International Journal of Climatology最新文献

{"title":"The Temporal and Spatial Variability of Cloud Properties Over Poland Based on Satellite Data (2003–2021)","authors":"Izabela Wojciechowska","doi":"10.1002/joc.8804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8804","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cloud cover is a key meteorological element that plays a crucial role in Earth's climate system and remains a significant source of uncertainty in climate estimations. Over recent decades, changes in the frequency of certain cloud types have been observed in Poland, including increases in high and convective clouds and a decrease in stratiform clouds. These trends underscore the need for detailed regional analyses of cloud properties. In this study, we present a comprehensive 19-year analysis of cloud top pressure (CTP), cloud optical thickness (COT), cloud effective radius (CER) and cloud water path (CWP). We investigate the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Cloud Product Collection 6.1 Level 2 data from both the Terra and Aqua spacecraft, covering the period from 2003 to 2021. Our findings indicate that, over the past two decades, CTP over Poland has consistently decreased by 7.3–9.7 hPa per decade. This decline primarily affects northern and north-western Poland, with local decreases reaching up to −40.0 hPa per decade. High clouds (CTP &lt; 440 hPa) exhibited the most pronounced changes, with a statistically significant negative trend observed over 25%–35% of the area of Poland. While area-averaged monthly means for cloud microphysical and optical characteristics did not change over the analysed period, a detailed investigation of clouds with different CTP or COT revealed additional phenomena. In particular, COT declined by 1.15–2.25 every 10 years for low-to-mid level cloud (CTP 560–800 hPa), CER and CWP decreased in cloud with COT &lt; 9.4 during morning passes, and CER and CWP increased in cloud with COT ≥ 9.4 during afternoon passes. These findings are particularly important for understanding the radiative properties of clouds and their role in atmospheric energy balance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Multi-Day Precipitation Extremes and Their Linkages With Atmospheric Moisture Flux Over India","authors":"T. H. Gaspar,&nbsp;R. M. Trigo,&nbsp;A. M. Ramos,&nbsp;A. S. Raghuvanshi,&nbsp;A. Russo,&nbsp;P. M. M. Soares,&nbsp;T. M. Ferreira,&nbsp;A. Agarwal","doi":"10.1002/joc.8751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8751","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Indian subcontinent is dominated by a very pronounced summer monsoon season from June to September and a less intense autumn monsoon, both posing major challenges to the densely populated regions, namely through flash floods and landslides. Moreover, the spatial patterns and temporal extent of extreme precipitation events are not uniform across India, with event's durations varying across regions and multiple triggering factors. Here, we make use of a high-resolution daily precipitation dataset covering the entire Indian territory, from 1951 to 2022, to analyse multi-day precipitation extremes and their linkages with regional atmospheric moisture fluxes. We consider 10 sub-regions of India, characterised by different climatic regimes and apply an objective ranking of extreme precipitation events, across various time scales, ranging from 1 to 10 days. Obtained results confirm that the method accurately detects and ranks the most extreme precipitation events in each region, providing information on the daily evolution of the magnitude (and spatial extent affected) of high precipitation values in each region. Moreover, results show that top rank events can be associated with different types of storms affecting the four main coastal regions of India. In particular, some top rank events can be critically linked to long duration events (e.g., 10 days) that can be missed in ranks for shorter duration (e.g., 1–3 days) periods, thus stressing the need to employ multi-day precipitation extremes ranking. Finally, an in-depth analysis of the large-scale atmospheric circulation and moisture transport is presented for the top 10-day events influencing the four coastal regions of India. Results show low pressure systems, which persist over multiple days and play a critical role in linking IVT to MDPEs across the Indian subcontinent. Overall, we are confident that our findings are valuable in advancing disaster risk reduction strategies, optimising water resource management practices, and formulating climate change adaptation strategies specifically tailored for the Indian subcontinent.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.8751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Impacts of the North Atlantic Horseshoe Pattern on China Compound Heat-Humidity Extremes","authors":"Jiayi Mu,&nbsp;Qianrong Ma,&nbsp;Shiquan Wan,&nbsp;Rui Hu,&nbsp;Shujuan Hu,&nbsp;Guolin Feng","doi":"10.1002/joc.8808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8808","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Compound heat-humidity extremes (CHHEs) have gained significant attention as crucial indicators of heat stress. This research investigates the summer wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) to elucidate the spatial variation of CHHEs across China from 1961 to 2022. The results reveal a clear increase in CHHEs, with the highest WBGT observed in southeastern China, while significant increases are noted in the northwestern and northeastern regions. Empirical