{"title":"A 0.015-mm2 0.5 -V Synthesizable Hybrid PLL With Multiphase Linear Proportional-Gain Paths","authors":"Qibang Sun;Liqun Feng;Woogeun Rhee;Hanjun Jiang","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2025.3649215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2025.3649215","url":null,"abstract":"This brief presents a 0.015-mm2 0.5-V synthesizable hybrid phase locked loop (PLL). All blocks including an analog proportional-gain path can be logically or physically synthesized with digital cells and hardware languages. To mitigate the mismatch and common-mode fluctuation problems of a voltage-mode phase detector, multiphase proportional-gain paths are designed for low spur. An 1.2-GHz prototype PLL implemented in 28-nm CMOS achieves <–65-dBc reference spur under 0.5-V supply. The proposed PLL occupies a core area of only 0.015 mm2 by leveraging the synthesized design.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"77-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Broadband and Compact GaN Millimeter-Wave MMIC SPDT Switch Using Modified π-Networks","authors":"Chaorong Wang;Quan Pan;Xiaohu Fang","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2025.3646815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2025.3646815","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a design methodology for broadband and compact millimeter-wave (mm-wave) single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switches targeting the Ku–Ka band. Conventional SPDT switches based on quarter-wavelength transmission line typically occupy significant chip area, while alternative designs utilizing standard <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-type equivalent circuits often suffer from bandwidth degradation due to the parasitic inductance at the isolation path. To overcome these limitations, a novel SPDT architecture based on modified <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-networks is proposed. This approach incorporates the parasitic inductance of the isolation path into the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-network design, effectively enhancing the bandwidth performance without increasing circuit complexity. For validation, an SPDT switch was implemented using a 0.15-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m GaN MMIC process, covering the 10–28 GHz band. Measurement results confirm that the switch achieves an insertion loss below 2.1 dB, return loss better than 12 dB and isolation greater than 42 dB, with a compact core chip area of only 0.62 mm2.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"21-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"220 GHz, 8.5-dBm Saturated Output Power Wideband Power Amplifier in SiGe BiCMOS","authors":"Xun Chen;Jonas Winkelhake;Muh-Dey Wei;Renato Negra","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2025.3646267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2025.3646267","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a broadband <inline-formula> <tex-math>$G$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band power amplifier (PA) designed in a 130-nm silicon-germanium (SiGe) bipolar complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. Unlike dual-band matching and staggered tuning techniques to obtain large operation bandwidth (BW), we propose a common broadband amplification stage in this work for its flexibility. In each stage, inductive gain peaking is employed at the base terminal of the common-base (CB) transistor for BW extension. Meanwhile, the correlation between BW, inband gain and gain flatness is studied to determine the practical value of the inductance and AC decoupling capacitance. A current-mirror with thermal runaway protection is placed close to the amplifier in the implementation of each stage. The proposed PA achieves a peak small-signal gain of 27.6 dB over an operation BW from 140 to 238.7 GHz in measurements. The saturated output power, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{text {sat}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, is 8.5 dBm at 220 GHz with a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 2.1%. The 3-dB <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{text {sat}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BW ranges from 150 to 220 GHz with fractional BW of 31.8% in measurements. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the PA demonstrates the largest BW in <inline-formula> <tex-math>$G$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band compared to other reported silicon-based PAs to date. Furthermore, the inband gain and output power over BW are easily adjustable based on system requirements due to the flexibility of the common broadband amplification stage.