{"title":"Preface to the CVD Special Issue: Atomic-Scale-Engineered Materials (ASEM)","authors":"Anjana Devi, W. M. M. (Erwin) Kessels","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201477896","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201477896","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 7-8-9","pages":"186-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201477896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51322153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Van-Son Dang, Manish Banerjee, Huaizhi Zhu, Nagendra Babu Srinivasan, Harish Parala, Janine Pfetzing-Micklich, Andreas D. Wieck, Anjana Devi
{"title":"Investigation of Optical, Electrical, and Mechanical Properties of MOCVD-grown ZrO2 Films†","authors":"Van-Son Dang, Manish Banerjee, Huaizhi Zhu, Nagendra Babu Srinivasan, Harish Parala, Janine Pfetzing-Micklich, Andreas D. Wieck, Anjana Devi","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407124","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407124","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Metal-organic (MO)CVD of ZrO<sub>2</sub> thin films is performed using the precursor [Zr(NMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(guan)<sub>2</sub>] (guan = η<sup>2</sup>-(<sup><i>i</i></sup>PrN)<sub>2</sub>CNMe<sub>2</sub>) as the Zr source, together with oxygen. Film deposition is carried out on both Si(100) and glass substrates at various deposition temperatures. The resulting films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for investigating the crystallinity and morphology, respectively. Optical properties are measured by ellipsometry and UV-vis on Si substrates and glass substrates, respectively, showing a high average refractive index of 2.14 and transmittance of more than 80% in visible light for the film deposited at 500°C. The potential of ZrO<sub>2</sub> thin films as gate dielectrics is verified by carrying out capacitance-voltage (<i>C</i>-<i>V</i>) and current-voltage (<i>I</i>-<i>V</i>) measurements. Dielectric constants are estimated from the accumulation capacitance, and found to be in the range 12 - 19 at an AC frequency of 1 MHz, and a leakage current of the order of 10<sup>−6</sup> A cm<sup>−2</sup> at the applied field of 1 to 2 MV cm<sup>−1</sup> is measured for the films deposited at temperatures from 500 to 700°C. The low leakage current and high dielectric constant implies the good quality of the film, relevant for high-<i>k</i> applications. The hardness of the film ranges from 4.2 to 6.3 GPa for the 400 nm thick film, as determined by nano-indentation measurements. The optimum dielectric and hardness is found for the film deposited at 600°C, while the highest refractive index is found to be 2.14 for the film deposited at 500°C, due to higher density of the layers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 7-8-9","pages":"320-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51321252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Gavagnin, Heinz D. Wanzenboeck, Mostafa M. Shawrav, Domagoj Belic, Stefan Wachter, Simon Waid, Michael Stoeger–Pollach, Emmerich Bertagnolli
{"title":"Focused Electron Beam-Induced CVD of Iron: a Practical Guide for Direct Writing†","authors":"Marco Gavagnin, Heinz D. Wanzenboeck, Mostafa M. Shawrav, Domagoj Belic, Stefan Wachter, Simon Waid, Michael Stoeger–Pollach, Emmerich Bertagnolli","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407118","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407118","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Magnetic materials synthesized on the nanometer-scale level are essential for several applications, such as spintronics and magnetologic. As a successful nanofabrication approach, focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) stands out as a direct-write technique. FEBID uses an electron beam to locally induce a CVD process, avoiding the use of masks and resists. In this work, Fe–based nanostructures are synthesized on Si(100) by FEBID, starting from iron pentacarbonyl. A systematic variation of FEBID parameters is performed, to study their influence on the geometry and composition of the deposit. Based on the results, specific deposition conditions are suggested for magneto-logic applications and fabrication of large structures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 7-8-9","pages":"243-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51321195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mostafa Moonir Shawrav, Domagoj Belić, Marco Gavagnin, Stefan Wachter, Markus Schinnerl, Heinz D. Wanzenboeck, Emmerich Bertagnolli
{"title":"Electron Beam-Induced CVD of Nanoalloys for Nanoelectronics†","authors":"Mostafa Moonir Shawrav, Domagoj Belić, Marco Gavagnin, Stefan Wachter, Markus Schinnerl, Heinz D. Wanzenboeck, Emmerich Bertagnolli","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407119","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407119","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among various multi-metal combinations, Au-Fe nanoalloys are envisaged as prospective materials for data storage applications. Here we report on the first successful achievement of Au-Fe nanoalloys using focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID), exploiting the possibility of directly writing nanostructures at nanometer resolution. Gaseous organometallic precursors are injected simultaneously into the deposition chamber to co-deposit Fe and Au within the same nanostructure. Fabricated nanostructures show a spatially uniform elemental ratio of iron to gold that can be tailored by experimental conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 7-8-9","pages":"251-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51321201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivo J. M. Erkens, Marcel A. Verheijen, Harm C. M. Knoops, Tatiana F. Landaluce, Fred Roozeboom, Wilhelmus M. M. Kessels
