Rached Salhi, Carmen Jimenez, Jean-Luc Deschanvres, Ramzi Maâlej, Mohieddine Fourati
{"title":"Growth and Properties of Amorphous Erbium-doped Aluminum-yttrium Oxide Films Deposited by Aerosol-UV-Assisted MOCVD","authors":"Rached Salhi, Carmen Jimenez, Jean-Luc Deschanvres, Ramzi Maâlej, Mohieddine Fourati","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407068","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407068","url":null,"abstract":"Erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum oxide films (Er:Y2O3-Al2O3) are deposited by aerosol-assisted metal-organic (AA-MO)CVD. The effects of the humidity of the carrier gas and UV assistance on their structure and optical properties during the deposition are investigated as a function of the substrate temperature and the aluminum mole fraction (Al2O3 mol.-%) in the liquid solution. The effect of substrate temperature is studied for a constant Al concentration of 33.33 mol.-% of Al-acac in the solution. The maximum deposition rates are reached under lower air humidity and with UV assistance in a surface temperature range between 350 and 460 °C. Nevertheless, as-deposited Er:Al2O3-Y2O3 films show a very low organic contamination when depositions take place under high air humidity and with UV assistance. The film composition is strongly dependent on air humidity, showing a very high aluminum content when working with a high humidity of the carrier gas, and yttrium-rich when working with a low humidity of the carrier gas. The refractive index of Er:Al2O3-Y2O3 films under these conditions is relatively high, reaching 1.76 when deposited at 460 °C. The effect of composition is studied at a substrate temperature of 410 °C. The effect on film composition when varying the aluminum mole fraction in the liquid solution is studied. The most influential parameter is the high air humidity, which induces stronger variation on the layer composition for the same liquid composition.","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"21 1-2-3","pages":"26-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51320579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanjayan Sathasivam, Davinder S. Bhachu, Yao Lu, Salem M. Bawaked, Abdullah Y. Obaid, Shaeel Al-Thabaiti, Sulaiman N. Basahel, Claire J. Carmalt, Ivan P. Parkin
{"title":"Highly Photocatalytically Active Iron(III) Titanium Oxide Thin films via Aerosol-Assisted CVD†","authors":"Sanjayan Sathasivam, Davinder S. Bhachu, Yao Lu, Salem M. Bawaked, Abdullah Y. Obaid, Shaeel Al-Thabaiti, Sulaiman N. Basahel, Claire J. Carmalt, Ivan P. Parkin","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407143","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407143","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents, for the first time, the synthesis, via aerosol-assisted (AA)CVD followed by annealing at 620 °C for 5 h, of pure Fe<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>5</sub> thin films on glass. The thin film is deposited from a one pot solution containing titanium isopropoxide and tris(acetylacetonato)iron in an ethyl acetate solvent. The film is characterized using a range of techniques including powder X-ray diffraction(XRD), wavelength dispersive X-ray (WDX) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the film under UVA and visible light irradiation is also tested. The results show that Fe<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>5</sub> is able to degrade resazurin redox dye under UVA illumination at a rate much higher than Pilkington NSG Activ<sup>TM</sup>, with a formal quantum efficiency (FQE) an order of magnitude superior.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"21 1-2-3","pages":"21-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51321610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Initiated CVD of Tertiary Amine-Containing Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymer Thin Films for Low Temperature Aqueous Chemical Functionalization†","authors":"Fatma Sarıipek, Mustafa Karaman","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407129","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407129","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This manuscript reports on the synthesis of copolymer films of glycidyl methacrylate with diethylaminoethyl methacrylate by initiated (i)CVD. The purpose of the incorporation of tertiary amine functionality in the copolymer film is to accelerate the rate of the nucleophilic ring-opening reaction of the epoxide group under benign conditions. It is found that tertiary amine functionality in the poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) film significantly increases the rate and degree of the ring-opening reactions. After 2 h of reaction at room temperature, 72% of the epoxy groups are consumed, while the conversion under similar conditions is negligible for the PGMA film.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 10-11-12","pages":"373-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51321451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabine Stöckel, Susann Ebert, Maike Böttcher, Andreas Seifert, Thomas Wamser, Walter Krenkel, Steffen Schulze, Michael Hietschold, Helmut Gnaegi, Werner A. Goedel
{"title":"Coating of Alumina Fibres With Aluminium Phosphate by a Continuous Chemical Vapour Deposition Process†","authors":"Sabine Stöckel, Susann Ebert, Maike Böttcher, Andreas Seifert, Thomas Wamser, Walter Krenkel, Steffen Schulze, Michael Hietschold, Helmut Gnaegi, Werner A. Goedel","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407099","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407099","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We developed aluminium phosphate-coated alumina fibres with significantly improved pull-out properties, which may be suitable for reinforcing advanced inorganic composites qualified for operating temperatures up to 1200 °C. Aluminium phosphate layers are generated on the surface of alumina fibres using a continuous chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process: At furnace temperatures between 850 °C and 1050 °C, within a tube reactor heated by an electrical furnace, the alumina fibres are exposed to gas mixtures of phosphoryl trichloride and oxygen, inducing dense aluminium phosphate layers on the fibre surface. Mini-composites were prepared by embedding the coated fibres into an alumina matrix.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 10-11-12","pages":"388-398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51321074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Short History of Atomic Layer Deposition: Tuomo Suntola's Atomic Layer Epitaxy†","authors":"Riikka L. Puurunen","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201402012","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201402012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin film growth technique based on the repeated use of separate, saturating gas-solid reactions. The principle of ALD has been discovered twice; in the 1960s under the name “molecular layering” in the Soviet Union, and in the 1970s under the name “atomic layer epitaxy” (ALE) in Finland. In 2014, it is forty years since the filing of the worldwide patent on ALE as a method for the growth of compound thin films. This essay celebrates the fortieth anniversary of ALE-ALD, briefly telling the story of ALE as shared by its Finnish inventor, Dr. Tuomo Suntola. Initially, ALE was aimed at the growth of high-quality polycrystalline ZnS thin films for electroluminescent (EL) display panels. Gradually, the material selection of ALE increased, and the application areas were extended to photovoltaics, catalysis, semiconductor devices, and beyond. Fast, production-worthy ALE reactors were imperative for industrial success. The unprejudiced creation of new technologies and products with ALE, initiated by Dr. Tuomo Suntola and led by him until early 1998, are an integral part of the Finnish industrial history, the fruits of which are seen today in numerous applications worldwide.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 10-11-12","pages":"332-344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201402012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51320428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kamran Ali, Kyung-Hyun Choi, Nauman Malik Muhammad
