NeuroSci最新文献

{"title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Safety of Antiplatelet Discontinuation Following Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization for Cerebral Aneurysms.","authors":"Mohammed Maan Al-Salihi, Maryam Sabah Al-Jebur, Ahmed Abd Elazim, Ram Saha, Ahmed Saleh, Farhan Siddiq, Ali Ayyad","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6020034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stent-assisted coil embolization (SACE) is a common endovascular technique for managing intracranial aneurysms. The permanent presence of a stent inside the cerebral artery necessitates the postoperative use of antiplatelets. However, a consensus about how long to continue on it remains debated. This systematic review aims to discuss and quantify the risk of ischemic complications after antiplatelet discontinuation following SACE.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) were systematically searched for studies assessing the outcomes after antiplatelet discontinuation following SACE for cerebral aneurysms. The primary outcome was the odds of ischemic complications after antiplatelet discontinuation. Using a random-effects model, the pooled event rate, along with a 95% confidence interval (CI), was calculated. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (CMA) software was used for the analysis. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for the quality assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of five observational cohort studies were included in this systematic review. The studies recruited cases from 2009 and 2020, predominantly in Korea and Japan. Data from 18,425 cases obtained from four studies were analyzed. The duration of antiplatelet therapy varied widely across the included studies. Additionally, most studies reported a median follow-up of 24 months or more after antiplatelet discontinuation. We extracted and analyzed the odds of thromboembolic complications occurring within 6 to 24 months after the discontinuation of antiplatelets. The pooled rate of thromboembolism after antiplatelet discontinuation in this meta-analysis was 0.01 (95% CI: 0.006 to 0.018).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review demonstrates that the risk of thromboembolic complications after discontinuing antiplatelet therapy post-SACE is low. However, no strong consensus exists on the ideal duration for maintaining dual- or single-antiplatelet therapy. Further prospective studies with longer follow-ups are warranted to clarify the optimal durations needed to balance thromboembolic risk with hemorrhagic complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12015894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPEED: A Graphical User Interface Software for Processing Eye Tracking Data.","authors":"Daniele Lozzi, Ilaria Di Pompeo, Martina Marcaccio, Matias Ademaj, Simone Migliore, Giuseppe Curcio","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6020035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eye tracking is a tool that is widely used in scientific research, enabling the acquisition of precise and detailed data on an individual's eye movements during interaction with visual stimuli, thus offering a rich source of information on visual perception and associated cognitive processes. In this work, a new software called SPEED (labScoc Processing and Extraction of Eye tracking Data) is presented to process data acquired by Pupil Lab Neon (Pupil Labs, Berlin, Germany). The software is written in Python which helps researchers with the feature extraction step without any coding skills. This work also presents a pilot study in which five healthy subjects were included in research investigating oculomotor correlates during MDMT (Moral Decision-Making Task) and testing possible autonomic predictors of participants' performance. A statistically significant difference was observed in reaction times and in the number of blinks made during the choice between the conditions of the personal and impersonal dilemma.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12015838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144055072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stratification of Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome in the Croatian Population: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Ana Glavina, Ana Trlaja, Dinko Martinović, Antonija Tadin, Liborija Lugović-Mihić","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6020033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between burning, xerostomia, dysgeusia and other subjective symptoms in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Dental Polyclinic Split, Split, Croatia. A total of 71 patients with BMS, i.e., 60 women and 11 men, were included in the study. The patients were divided into four subgroups: burning (B), burning and xerostomia (BX), burning and dysgeusia (BD), burning, xerostomia and dysgeusia (BXD). The following data were collected from all patients: sociodemographic status, comorbidities, medications, characteristics of the burning, presence of other subjective symptoms, topography of the burning. The majority of patients with BMS were women (86.0%) with an average age of about 65 years. Gastrointestinal diseases were the most common comorbidity (48.35%), and the most commonly used medications were proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (29.8%). In the largest number of patients (N = 34), the burning symptom worsened in the evening hours (<i>p</i> = 0.059). The majority of BMS patients suffered from burning symptoms that occurred continuously (N = 54, 75.13%) and from an improvement (reduction/cessation) of symptoms during meals (N = 54, 76.65%). Of the other subjective symptoms, changes in the morphology of the tongue (10.6%) and a feeling of swelling (9.1%) were the most common. The tongue was the most common localization (67.35%). The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant effect of female gender (<i>p</i> = 0.049) as a potential positive predictor in subgroup B. The sociodemographic and medical data collected cannot explain the different occurrence of symptoms in the four subgroups of patients with BMS.