{"title":"Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition of PtOx from (MeCp)PtMe3 and O2 Plasma†","authors":"Ivo J. M. Erkens, Marcel A. Verheijen, Harm C. M. Knoops, Tatiana F. Landaluce, Fred Roozeboom, Wilhelmus M. M. Kessels","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407109","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407109","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Atomic layer deposition (ALD) using (MeCp)PtMe<sub>3</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> gas or O<sub>2</sub> plasma is a well-established technique for the deposition of thin films of Pt, but the potential of ALD to deposit platinum oxide (PtO<sub><i>x</i></sub>) has not yet been systematically explored. This work demonstrates how PtO<sub><i>x</i></sub> can be deposited by plasma-assisted (PA)-ALD in a temperature window from room temperature (RT) to 300 °C by controlling the O<sub>2</sub> plasma and (MeCp)PtMe<sub>3</sub> exposure. With increasing substrate temperature, the thermal stability of PtO<sub><i>x</i></sub> decreases and the reducing activity of the precursor ligands increases. Therefore, longer O<sub>2</sub> plasma exposures and/or lower (MeCp)PtMe<sub>3</sub> exposures are required to obtain PtO<sub><i>x</i></sub> at higher temperatures. Furthermore, it is established that, during the nucleation stage, PtO<sub><i>x</i></sub> ALD starts by the formation of islands that grow and coalesce during the initial ∼40 cycles. Closed-layer thin films of PtO<sub><i>x</i></sub> with an O/Pt ratio of 2.5 can be deposited at 100 °C with a minimal thickness of only ∼2 nm. It is also demonstrated that a conformality of ∼90% can be reached for PtO<sub><i>x</i></sub> films in trenches with an aspect ratio of 9 when using optimized O<sub>2</sub> plasma and precursor exposure times.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 7-8-9","pages":"258-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51321407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Atomic Layer Deposition of Transparent VOx Thin Films for Resistive Switching Applications†","authors":"Trilok Singh, Shuangzhou Wang, Nabeel Aslam, Hehe Zhang, Susanne Hoffmann-Eifert, Sanjay Mathur","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407122","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407122","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Atomic layer deposition (ALD) offers nearly pinhole-free, conformal, and with good thickness control, metal oxide nanometric thin films required for next-generation memory devices. Here we report on the ALD of VO<sub><i>x</i></sub> thin films grown at about 100°C from a vanadium tri-isopropoxide (VTIP) precursor, with water as the co-reactant, followed by their post-growth treatments, for potential applications in resistive switching (RS) devices. As-grown VO<sub><i>x</i></sub> films are amorphous, and transform into polycrystalline layers upon annealing. Capacitor structures fabricated from amorphous VO<sub><i>x</i></sub> films show current-voltage (<i>I-V</i>) characteristics, interesting for RS applications. Depending on the electroforming conditions, bipolar-type memory switching with a resistance ratio <i>R</i><sub>OFF</sub>/<i>R</i><sub>ON</sub> > 10<sup>3</sup> is obtained, as well as a combination of memory and threshold switching. The latter is attractive for its highly non-linear <i>I-V</i> characteristics, which is attributed to the temperature-induced insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) in vanadium dioxide.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 7-8-9","pages":"291-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51321210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Atomic Layer Deposition of TiOx/Al2O3 Bilayer Structures for Resistive Switching Memory Applications†","authors":"Hehe Zhang, Nabeel Aslam, Marcel Reiners, Rainer Waser, Susanne Hoffmann-Eifert","doi":"10.1002/cvde.201407123","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cvde.201407123","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The resistive switching (RS) properties of a thin Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> layer and TiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> bilayers integrated into TiN/metal oxide/Pt crossbar devices are investigated for future memristive device (ReRAM) applications. The oxide bilayer stack is realized in consecutive atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes at 300 °C without any post-annealing step. Stoichiometric Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and oxygen-deficient TiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> thin films are grown from dimethylaluminum isopropoxide [DMAI: (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>AlOCH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>] and tetrakis-dimethlyamido-titanium [TDMAT: Ti(N(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>4</sub>], respectively, as the metal sources, and water as the oxygen source. High insulating characteristics are confirmed for as-grown amorphous Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films with a dielectric permittivity of 8.0 and disruptive field strength of about 7 MV cm<sup>−1</sup>, whereas the oxygen-deficient TiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> shows semiconducting behavior. The bipolar-type RS characteristics of TiN/TiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Pt cells show a strong dependence on both oxide layer thicknesses. A stable OFF/ON state resistance ratio of about 10<sup>5</sup> is obtained for the bilayer structure of 5 nm TiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> and 3.7 nm Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10093,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"20 7-8-9","pages":"282-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cvde.201407123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51321222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}