orthogonal function analysis identifies three leading patterns: a consistent spatial increase, a north (decreasing)–south (increasing) dipole, and a west (decreasing)–east (increasing) dipole. Both observations and model simulations indicate that the North Atlantic Horseshoe (NAH) sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern is a reliable predictor for CHHEs in China via influencing the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and modulating large-scale circulations. This combined with the westward extension of the Western North Pacific Anomalous Anticyclone (WNPAC), leads to a consistent rise in CHHEs, particularly in Central China. Regarding the north–south dipole, air-sea interactions driven by the NAH reinforce the negative phase of the Eurasian (EU) teleconnection pattern through the NAO, intensifying cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies over Mongolia to northern China and southern China, respectively. Furthermore, the NAH pattern during May–July effectively predicts summer CHHEs north–south dipole variations using the genetic algorithm-based evolving neural network. This research offers valuable insights for predicting CHHEs in China from the perspective of North Atlantic SST anomalies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.8808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the Varied Characteristics of Compound Hot–Drought From Two Distinctive Extreme Events in the Yangtze River Valley","authors":"An Xuehua,&nbsp;Sun Shanlei,&nbsp;Ma Qianrong,&nbsp;Wu Hao,&nbsp;Li Daiyuan,&nbsp;Wu Wei","doi":"10.1002/joc.8809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8809","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compound hot-drought events exert profound impacts on ecosystems, agriculture and public health, highlighting the need to understand their characteristics and driving mechanisms for effective climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study reveals that the severity of summer hot–drought events in the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) significantly increased during 1961–2022. Among these, 2013 and 2022 represent two distinct types of hot-drought events: High-temperature and both high-temperature and deficient precipitation dominated. In both years, the eastward expansion of the South Asian High and the westward extension of the Western Pacific Subtropical High established persistent high-pressure systems over the YRV. In 2013, cooler sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Northwestern Indian Ocean promoted the anomalous westerly, reducing the southwest water vapour transport to the region. Concurrently, the Western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC) positioned over the East China Sea facilitated limited moisture inflow from the Pacific. This configuration, mainly governed by persistent high-pressure systems, resulted in high-temperature-dominated compound events. In contrast, the 2022 event displayed greater complexity. Warmer SST anomalies in the Bay of Bengal intensified convective activity, enhancing the local Hadley circulation and promoting descending motion over the YRV. Strengthened easterly, influenced by the Matsuno–Gill response, contributed to the westward extension of the WNPAC and altered tropical water vapour transport, causing pronounced tropospheric descent and moisture deficits over the YRV. Negative tropospheric potential vorticity anomalies further exacerbated the compound event through land-atmosphere interactions, including scarce precipitation, soil drying and increased surface sensible heat flux. Consequently, the 2022 event was more severe and multifaceted than that in 2013.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can CMIP6 Models Accurately Reproduce Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Across China?","authors":"Hui Shen,&nbsp;Jianduo Li,&nbsp;Guocan Wu,&nbsp;Aizhong Ye,&nbsp;Yuna Mao","doi":"10.1002/joc.8794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8794","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) plays a fundamental role in the climate system. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) provides a valuable framework for assessing global climate model performance, but gaps remain in evaluating its ET estimates, particularly in China. To fill this gap, we employed the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) and the water balance ET method to validate the CMIP6 ET outputs from 1980 to 2014 at both national and river basin scales. Key findings include: (1) GLEAM ET performs comparably to the water balance method, making it reliable for validating CMIP6 ET outputs. From 1980 to 2014, the annual mean ET in GLEAM for China ranges from 355 to 411 mm/year. In contrast, most CMIP6 models overestimate ET, with the multi-model ensemble (MME) mean ranging from 524 to 542 mm/year, showing considerable variation among models. Spatially, the MME overestimates ET across over 90% of China. Bayesian model averaging (BMA) results align closely with reference data, with overestimation concentrated in southwest China. (2) At the national scale, CMIP6 trends range from −0.36 to 0.58 mm/year², which contrasts sharply with the GLEAM trend of 1.27 mm/year². At the basin scale, most models overestimate annual ET compared to GLEAM, with discrepancies particularly evident in the major river basins. The smallest difference in ET trend simulation occurs in the Northwest River basin, where model distributions are more concentrated, while the largest discrepancies appear in the Pearl River basin, where model performance is more scattered. Furthermore, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analysis reveals high ensemble consistency in regions such as the Haihe, Yellow, Yangtze, Pearl and Songliao River basins, indicating more reliable model performance in these areas. This study contributes to enhancing the reliability and accuracy of climate projections, which is essential for informed decision-making and policy formulation in atmospheric science.