nanoparticles retain neutrophil membrane-related receptors and possess a strong adsorption capacity for inflammatory factors. As a drug carrier, NMR can sustainably release resveratrol for >72 h. Moreover, co-culture studies <i>in vitro</i> show that the NMR help regulate macrophage polarization to relieve inflammatory response, reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species by approximately 50%, and improve mitochondrial membrane potential to alleviate oxidative stress. After injecting NMR into the injury site, it reduces early apoptosis, inhibit scar formation, and promote neural network recovery to improve motor function. This study demonstrates the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of NMR, thus providing a novel therapeutic strategy for SCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"415-439"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142288068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qing Yang, Xiaosheng Jin, Yuansen Zhang, Xiaoqiu Wu, Haiying Lin, Tingting Ji, Rongzhou Li
{"title":"<i>In vivo</i> delivery of PBAE/ZIF-8 enhances the sensitivity of colorectal cancer to doxorubicin through sh-LncRNA ASB16-AS1.","authors":"Qing Yang, Xiaosheng Jin, Yuansen Zhang, Xiaoqiu Wu, Haiying Lin, Tingting Ji, Rongzhou Li","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2024.2410060","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2024.2410060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of sh-LncRNA ASB16-AS1 on doxorubicin (DOX) resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). First, an <i>in vitro</i> study was conducted to investigate the effects of LncRNA ASB16-AS1, miR-185-5p, and TEAD1 on drug resistance in CRC cells. Subsequently, utilizing nanotechnology, poly(beta amino esters) (PBAE)/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)@sh-LncRNA ASB16-AS1 nanoparticles (PZSNP) were synthesized and characterized, evaluating their cellular toxicity and hemolytic activity. Finally, a mouse subcutaneous tumor model was established by subcutaneous injection of SW480/DOX cell suspension to investigate the impact of PZSNP on the tumor. Under DOX treatment, downregulation of LncRNA ASB16-AS1, overexpression of miR-185-5p, or downregulation of TEAD1 suppressed the viability and proliferation of drug-resistant CRC cells while promoting apoptosis. Conversely, overexpression of LncRNA ASB16-AS1, inhibition of miR-185-5p, or overexpression of TEAD1 enhanced the viability and proliferation of drug-resistant CRC cells while inhibiting apoptosis. The synthesized PZSNP exhibited a spherical shape with an average particle size of 123.6 nm, possessed positive charge, displayed good stability. It effectively encapsulated shRNA and displayed low cellular toxicity and hemolytic activity. Under DOX treatment, significant tumor necrosis was observed in the PZSNP group, and tumor growth was suppressed without causing weight loss. LncRNA ASB16-AS1, miR-185-5p, and TEAD1 are involved in regulating cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis, contributing to drug resistance in CRC cells. sh<b>-</b>LncRNA ASB16-AS1 enhances the sensitivity of CRC cells to DOX during treatment, and <i>in vivo</i> delivery of PZSNP may serve as an effective strategy to overcome chemotherapy resistance in CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"495-512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ROS-Responsive Nanoparticles with Antioxidative Effect for the treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy.","authors":"Jinjin Li, Yujia Liu, Kedui Geng, Xin Lu, Xiangchun Shen, Qianqian Guo","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2024.2406628","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2024.2406628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes necessitating early intervention to impede progression, despite current clinical treatments focusing on advanced stages. Essential oils from Fructus Alpiniae zerumbet (EOFAZ) have demonstrated efficacy in protecting against high glucose (HG)-induced Müller cell activation and DR development. This study introduced a reactive oxidative species (ROS)-responsive drug delivery system (NPS<sub>PHE</sub>@EOFAZ) targeting early DR stages and oxidative stress. Our engineered nanoparticles effectively deliver EOFAZ into HG-exposed Müller cells by detecting and responding to elevated oxidative stress levels. The NPS<sub>PHE</sub>@EOFAZ significantly inhibited abnormal cell growth, reduced oxidative stress, and alleviated inflammation <i>in vitro. In vivo</i> experiments on diabetic mice with DR revealed that NPS<sub>PHE</sub>@EOFAZ mitigated early pathological changes by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation while also alleviating organ damage in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney. These findings underscore the potential of NPS<sub>PHE</sub>@EOFAZ as a promising antioxidant for early intervention in DR pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"440-461"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142347318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongxia Chen, Hao Zhou, Zhiwen Qi, Xingying Xue, Chengzhang Wang
{"title":"Urushiol oligomer preparation and evaluations of their antibacterial, antioxidant, and thermal stability.","authors":"Hongxia Chen, Hao Zhou, Zhiwen Qi, Xingying Xue, Chengzhang Wang","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2024.2409483","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2024.2409483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There have been studies published on the composition and coating uses of raw lacquers following enzymatic oxidative polymerization. The change of urushiol' thermal stability and biological activity following polymerization to create oligomer, however, has received little attention. This work using silica gel column chromatography to separate urushiol and urushiol oligomer from polymerized raw lacquer and assessed its antibacterial, antioxidant, and thermal stability in an effort to decrease the allergenicity of urushiol and increase its application. By using gel chromatography, the urushiol oligomer were discovered to be polymers with 2-5 degrees of polymerization. According to characterization results from techniques like UV, FT-IR, and <sup>1</sup>H NMR, urushiol was converted into urushiol oligomer by addition reactions, and C-C coupling. The findings demonstrated that the urushiol oligomer' IC<sub>50</sub> values for scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals were 40.8 and 27.4 μg/mL, respectively, and that their minimum inhibitory concentrations against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> were 250 and 125 μg/mL. The urushiol oligomer's thermogravimetric differential curve peak temperature (461.8 °C) was higher than urushiol's (239.5 °C), indicating that urushiol undergoes polymerization with enhanced thermal stability. The study's findings establish a foundation for the use of polymerized urushiol and urushiol oligomer in applications including functional materials and additives.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"481-494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142390726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hong Xu, Chen Zang, Fangbo Zhang, Jixiang Tian, Hua Li, Shihuan Tang, Guohua Wang