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12015932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoupling Alpha Desynchronization from Neural Resource Use: Evidence from Cognitive Load Modulation.","authors":"Manuel Vázquez-Marrufo, Rocío Caballero-Díaz, Esteban Sarrias-Arrabal, Rubén Martín-Clemente","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6020032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In prior studies, desynchronization of the induced alpha band (non-phase-locked but time-locked) has been observed across various cognitive tasks. Proposed hypotheses for the cognitive role of this alpha decrement include neural activation, an inhibition/timing mechanism, or a reduction in \"neural noise\". This study aimed to examine the effect of cognitive load on induced alpha activity using two versions of a go/no-go visual task: a single-target (ST) version with one target and one distractor, and a double-target (DT) version with two targets and two distractors. EEG was recorded from 58 electrodes, and Temporal Spectral Evolution (TSE) was used for time-frequency analysis. Behavioral results revealed faster reaction times in the ST task compared to the DT task. The P3 component displayed delayed latency and reduced amplitude under increased cognitive load, consistent with prior findings. However, the latencies and amplitudes of evoked and induced alpha responses were unaffected by cognitive load. This suggests that increased alpha desynchronization in subjects with cognitive impairment should not be interpreted as enhanced neural resource recruitment due to task difficulty. Instead, it may reflect other mechanisms unrelated to cognitive load differences in task performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12015836/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case for Automated Segmentation of MRI Data in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Type II GM1 Gangliosidosis.","authors":"Connor J Lewis, Jean M Johnston, Precilla D'Souza, Josephine Kolstad, Christopher Zoppo, Zeynep Vardar, Anna Luisa Kühn, Ahmet Peker, Zubir S Rentiya, Muhammad H Yousef, William A Gahl, Mohammed Salman Shazeeb, Cynthia J Tifft, Maria T Acosta","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020031","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Volumetric analysis and segmentation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data is an important tool for evaluating neurological disease progression and neurodevelopment. Fully automated segmentation pipelines offer faster and more reproducible results. However, since these analysis pipelines were trained on or run based on atlases consisting of neurotypical controls, it is important to evaluate how accurate these methods are for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we compared five fully automated segmentation pipelines, including FSL, Freesurfer, volBrain, SPM12, and SimNIBS, with a manual segmentation process in GM1 gangliosidosis patients and neurotypical controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed 45 MRI scans from 16 juvenile GM1 gangliosidosis patients, 11 MRI scans from 8 late-infantile GM1 gangliosidosis patients, and 19 MRI scans from 11 neurotypical controls. We compared the results for seven brain structures, including volumes of the total brain, bilateral thalamus, ventricles, bilateral caudate nucleus, bilateral lentiform nucleus, corpus callosum, and cerebellum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found volBrain's vol2Brain pipeline to have the strongest correlations with the manual segmentation process for the whole brain, ventricles, and thalamus. We also found Freesurfer's recon-all pipeline to have the strongest correlations with the manual segmentation process for the caudate nucleus. For the cerebellum, we found a combination of volBrain's vol2Brain and SimNIBS' headreco to have the strongest correlations, depending on the cohort. For the lentiform nucleus, we found a combination of recon-all and FSL's FIRST to give the strongest correlations, depending on the cohort. Lastly, we found segmentation of the corpus callosum to be highly variable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Previous studies have considered automated segmentation techniques to be unreliable, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases. However, in our study, we produced results comparable to those obtained with a manual segmentation process. While manual segmentation processes conducted by neuroradiologists remain the gold standard, we present evidence to the capabilities and advantages of using an automated process that includes the ability to segment white matter throughout the brain or analyze large datasets, which pose feasibility issues to fully manual processes. Future investigations should consider the use of artificial intelligence-based segmentation pipelines to determine their accuracy in GM1 gangliosidosis, lysosomal storage disorders, and other neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12015847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Segmental Muscle Vibration on Pain Modulation in Patients with Primary Cervical Dystonia Treated with Botulinum Type-A Toxin: A Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Riccardo Buraschi, Paolo Pedersini, Giacomo Redegalli, Rosa Pullara, Joel Pollet, Marina Rossi, Massimiliano Gobbo, Sara Gueli, Maurizio Falso","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6020030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Primary cervical dystonia (PCD), or spasmodic torticollis, is a focal dystonia characterized by involuntary and often painful muscle contractions, leading to abnormal cervical movements and postures. While botulinum toxin injections are the first-line treatment, additional therapies, such as segmental muscle vibration (SMV), remain underexplored. SMV, a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, may enhance motor cortex excitability and promote neuroplasticity, offering potential benefits in PCD management. This single-center triple-blinded randomized controlled trial evaluates SMV's efficacy in reducing dystonic pain and improving quality of life in PCD patients undergoing standardized rehabilitation after botulinum toxin treatment. Participants with a pain level of ≥3 on the Numerical Rating Scale will be randomized into two groups. The experimental group will receive 80 Hz SMV during a 10-session rehabilitation program, while the control group will undergo sham SMV. Both groups will follow identical physiotherapy and occupational therapy protocols. The primary outcomes include changes in pain intensity and function, assessed at baseline, mid-treatment, and post-treatment using validated scales. The secondary outcomes will evaluate quality of life and patient satisfaction. This study hypothesizes that SMV will significantly reduce dystonic pain and enhance quality of life, supporting its integration into multidisciplinary rehabilitation for dystonic disorders. Trial registration number: NCT06748846.