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Vegetation and Land Surface Temperature in Saudi Arabia: Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Sites From 2010 to 2023","authors":"Mazen E. Assiri,&nbsp;Md. Arfan Ali,&nbsp;Lama Alamri,&nbsp;Muhammad Haroon Siddiqui,&nbsp;Ayman S. Ghulam,&nbsp;Shamsuddin Shahid","doi":"10.1002/joc.8781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8781","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Saudi Arabia has one of the greatest water shortages and the least vegetation in the world, which is potentially exacerbating the issue of environmental impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the interaction between climate change, vegetation dynamics and land surface temperature (LST). The present study investigates the spatio-temporal distributions, variations, change detection and trends of vegetation dynamics and surface temperature over eight agricultural sites in Saudi Arabia using the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LST from Landsat 7 (Enhance Thematic Mapper Plus: ETM⁺) and Landsat 8 (operational land imager: OLI) measurements for the period 2010–2023. The study also examined the relationship between NDVI, LST and climate variables such as air temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and soil moisture. Results showed that an NDVI &gt; 0.20 represents vegetation in Saudi Arabia. Higher values of NDVI were found in Baysh, Jazan province, compared to other agricultural sites. Significant annual and seasonal variations in NDVI were also observed across eight major agricultural sites in Saudi Arabia, attributable to the region's varying climate conditions. Vegetation expansion in 2023 exceeded that in 2014 in Buraydah (304.34 km²), Tabarjal (63.81 km²), Hail (33.20 km²), Al Qirw (22.53 km²) and Baysh (3.07 km²), while reductions were noted in Wadi Al Dawasir (274.58 km²), Tabuk (88.56 km²) and Al Ahsa (27.30 km²). The LST over soil and vegetated surfaces showed that vegetation notably reduced LST at Hail (3.14°C), Al Ahsa and Wadi Al Dawasir (5.43°C), Buraydah (4.53°C), Baysh (2.71°C), Al Qirw (5.17°C), Tabuk (6.24°C) and Tabarjal (3.13°C). The study found that NDVI, LST and climate variables are positively and negatively correlated, which indicates a significant impact of climate change on vegetation patterns. The findings of this study are highly relevant for informing agricultural and environmental policy development in Saudi Arabia, with a focus on enhancing vegetation cover, mitigating the impacts of rising temperatures and advancing sustainable agricultural practices to address the challenges posed by climate change.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Drought in Serbia From 1961 to 2020 Using SPI and SPEI","authors":"Lazar Filipović,&nbsp;Suzana Putniković,&nbsp;Borko Stosic,&nbsp;Tatijana Stosic,&nbsp;Vladimir Djurdjević,&nbsp;Ivana Tošić","doi":"10.1002/joc.8803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8803","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The main objective of this study was to analyse the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought in Serbia using the standardised precipitation index (SPI) and the standardised precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The duration and severity of drought were determined, and the trend of the indices for different accumulation periods, for 3 months (SPI3 and SPEI3), 6 months (SPI6 and SPEI6) and 12 months (SPI12 and SPEI12) were analysed for 10 meteorological stations in Serbia in the period 1961–2020. There was a high correlation between the SPI and SPEI on all time scales. Droughts were observed in Serbia in the following periods: 1961–1963, 1971–1972, 1987–1993, 2000–2003 and after 2011. The drought observed in 2000–2001 was recorded with both indices for all time scales at all stations. The longest drought was measured from June 2011 to February 2013, with a duration of 21 months and a severity of −37.5 with the SPEI12 in Loznica. The 1972 drought is observed in almost all of Serbia, although it was more pronounced in northern Serbia. A statistically significant negative trend is observed for SPEI12 at 6 stations. The SPEI tends to show longer and more severe dry periods than the SPI for the later part of the period under consideration, especially after 2000. As there is a significant increase in temperature in Serbia, the SPEI is better suited than the SPI for analysing drought characteristics under warming conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.8803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes for the Changes in Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Over Ethiopia During 1980–2021","authors":"Mulatu Workneh,&nbsp;Shanlei Sun,&nbsp;Antensay Mekoya","doi":"10.1002/joc.8805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8805","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Considering the great significance of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_o) for various sectors (i.e., biodiversity, agriculture, forestry development and water resources), this study