{"title":"Roll-to-Roll Atmospheric Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 Thin Films on PET Substrates†","authors":"Kamran Ali, Kyung-Hyun Choi, Nauman Malik Muhammad","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407126","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407126","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The conventional atomic layer deposition (ALD) technologies are capable of fabricating supreme quality thin films of a wide variety of materials, but sequential introduction and purging of precursors and inert gases prevent its application in the mass production of thin films under atmospheric conditions. In this study, we introduce a novel technique of roll-to-roll atmospheric (R2R-A)ALD using a multiple-slit gas source head. Thin films of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> are developed on a movable web of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate at 50 °C. The Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> deposition is carried out under a working pressure of 740 Torr, which is very near to atmospheric pressure (760 Torr). An appreciable growth rate of 0.98 Å per cycle is observed at a carefully optimized web velocity of 7 mm s<sup>−1</sup>. Good morphological, chemical, electrical, and optical characteristics are shown by the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films produced at a large scale. Low root mean square roughness (<i>R</i><sub>q</sub>) values of 1.85 nm and 1.75 nm are recorded for the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films deposited at 50 °C over 75 and 125 ALD cycles, respectively. The appearance of Al 2p, Al 2s, and O 1s peaks at the binding energies of 74 eV, 119 eV, and 531 eV, respectively, in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms the fabrication of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films, which is also supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The films show excellent insulating properties, and optical transmittance of more than 85% is recorded in the visible region.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 10-11-12","pages":"380-387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51321263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nikolaos Kallikounis, George Kokkoris, Nikolaos Cheimarios, Andreas G. Boudouvis
{"title":"Designing Non-uniform Wafer Micro-topography for Macroscopic Uniformity in Multi-scale CVD Processes†","authors":"Nikolaos Kallikounis, George Kokkoris, Nikolaos Cheimarios, Andreas G. Boudouvis","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407087","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407087","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The potential of an additional degree of freedom (DOF) in the effort to meet film or deposition rate uniformity along the wafer in CVD processes is investigated. The investigation applies to cases of deposition on a wafer with micro-topography where the common practice is a uniform density of patterns or features (e.g., trenches or holes), with the additional DOF as the feature density along the wafer. A non-uniform density is designed with the objective of improving the uniformity; as a consequence, the differences in the profiles of the deposited films in all the features on the wafer will be compensated. A multi-scale modeling framework is utilized for the design. The case study is aluminum metal-organic (MO)CVD from dimethylethylamine alane under conditions of low macroscopic uniformity. Compared to a uniform density of the same number of trenches, the multi-scale computations predict that the designed density of features, namely trenches, induces a remarkable improvement of both the macroscopic uniformity and the number of trenches on the wafer where the uniformity exceeds 0.95. The methodology is applied to features, i.e., the simplest unit cell of topography on a wafer, even if practical implementation of the variation of feature density is difficult. The same methodology can be applied to design the density of a cluster of features comprising a single device, or a die on the wafer.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 10-11-12","pages":"364-372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51320950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David J. Mandia, Wenjun Zhou, Jacques Albert, Seán T. Barry
{"title":"CVD on Optical Fibers: Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings as Real-time Sensing Platforms","authors":"David J. Mandia, Wenjun Zhou, Jacques Albert, Seán T. Barry","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201400059","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201400059","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG), as a versatile and robust tool for many sensing applications with a particular focus on vapor deposition processes, is reviewed. Recent work employing the TFBG as an optical probe for monitoring the metal-organic (MO)CVD of noble-metal, single-source precursors is discussed extensively. This work also establishes the broad scope that utilizes TFBGs and other optical fiber configurations to interrogate thin film growth and the associated optical properties. While it cannot possibly cover the full scope of applications with respect to the TFBG device, this review highlights the recent advances of TFBG-based sensing for CVD, and progress towards the applicability of TFBGs as evanescent field-based sensors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"21 1-2-3","pages":"4-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201400059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51320336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cover image from M. M. Shawrav, H. D. Wanzenboeck, and co-workers (Chem. Vap. Deposition 2014, 20, 251)","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201477891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cvde.201477891","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cover image illustrates the use of focused-electron-beam-induced CVD to directly write nanostructures with nanometer resolution. The Au-Fe nanoalloys produced have potential applications in nanoelectronics.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 7-8-9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201477891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137669132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}