Cruel Summer (and Autumn): Humid Heat Trends, Extremes, and Mechanisms in the Southeast United States

IF 3.5 3区 地球科学 Q2 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
Shawn M. Milrad, Kelsey E. Ennis, Desiree A. Knight, Kathie D. Dello, Lily Raye, Kyle R. Wodzicki
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Abstract

Humid heat has increased in frequency, intensity and duration in many locations across the globe, particularly those with warm and moist climates like much of the Southeast United States. This study employs an established wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) estimation formula and high-resolution reanalysis data to develop a custom gridded WBGT dataset for the Southeast. Subsequently, summer and autumn WBGT (humid heat) trends and extremes are elucidated for 1950–2023. Results complement and correspond well to recent station-based work as well as gridded trends in the Universal Thermal Comfort Index (UTCI). Overall, trends in average and extreme (90th percentile) WBGT are larger and more widely statistically significant at night and during summer. Autumn WBGT increases are largest and most significant in the Florida Peninsula and near the Gulf Coast, where the heat content of the adjacent water peaks in September. Furthermore, there are large increases in the frequency and duration of summer night-time extremes; regions near the Gulf and in Florida are experiencing nearly three additional extreme summer nights per decade, and extreme events are approximately one night longer per decade. A quantification of WBGT components shows that moisture (dewpoint) increases exceed temperature increases and are the largest contributors to WBGT across most of the Southeast, except in parts of the Appalachian and Piedmont regions where temperature changes dominate. Wind speed and solar radiation changes are quite small across the Southeast and are at best minor contributors to WBGT trends. Results support previous literature that moisture changes are most responsible for humid heat trends in warm and moist climates.

Abstract Image

残酷的夏天(和秋天):美国东南部的湿热趋势,极端和机制
在全球许多地方,湿热的频率、强度和持续时间都有所增加,尤其是那些气候温暖潮湿的地区,比如美国东南部的大部分地区。本研究采用已建立的湿球温度估算公式和高分辨率再分析数据,开发了一个自定义网格化的东南地区湿球温度数据集。随后,对1950-2023年夏季和秋季湿热趋势和极值进行了分析。结果很好地补充和对应了最近基于站点的工作以及通用热舒适指数(UTCI)的网格趋势。总体而言,平均和极端(第90百分位)WBGT的趋势在夜间和夏季更大,更广泛地具有统计学意义。佛罗里达半岛和墨西哥湾沿岸的秋季白热总升高幅度最大,且最显著,邻近水域的热含量在9月达到峰值。此外,夏季夜间极端天气的频率和持续时间也大幅增加;墨西哥湾和佛罗里达附近的地区每十年要经历近三个额外的极端夏夜,而极端事件每十年大约要长一个晚上。水汽(露点)的增加超过了温度的增加,是东南大部分地区水汽(露点)的最大贡献者,除了阿巴拉契亚和皮埃蒙特地区的部分地区,温度变化占主导地位。风速和太阳辐射的变化在整个东南部相当小,充其量只是WBGT趋势的次要贡献者。结果支持先前的文献,即湿度变化是暖湿气候中湿热趋势的主要原因。
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来源期刊
International Journal of Climatology
International Journal of Climatology 地学-气象与大气科学
CiteScore
7.50
自引率
7.70%
发文量
417
审稿时长
4 months
期刊介绍: The International Journal of Climatology aims to span the well established but rapidly growing field of climatology, through the publication of research papers, short communications, major reviews of progress and reviews of new books and reports in the area of climate science. The Journal’s main role is to stimulate and report research in climatology, from the expansive fields of the atmospheric, biophysical, engineering and social sciences. Coverage includes: Climate system science; Local to global scale climate observations and modelling; Seasonal to interannual climate prediction; Climatic variability and climate change; Synoptic, dynamic and urban climatology, hydroclimatology, human bioclimatology, ecoclimatology, dendroclimatology, palaeoclimatology, marine climatology and atmosphere-ocean interactions; Application of climatological knowledge to environmental assessment and management and economic production; Climate and society interactions
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