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12015765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144060514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic Functional Connectivity Alterations of the Fusiform Face Area in Autism Spectrum Disorder.","authors":"Natalia Kleinhans, Sarah F Larsen, Annette Estes, Elizabeth Aylward","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6020029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intrinsic connectivity of the fusiform face area (FFA) was assessed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; <i>n</i> = 17) and age-, sex-, and IQ-matched typically developing controls (TD; <i>n</i> = 22). The FFA seed region was delineated in each participant using a functional localizer task. Whole brain analyses of FFA connectivity revealed increased connectivity between the right FFA and the vermis, sensorimotor cortex, and extended face-processing network in individuals with ASD compared to TD participants; the TD group did not demonstrate increased functional connectivity. No group differences were observed from the left FFA. The relationship between FFA connectivity and the ability to remember faces significantly differed between the groups. Better face memory performance was positively correlated with increased connectivity within general visual processing areas in the ASD participants; whereas for the TD group, better face memory performance was associated with increased connectivity with brain regions related to face encoding, recognition, and retrieval. FFA overconnectivity with face, emotion, and memory processing areas, along with atypical relationships between FFA-occipito-temporal connections and face memory performance highlights a possible mechanism underlying social dysfunction in individuals with ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12015912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reserpine Causes Neuroendocrine Toxicity, Inducing Impairments in Cognition via Disturbing Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Zebrafish.","authors":"Fengzhi Sun, Lijie Xia, Baokun Wang, Yanao Liu, Xiaotong Cui, Huijun Kang, Rostyslav Stoika, Kechun Liu, Meng Jin","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6020028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reserpine is used as a cheap and effective first-line antihypertensive, and presently, it is applied as treatment for difficult-to-control cases of hypertension. Despite its significance, reserpine's neuroendocrine toxicity remains largely underexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of reserpine on development, locomotion, central nervous system (CNS) neurons, thyroid development, and the expression of genes related to neurodevelopment, endocrine, learning and memory, and depression in zebrafish exposed to different doses of reserpine ranging from 0.5 mg/L to 16 mg/L. The results of our study demonstrated that reserpine exerts dose-dependent toxicity on the neuroendocrine system (NES). An investigation into its underlying mechanism suggests that reserpine disrupted the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis via down-regulating <i>hhex</i>, <i>tg</i>, and <i>tshβ</i> genes, impairing thyroid hormone synthesis and endocrine balance. Meanwhile, it affected neurodevelopment, as evidenced by the reduced expression of <i>gfap</i>, <i>gap43</i>, <i>mbp</i>, <i>syn2a</i>, and <i>tuba1b</i> genes, which compromised neuronal structure and function, while impaired neurotransmitter release and uptake could occur due to the suppression of <i>crhb</i> and <i>mao</i> genes. To conclude, these findings illustrate the interconnected impact of pathways involved in endocrine and neurodevelopment in reserpine-induced toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12015899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods for Assessing Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Mice: A Critical Review of Behavioral Tests and Methodological Considerations Searching to Improve Reliability.","authors":"Boniface Echefu, Maria Becker, Dan Stein, Asher Ornoy","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6020027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many neurobehavioral tests are used for the assessment of human-like behaviors in animals. Most of them were developed in rodents and are used for the assessment of animal models that mimic human neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders (NDDs). We have described tests for assessing social behavior, social interaction, and social communication; tests for restricted and repetitive behaviors; tests for cognitive impairment, for sensory stimuli, for anxiety like behavior, and for motor coordination deviations. These tests are used to demonstrate autistic-like behavior as well as other NDDs. We described possible general pitfalls in the performance of such studies, as well as probable individual errors for each group of tests assessing specific behavior. The mentioned pitfalls may induce crucial errors in the interpretation of the results, minimizing the reliability of specific models of defined human NDD. It is imperative to minimize these pitfalls and use sufficient and reliable tests that can demonstrate as many of the traits of the human disorder, grade the severity of the specific deviations and the severity of the tested NDD by using a scoring system. Due to possible gender differences in the clinical presentations of NDD, it is important to carry out studies on males and females.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12015833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-Infrared Stimulation in Psychiatry Disorders: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Biological Mechanisms.","authors":"Joanna Woźniak, Michał Pazdrak, Ada Domanasiewicz, Jakub Kaźmierski","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6010026","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6010026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Photobiomodulation (PBM), also referred to as low-level light therapy (LLLT), is an emerging non-pharmacological approach. This treatment is considered low-risk, cost-effective, and non-invasive, utilizing near-infrared light (NIR). The purpose of this paper is to explore the underlying mechanism of action and conduct a systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical research on the use of PBM for psychiatric disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search on the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases was performed on 18 and 26 January 2024. Publications focused on PBM treatment in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, general anxiety disorder, dementia, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and sexual disfunctions were included (n = 23).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Near-infrared stimulation is presented as an effective method, comparable to psychopharmacological treatment. The primary suggested mechanism for PBM is the stimulation of mitochondrial metabolism following the absorption of NIR energy by cytochrome C oxidase. Because of the method of implementation, which omits the liver metabolism of cytochrome P450, PMB is recognized as safe as it does not interact with other drugs.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Clinical studies vary in terms of population and treatment parameters, and most do not include a suitable control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Preliminary results support the potential of NIR stimulation as a novel and innovative treatment for psychiatry. Further studies are needed to estimate the proper protocols of parameters singly for any disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143733511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}