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"17-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11304730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Actiniaria: Distributed Dynamic-IR-Drop-Aware Timing Monitor for AVFS With Lightweight Tentacles","authors":"Junyi Qian;Lishuo Deng;Cai Li;Yizhi Ding;Weiwei Shan","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2025.3645701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2025.3645701","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in integrated circuit (IC) technology have amplified the effects of process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations, particularly dynamic IR drop, which severely affects timing. Post-silicon IR drop monitoring circuits are lacking, forcing designers to reserve substantial static guard bands for worst-case scenarios, compromising energy efficiency. Inspired by biomimetics, this letter proposes an Actiniaria-shaped structure for distributed monitoring of multiple IR drop hotspots without invading critical paths (CPs). It comprises lightweight tentacles + central monitor. The tentacles use voltage-sensitive cells to sense the impact of IR drop on timing, while also supporting adaptive tuning for global variations. By using on-chip PVT sensors, Actiniaria tracks the timing characteristics of the longest CP in real time under PVT variations. A two-stage prewarning timing monitor captures timing margins and employs adaptive voltage/frequency scaling (AVFS) strategies to compress redundant guard bands. When applied to an open-source multicore RISC-V processor fabricated in 22-nm CMOS, Actiniaria achieves a 40.6% reduction in power consumption through noninvasive dynamic IR drop monitoring while having only 0.08% area overhead.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"25-28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 28-nm FeFET Compute-in-Memory Macro With 64×64 Array Size and On-Chip 4-Bit Flash ADC","authors":"Vaidehi Garg;Jianwei Jia;Omkar Phadke;Shimeng Yu","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2025.3640522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2025.3640522","url":null,"abstract":"Compute-in-memory (CIM) using emerging nonvolatile memory devices is a promising candidate for energy-efficient deep neural network (DNN) inference at the edge. Ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) have recently gained attention as nonvolatile, CMOS-compatible devices with a higher on/off ratio and lower read and write energy compared to resistive random-access memory (RRAM). This work demonstrates a 4-kb FeFET-CIM macro fabricated in the GlobalFoundries 28-nm high-k metal gate (HKMG) process. The macro consists of a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$64times 64$ </tex-math></inline-formula> FeFET array with peripheral circuits for program, erase, and current-mode CIM operations and eight 4-bit Flash ADCs to quantize the analog partial sums. The proposed design achieves an energy efficiency of 346.6 TOPS/W for <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>b MAC, an inference accuracy of 85.2% for 16 row parallel compute with 4-bit ADC resolution, and 89.1% with 8 row parallel compute with 3-bit resolution, compared to a software baseline of 89.7% on the VGG-8 model for CIFAR-10.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"13-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 500 MS/s Robust 2b/cycle Pipelined-SAR ADC Achieving 64.6-dB SNDR and 82.6-dB SFDR With Linearity Enhancement Techniques","authors":"Qiang Yu;Zheng Zhu;Lulu Zhang;Qin Huang;Yao Feng;Chao Liang;Biao Hu;Ling Du;Rongbin Yang;Shuangyi Wu;Qiang Li","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2025.3639322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2025.3639322","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a 14-bit 500-MS/s 3-stage pipelined successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). By exploiting robust 2b/cycle SAR ADCs, this ADC incorporates significant voltage and time redundancy. High SFDR is achieved through several linearity enhancement techniques. First, a DAC splitting technique addresses the common-mode voltage matching problem between the input buffer and the sampling circuit. Second, a reference charge neutralization minimizes reference ripple. Finally, a digital harmonic correction is realized with a low-cost and low-latency LUT. Fabricated in a 28-nm CMOS process, the prototype ADC achieves 64.6-dB SNDR and 82.6-dB SFDR at Nyquist.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"9-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 28-nm Digital Compute-in-Memory Ising Annealer With Asynchronous Random Number Generator for Traveling Salesman Problem","authors":"Yuyao Kong;Haomei Liu;Vaidehi Garg;Shimeng Yu","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2025.3639178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2025.3639178","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a compact digital compute-in-memory (DCIM) Ising annealer targeting large-scale combinatorial optimization. A centroid-based weight mapping method combined with hierarchical clustering reduces the memory capacity required for traveling salesman problem (TSP) weights, enabling efficient mapping with limited on-chip storage. An asynchronous random number generator (ARNG) based on dual ring oscillator provides high-quality randomness with tunable probability bias while incurring much smaller hardware overhead than conventional linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs). The proposed architecture was fabricated in 28-nm CMOS, integrating a DCIM array and an on-chip asynchronous-clock-based random number generator (ARNG). Measurement results demonstrate annealing on TSP problems up to 3038 cities. Compared to LFSR-based randomness, the ARNG achieves solution quality closer to the software baseline while maintaining compact area. This design highlights a scalable and energy-efficient hardware framework for Ising-based optimization, showing clear advantages in both memory efficiency and random source quality over prior approaches.