Gopikrishnan R. Nair;Pragnya S. Nalla;Gokul Krishnan;Anupreetham;Jonghyun Oh;Ahmed Hassan;Injune Yeo;Kishore Kasichainula;Mingoo Seok;Jae-Sun Seo;Yu Cao
{"title":"3-D In-Sensor Computing for Real-Time DVS Data Compression: 65-nm Hardware-Algorithm Co-Design","authors":"Gopikrishnan R. Nair;Pragnya S. Nalla;Gokul Krishnan;Anupreetham;Jonghyun Oh;Ahmed Hassan;Injune Yeo;Kishore Kasichainula;Mingoo Seok;Jae-Sun Seo;Yu Cao","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3375110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3375110","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional IO links are insufficient to transport high volume of image sensor data, under stringent power and latency constraints. To address this, we demonstrate a low latency, low power in-sensor computing architecture to compress the data from a 3D-stacked dynamic vision sensor (DVS). In this design, we adopt a 4-bit autoencoder algorithm and implement it on an AI computing layer with in-memory computing (IMC) to enable real-time compression of DVS data. To support 3-D integration, this architecture is optimized to handle the unique constraints, including footprint to match the size of the sensor array, low latency to manage the continuous data stream, and low-power consumption to avoid thermal issues. Our prototype chip in 65-nm CMOS demonstrates the new concept of 3-D in-sensor computing, achieving < 6 mW power consumption at 1–10 MHz operating frequency, and\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 compression ratio on \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$256times 256$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 DVS pixels.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"119-122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140544255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 90 µW at 1 fps and 1.33 mW at 30 fps 120-dB Intrascene Dynamic Range 640 × 480 Stacked Image Sensor for Autonomous Vision Systems","authors":"Pierre-François Rüedi;Riccardo Quaglia;Hans-Rudolf Graf","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3370797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3370797","url":null,"abstract":"We present an ultralow-power high dynamic range (DR) image sensor dedicated to autonomous vision systems, produced in a back illuminated 65 nm/40 nm stacked process and based on a time-to-digital pixel with in-pixel A/D conversion and data memory. Key to the low-power consumption is a new in-pixel comparator without dc current consumption. The 120-dB intrascene DR of the sensor, encoded on 10 bits, makes use of a logarithmic data representation. Thanks to the high intrascene DR, no adaptation to the local illumination is necessary. The sensor has a sensitivity of 6.4 V/lux/s, an FPN of 0.6%, and a temporal noise of 11 e−, with a pixel pitch of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.3 , mu text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and a fill factor of 86%.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"106-109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140161094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gichan Yun;Kyeongwon Jeong;Haidam Choi;Seunghyun Nam;Chaerin Oh;Hyunjoo Jenny Lee;Sohmyung Ha;Minkyu Je
{"title":"An Ultrasound Receiver With Bandwidth-Enhanced Current Conveyor and Element-Level Ultrasound Transmitter for Ultrasound Imaging Systems","authors":"Gichan Yun;Kyeongwon Jeong;Haidam Choi;Seunghyun Nam;Chaerin Oh;Hyunjoo Jenny Lee;Sohmyung Ha;Minkyu Je","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3369605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3369605","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we present an ultrasound (US) imaging system with a low-noise US receiver (RX) and an element-level US transmitter (TX) for a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT). The proposed US RX isolates the input parasitic capacitance \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$(C_{P})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 from the front-end transimpedance stage by using a bandwidth-enhanced current conveyor. By reducing the effects of the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$C_{P}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, the noise and power efficiency are improved compared to the conventional current readout circuits. Also, a US TX having a class-D output stage is implemented to excite the CMUT with 30-V unipolar pulses. Fabricated in a 180-nm BCD process, the proposed US RX achieves input-referred noise of 2.0 pA/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sqrt {textit {Hz}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at 7.5 MHz and a bandwidth of 18 MHz with 25-pF CMUT capacitance while consuming 3.62 mW.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"98-101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140104292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amitesh Sridharan;Jyotishman Saikia;Anupreetham;Fan Zhang;Jae-Sun Seo;Deliang Fan