{"title":"An innovative rheology analysis method applies to the formulation optimization of Panax notoginseng total saponins ocular gel.","authors":"Hong Xu, Chen Zang, Fangbo Zhang, Jixiang Tian, Hua Li, Shihuan Tang, Guohua Wang","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2024.2406632","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09205063.2024.2406632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emphasizing the viscoelasticity of ophthalmic gels is crucial for understanding the residence time, structure, and stability of hydrogels. This study primarily aimed to propose an innovative rheology analysis method for ophthalmic gels, considering complex eye movements. This method was applied to select ophthalmic gels with favorable rheological characteristics. Additionally, the physical characteristics and <i>in vitro</i> release of the selected <i>Panax notoginseng</i> total saponins (PNS) gel were demonstrated. The selected PNS gel significantly increased the activities of SOD and decreased intracellular levels of MDA, TNF-α, and IL-1β in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated ARPE-19 cells. Finally, the optimal formulation was selected as a suitable platform for ophthalmic delivery and was shown to significantly rescue ARPE-19 cells from oxidative cellular damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"462-480"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142347317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan José Saiz Culma, Johana María Guevara Morales, Yoshie Adriana Hata Uribe, Diego Alexander Garzón-Alvarado, Sara Leal-Marin, Birgit Glasmacher, Juan Jairo Vaca-González
{"title":"Effects of electric fields on the modulation of chondrocytes dynamics in gelatin scaffolds: a novel approach to optimize cartilage tissue engineering.","authors":"Juan José Saiz Culma, Johana María Guevara Morales, Yoshie Adriana Hata Uribe, Diego Alexander Garzón-Alvarado, Sara Leal-Marin, Birgit Glasmacher, Juan Jairo Vaca-González","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2466971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2025.2466971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The treatment of degenerative pathologies affecting articular cartilage remains a significant clinical challenge. Non-invasive biophysical stimuli, such as electric fields, have demonstrated potential as therapeutic tools for cartilage tissue restoration. Previous studies have reported that electric fields enhance chondrocyte proliferation and the synthesis of key extracellular matrix components, such as glycosaminoglycans. However, inconsistencies in experimental designs have led to variable findings. This study examines the effects of capacitively coupled electric fields on chondrocytes cultured in gelatin hydrogels. Alternating voltages of 50 V (7.7 mV/cm) and 100 V (8.7 mV/cm) at a frequency of 60 kHz were applied for 21 days. Cell quantification and glycosaminoglycan analysis were performed on both stimulated and control samples. On day 7, exposure to the electric field resulted in a significant reduction in cell proliferation by 24.7% and 39.2% at 7.7 mV/cm and 8.7 mV/cm, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, stimulation at 8.7 mV/cm led to a 35.7% increase in glycosaminoglycan synthesis compared to the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These findings indicate that electric field stimulation can modulate the synthesis of essential extracellular matrix components, such as glycosaminoglycans, in hyaline cartilage. This highlights the potential of electric fields as a promising strategy to enhance outcomes in articular cartilage tissue engineering, particularly in hydrogel-based therapeutic approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asra Ali Hussein, Nisreen Kaddim Radi, Nebras Mohammed Sahi
{"title":"Integrative computational and experimental study of propolis, polyvinyl alcohol, and alhagi maurorum complex as anticancer and antibacterial agents.","authors":"Asra Ali Hussein, Nisreen Kaddim Radi, Nebras Mohammed Sahi","doi":"10.1080/09205063.2025.2464448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2025.2464448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study examined the potential applications of propolis, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and Alhagi maurorum extracts in drug delivery systems, utilizing both computer and lab methods. The study uses molecular docking probes along with DFT (density functional theory) to investigate molecular interactions and examine the binding of drugs to carrier materials. The HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital)-LUMO (Lowest Occupied Molecular Orbital) gap for the mix of PVA, galangin, and triterpene glycoside is -0.07621 eV, which matches the experiment results. This small gap enhances responsiveness in drug delivery applications, which is crucial for successful interactions with biological targets. It's possible that a delivery system that combines galangin and triterpene glycosides would work better and be more compatible with living things.The experimental results of the Methyl Thiazole Tetrazolium (MTT) show consistent findings: The viability of MCF7, a human breast cancer cell line, significantly decreased at all concentrations of propolis and polyvinyl alcohol compared to WRL68, a fetal liver cell line. Within-group comparisons showed less viability in both groups at 400 µg/ml. Mean ± SD: 42.05267 ± 1.951655; 67.12533 ± 7.401263.In the positive control group, the average number of malignant cells was 47.06, but the average number of cells in the fourth treatment (Propolis + PVA) and the third combination (Propolis + Alhagi maurorum + PVA) were 42.05267 and 42.97800, respectively. The Sustainable Development Goals in Industry and Innovation are focusing on developing a new combination of alhagi and propolis using PVA as a polymer carrier.</p>","PeriodicalId":15195,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition","volume":" ","pages":"1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143482695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}