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 112-Gb/s PAM4 Receiver With a Phase Equalization AFE in 7-nm FinFET","authors":"Huanan Guo;Yufeng Yao;Xiang Gao","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2025.3637833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2025.3637833","url":null,"abstract":"To reduce the bit-error-rate (BER), equalizers are implemented in high-speed SerDes receivers (RX) to compensate for channel insertion loss and mitigate intersymbol interference (ISI). Conventional analog front-end (AFE) designs primarily focus on amplitude gain while neglecting the influence of phase shift. This brief presents a phase equalization (PEQ) AFE design in a 7-nm FinFET 112 Gb/s DSP-based RX, which reduces the nonlinear phase shift within the Nyquist frequency <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(f_{mathrm { nyq}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The proposed PEQ compensates for the phase distortion and helps to achieve a pre-DSP eye opening of 0.17 UI and 47 mV over a 20.7 dB loss channel. The total RX demonstrates a BER less than 3e-7 with 1-tap DFE and 18-tap FFE over a 42.4 dB loss channel, achieving a power efficiency of 2.18 pJ/bit excluding the DSP power.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"5-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A High-Speed D-FF and a 11-Bit Up-Down Counter Using Unipolar Oxide TFTs on a Flexible Foil","authors":"Suyash Shrivastava;Pydi Ganga Bahubalindruni","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2025.3636192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2025.3636192","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript presents an experimental characterization of a novel high speed D flip-flop (D-FF). The circuit was fabricated on a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$27mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m thick flexible polyimide substrate using a nMOS only, single gate amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) technology. Reliable response of the D-FF was noticed from measurements up to a clock and an input signal frequency of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$20{mathrm {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>MHz and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2{mathrm {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>MHz, respectively. Further, with an output voltage swing of 60%, D-FF functionality was observed up to clock and input signal frequencies of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$25{mathrm {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>MHz and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3{mathrm {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>MHz, respectively. This circuit has shown a power dissipation of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$140{mathrm {,}} mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W including buffers and the figure-of-merit (FOM) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$142{mathrm {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>MHz/mW, which is almost a 52% improvement compared to the state-of-the-art. In addition, this D-FF is employed in the implementation of an 11-bit up/down (U/D) counter. The U/D counter has shown a reliable operation up to an operating frequency of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8{mathrm {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>MHz with a power consumption of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4.8{mathrm {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>mW. Both circuits were characterized at a low supply voltage of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3{mathrm {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>V, occupying an active area of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.144{mathrm {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>mm2 and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4.32{mathrm {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>mm2, respectively. These circuits would find potential application in biomedical wearable devices.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"373-376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simon Foster;Scott Block;Daniel McMitchell;Edgar Colin-Beltran;Robert Dailey
{"title":"Advancing On-Cell Near-Field Monitoring for Thermal Runaway Detection in EV Batteries","authors":"Simon Foster;Scott Block;Daniel McMitchell;Edgar Colin-Beltran;Robert Dailey","doi":"10.1109/LSSC.2025.3634340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSSC.2025.3634340","url":null,"abstract":"A cell monitoring system for performance and safety enhancement is presented. It is the first commercially available single-chip-on-cell near-field contactless solution for automotive battery management, simplifying pack interconnect and reducing points of failure. This letter is a companion paper to the earlier ISSCC paper. It provides further details on the benefits of this architecture, including earlier thermal runaway detection capabilities. It also presents further data on the robustness of the near-field communication link in the presence of common and differential mode interference.","PeriodicalId":13032,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"369-372"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11257864","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}