{"title":"PS-IMC: A 2385.7-TOPS/W/b Precision Scalable In-Memory Computing Macro With Bit-Parallel Inputs and Decomposable Weights for DNNs","authors":"Amitesh Sridharan;Jyotishman Saikia;Anupreetham;Fan Zhang;Jae-Sun Seo;Deliang Fan","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3369058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3369058","url":null,"abstract":"We present a fully digital multiply and accumulate (MAC) in-memory computing (IMC) macro demonstrating one of the fastest flexible precision integer-based MACs to date. The design boasts a new bit-parallel architecture enabled by a 10T bit-cell capable of four AND operations and a decomposed precision data flow that decreases the number of shift–accumulate operations, bringing down the overall adder hardware cost by \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.57times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 while maintaining 100% utilization for all supported precision. It also employs a carry save adder tree that saves 21% of adder hardware. The 28-nm prototype chip achieves a speed-up of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.6times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10.8times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.42times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.22times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 over prior SoTA in 1bW:1bI, 1bW:4bI, 4bW:4bI, and 8bW:8bI MACs, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"102-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140123545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustainable Status Monitoring of MOSFETs in a Fully Integrated RF Amplifier by Thermal Voltage Sensing of On-Chip Thermopile","authors":"Jian-Hua Li;Xiaoping Liao","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3368634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3368634","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, a sustainable status monitoring of MOSFETs in a fully integrated two stage RF amplifier by thermal voltage sensing of on-chip thermopile is implemented in 0.18-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 CMOS technology. The designed micro-thermopile consists of many thermocouples electrically connected in series by Al and P-type polysilicon, which are carefully arranged around the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). A noteworthy attribute of variations-aware thermopiles, which exhibits an exceptionally close physical proximity to the MOSFETs, is their nonintrusive nature, indicating that they lack electrical connectivity to transistors. During normal operation of the RF amplifier, the dynamic range of its input power spans from −20 to 0 dBm. Experimental measurements on the MOSFETs employed in the first and second power amplification stages are observed to lie within the range of 0.226 to 0.264 and 0.275 to 0.3 mV at 5.4 GHz, respectively. This result demonstrates the capability of integrated on-chip micro-thermopiles to enable continuous monitoring of the operational status of MOSFETs. In comparison to conventional status monitoring approaches, the advantage of this integrated design lies in its elimination of the requirement for supplementary sensors or devices, thereby presenting a significant economic benefit as a low-cost, sustainable monitoring solution in a fully integrated CMOS RF amplifier.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"94-97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140063492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"OCCAM: An Error Oblivious CAM","authors":"Yuval Harary;Paz Snapir;Eyal Reshef;Esteban Garzón;Leonid Yavits","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3362891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3362891","url":null,"abstract":"Content addressable memories (CAMs) are widely used in many applications in general purpose computer microarchitecture, networking and domain-specific hardware accelerators. In addition to storing and reading data, CAMs enable simultaneous compare of query datawords with the entire memory content. Similar to SRAM and DRAM, CAMs are prone to errors and faults. While error correcting codes (ECCs) are widely used in DRAM and SRAM, they are not directly applicable in CAM: if a dataword that is supposed to match a query altered due to an error, it will falsely mismatch even if it is ECC-encoded. We propose OCCAM, an error oblivious CAM, which combines ECC and approximate search (matching) to allow tolerating a large and dynamically configurable number of errors. We manufactured the OCCAM silicon prototype using 65-nm commercial process and verified its error tolerance capabilities through silicon measurements. OCCAM tolerates 11% error rate (7 bit errors in each 64-bit memory row) with 100% sensitivity and specificity.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"82-85"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10423391","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139941573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Low-Power Highly Reconfigurable Analog FIR Filter With 11-Bit Charge-Domain DAC for Narrowband Receivers","authors":"Chien-Wei Tseng;Zhen Feng;Zichen Fan;Hyochan An;Yunfan Wang;Hun-Seok Kim;David Blaauw","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3361380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3361380","url":null,"abstract":"An innovative, highly reconfigurable charge-domain analog finite-impulse-response (AFIR) filter for high-channel selectivity receivers is presented. This filter demonstrates excellent reconfigurability to different bandwidths and desired stopband rejection and realizes the coefficients in the charge-domain with time-varying pulse widths controlling the on-time of the transconductor. The charge-domain finite impulse response (FIR) principle is derived step by step in this letter. The proposed filter, manufactured in 28-nm CMOS process, occupies a compact area of 0.05 mm 2, and its bandwidth can be reconfigured from 0.37 to 4.6 MHz. The filter can achieve −70-dB stopband rejection with a sharp transition (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$-f_{-60 {mathrm {dB}}}^{/f}-3~ {mathrm {dB}},,=$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 4.5) and low-power consumption of 0.356 mW.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"74-77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139916583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Injune Yeo;Wangxin He;Yuan-Chun Luo;Shimeng Yu;Jae-Sun Seo