comprehensively investigated its changes during 1980–2021 based on the Food and Agriculture Organisation-56 Penman-Monteith equation and the five popular meteorological datasets. As for the whole of Ethiopia, both the annual and monthly ET_o significantly increased, but the increasing trends varied among months with larger values during January–April and September–December. Spatially, the annual and monthly ET_o changes exhibited evident differences, characterised by increases over more than 88% of areas, especially for January–April and September–December, with an area percentage exceeding 78%. Attribution analyses based on a joint-solution method with multiple sensitivity experiments suggested that for Ethiopia, the annual and monthly ET_o increases were determined by increased mean temperature (<i>T</i>_<i>a</i>). However, the annual and monthly dominant factors varied spatially. On an annual scale, the dominant factors were net radiation (<i>R</i>_<i>n</i>) and <i>T</i>_<i>a</i>, accounting for 21.2% and 78.8% of areas, respectively, mainly in northwestern, southwestern and southeastern Ethiopia and the remaining regions. Although different spatial distributions of dominant factors existed among months, the dominant factor of <i>T</i>_<i>a</i> always had the most extensive area percentage (&gt; 47%), followed by <i>R</i>_<i>n</i> (&gt; 18%) during January–April, June, August, October and November, but wind speed at 2 m (&gt; 19%) during May, July, September and December. This complete analysis of ET_o changes and the related physical mechanisms can partly fill the research gap in Ethiopia. Moreover, this study provides essential information for better understanding climate change, protecting biodiversity and sustaining regional development (e.g., agriculture and water resources).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Projection of Extreme Heat and Precipitation Events in China Response to Global Warming Under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 Scenarios","authors":"Yuanlan Wang,&nbsp;Xinwei Bai,&nbsp;Yizhu Lei,&nbsp;Wei Ding,&nbsp;Sheng Wu","doi":"10.1002/joc.8807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8807","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global warming has substantial effects on humans and ecosystems through changes in extreme events. China is a densely populated region with complex geographical characteristics, making it crucial to assess the changes in extreme events in China under various global warming scenarios. This study utilises 20 CMIP6 models to investigate how extreme heat and precipitation events in China are impacted by weak and strong global warming. The extreme heat indices in China are consistently on the rise in terms of their intensity, frequency, and duration. High latitude regions demonstrate a greater increase in intensity, whereas the Tibetan Plateau exhibits the most significant rise in frequency and duration. The rise of extreme precipitation indices is more distinct in the coastal area and less in the interior, consistent with the “dry gets drier, wet gets wetter”. Furthermore, there is a noteworthy increase in extreme precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau, which may be associated with glacial meltwater or the influence of the Indian monsoon.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.8807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change Impact on Extreme Temperatures and Heat Waves in Armenia","authors":"Artur Gevorgyan,&nbsp;Narine Piliposyan,&nbsp;Sirarpi Gizhlaryan,&nbsp;Sona Sargsyan","doi":"10.1002/joc.8802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8802","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Armenia is located in close neighbourhood to the Mediterranean region and Middle East, which have been identified as climate change ‘hot spots’ and water-stressed regions. The continental climate and mountain topography of the country further increase the vulnerability to climate change. The trends in nine extreme temperature and five heat wave indices have been analysed over the period 1979–2023 using daily maximum and minimum temperature observations from 40 meteorological stations across Armenia. The results show that climate change induced a significant increase in the frequency and intensity of warm extreme temperature indices and heat waves in recent decades. The most prominent and statistically significant warming trends have been found for the summer season. Extreme temperature indices and heat waves that are based on daily maximum temperatures have shown stronger warming trends at most of the stations, especially in the summer season. These asymmetric warming trends of daytime temperatures have enlarged the daily temperature range. The asymmetric warming was partly attributed to an increase in sunshine duration and a decrease in precipitation and wet days observed in the summer season. The urban heat island (UHI) significantly impacted the frequency and severity of heat waves over Yerevan (the capital city). In contrast to the background climate change effect over the entire country, the asymmetric warming trends of nighttime temperatures were observed over Yerevan due to the UHI effect. The nighttime temperatures reached 25°C–28°C during the heat waves, while the maximum duration of heat wave events reached 10–12 days in recent decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":13779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"45 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.8802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}