{"title":"A Dynamic Power-Only Compute-in-Memory Macro With Power-of-Two Nonlinear SAR ADC for Nonvolatile Ferroelectric Capacitive Crossbar Array","authors":"Injune Yeo;Wangxin He;Yuan-Chun Luo;Shimeng Yu;Jae-Sun Seo","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3361011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3361011","url":null,"abstract":"Analog computing-in-memory (CIM) using emerging resistive nonvolatile memory (NVM) technologies faces challenges, such as static power consumption, current flow-induced IR drop, and the need for multiple power-hungry ADCs. In this letter, we present ferroelectric capacitive array (FCA)-based energy/area-efficient CIM macro used for charge-domain multiply-and-accumulate operations, which addresses the challenges of resistive NVM CIMs. The proposed CIM macro involves encoding ternary input activations and weights into voltages, and enabling parasitic insensitive charge readout. A power-of-two nonlinear SAR ADC is introduced, designed for energy-efficiency and hardware-friendliness. This ADC employs adaptive conversion skipping based on input voltage, resulting in fine precision for concentrated input levels and coarse conversion for sparse input levels. The proposed FCA-based CIM macro in 180-nm CMOS demonstrates \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$16times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 analog MAC operation with an energy efficiency of 1.75 TOPS/W and classification accuracy of 90.2% is obtained for the CIFAR-10 dataset.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"70-73"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139916647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fei Wang;Siyu Huang;Zhigang Wu;Cheng Ma;Xinyang Wang;Zeyu Cai
{"title":"A Low-Depth-Noise Indirect Time-of-Flight CMOS Image Sensor With Tap-Rotating Technique for Extended Range and Enhanced Imaging Quality","authors":"Fei Wang;Siyu Huang;Zhigang Wu;Cheng Ma;Xinyang Wang;Zeyu Cai","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3360243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3360243","url":null,"abstract":"An indirect time-of-flight (iToF) CMOS image sensor (CIS) has been designed with 65-nm pixel-level stacked backside-illuminated (BSI) CIS technology. By using an adaptable tap for ambient light detection, the sensor achieves a good balance between the depth noise and the detection range. The residual error caused by the mismatch among different taps is further reduced by a dedicated tap-rotating technique. It also features a multimachine interference suppression (MMIS) technique to further improve imaging quality. The sensor achieves a 0.29% depth noise over a 7-m detection range and 68-dB dynamic range with tap-rotating technique, while consuming only 80 mW of power.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"90-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139993659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Miniaturized Stepped Impedance Transmission Lines for D-Band Wideband Power Divider With Isolation Capacitor","authors":"Seonjeong Park;Songcheol Hong","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2024.3359315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2024.3359315","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, a broadband Wilkinson power divider (WPD) with small size and low loss using round-shaped stepped impedance transmission lines (RS-SITLs) is proposed in both differential and single-ended structures. Miniaturization was achieved through the SITLs with an electrical length smaller than 90°. The insufficient length for odd-mode matching is addressed by introducing an isolation capacitor. Physical parameters are determined considering feasible characteristic impedances through respective mode analyses. Chips are fabricated using a 40-nm RF CMOS process, resulting in a 25% reduction in area compared to the conventional WPD with a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol{lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/4 transmission line, with a core size as small as \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.002~lambda ^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. In the 110–170-GHz band, the proposed single-ended and differential SITL WPDs, respectively, have low-insertion losses (ILs) of 0.91 and 0.69 dB and high isolations (ISOs) of 14.7 and 15.3 dB.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"7 ","pages":"78-81"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139941565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}