NeuroSci最新文献

{"title":"Perineural Release with or Without Balloon Decompression for the Treatment of Lumbosacral Discogenic Syndromes in Professional Athletes.","authors":"Yasin Said AlMakadma, Jouhara Jouhar, Abdulaziz Farooq, Karim Chamari, Tahani AlBatarni","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7050103","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7050103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Lumbosacral discogenic syndrome (LSDS) is a common cause of low back pain (LBP) and lower limb pain (LLP) in athletes, often resulting in impaired sporting performance and delayed return to sport (RTS). Evidence regarding minimally invasive interventions, such as epidural perineural release (PNR), remains limited in athletic populations. <b>Aim:</b> This study aimed to compare outcomes following PNR with versus without balloon decompression neuroplasty in athletes with LSDS. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a retrospective review of PNR performed between 2019 and 2024 for the treatment of LSDS among professional athletes. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were collected from medical records and follow-up assessments. Pain intensity was assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), while patient-reported outcomes were evaluated using the EuroQoL-5D (EQ-5D). Additional outcomes included pain-free walking, standing, and sitting durations, and self-reported health scores. <b>Results:</b> A total of 33 patients who had one intervention were included. Significant improvements were observed in all pain, functional, and quality-of-life outcomes following treatment (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). Maximum, minimum, and average pain intensity decreased from 7.5 ± 1.7 to 2.8 ± 2.2, 3.8 ± 2.3 to 0.3 ± 0.7, and 5.6 ± 1.7 to 1.5 ± 1.2, respectively. All EQ-5D domains and quality of sleep also improved significantly (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). Pain-free walking, standing, and sitting durations increased significantly, from 24.8 ± 23.2 to 49.7 ± 26.7 min, 18.4 ± 20.0 to 44.1 ± 23.1 min, and 25.5 ± 23.7 to 44.6 ± 24.9 min, respectively (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). Self-reported health scores improved from 51.9 ± 22.6 to 83.0 ± 14.3 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> Epidural perineural release, with or without balloon decompression neuroplasty, was associated by significant improvements in pain, functional capacity, and quality of life among athletes with LSDS refractory to conservative management. These findings suggest that PNR may be a promising minimally invasive treatment option; however, controlled prospective studies are required to establish its effectiveness and determine the additional benefit of balloon decompression.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Large Vessel Occlusion with Large Ischemic Core: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Abdullah M Alkutbi, Hussain Almohammed, Ahmed Salah Morad, Bushra Wadi Bin Saddiq, Kawthar Faisal Kushara, Wejdan Ahmed Aldawsari, Abdullah Ahmed Albesher, Jana M Alsyrwan, Fatimah Ibrahim Almuhaysin, Lamyaa Mohammed Gharawi","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7050102","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7050102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multiple trials have evaluated the benefits of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in patients with large-core ischemic stroke. This study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of EVT compared with medical management (MM) alone in patients with large ischemic core infarcts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261360129). A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify all relevant studies published up to April 2026. Effect sizes were calculated as risk ratios (RRs) using random-effects or fixed-effects models, as appropriate. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity and evaluate outcomes across different patient populations. Outcomes assessed included excellent functional independence (mRS 0-2) and favorable functional outcome (mRS 0-3) at 3 months, mean mRS at 3 and 12 months, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and all-cause mortality at 3 and 12 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine eligible studies (5 randomized controlled trials [RCTs] and 4 cohort studies; total sample size = 2252) were included to evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of EVT versus MM alone in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) secondary to large vessel occlusion. Our pooled analysis demonstrated a significantly higher rate of achieving a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-2 in the EVT group compared with the MM group (RR = 2.64, 95% CI [1.79-3.90], <i>p</i> < 0.00001). Similarly, the likelihood of achieving an mRS score of 0-3 was significantly greater with EVT than with MM (RR = 1.78, 95% CI [1.40-2.26], <i>p</i> < 0.00001). The mean mRS score at 3 months was also significantly lower in the EVT group (MD = -0.58, 95% CI [-0.77 to -0.39], <i>p</i> < 0.00001). Safety outcomes were comparable between groups, with no significant differences in the rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) (RR = 1.36, 95% CI [0.88-2.11], <i>p</i> = 0.17) or mortality (RR = 0.96, 95% CI [0.65, 1.42], <i>p</i> = 0.84, I² = 75%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that EVT is associated with improved functional outcomes compared with MM alone, particularly in evidence derived from RCTs, while maintaining an acceptable safety profile. Further high-quality RCTs are warranted to strengthen the evidence base and validate these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Striatum to Prescription: An Evidence-Based and Bayesian Framework for Neuromotor Rehabilitation in Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Alessandro Rossi, Federica Ginanneschi","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7050101","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7050101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) involves progressive basal ganglia dysfunction, with hyperexcitability of striatal indirect-pathway D2 medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) linked to motor impairment. Neuromotor rehabilitation is an important therapy, but its efficacy varies across interventions. This thematic review examines eleven rehabilitative strategies for PD, spanning forced and voluntary exercise (FE and VE respectively), non-invasive brain stimulation (rTMS, tDCS), and technology-based approaches such as exoskeletons, augmented reality, and dual-task training, within a framework distinguishing striatal recalibration from compensation via alternative motor networks. To formalize this distinction, a Bayesian ranking framework combines neurobiological plausibility with clinical evidence quality, identifying three functional clusters: a high-recalibration cluster (FE, <i>p</i> ≈ 0.80; LSVT BIG, <i>p</i> ≈ 0.62), an intermediate-uncertainty cluster (rTMS, HIIT, tDCS, treadmill, resistance training, Tai Chi/dance; 0.40-0.56), and a bypass/compensatory cluster (augmented reality, exoskeletons, dual-task training; <i>p</i> ≤ 0.33). This distinction between direct modulation of basal ganglia circuitry and recruitment of alternative motor networks, including the lateral premotor cortex, parieto-premotor circuits, and cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways, supports a precision rehabilitation approach in PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxytocin Variants Induce Cellular Signaling and Neurite Outgrowth in Human-Derived Neuron-like SH-SY5Y Cell Line.","authors":"Nishita Vattem, Margaret Snyder, Angela Leschinsky, Areej Aziz, Janki Amin, Maryam Butt, Jihad Aburas, Marsha L Pierce","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7050100","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7050100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the central nervous system, the neuropeptide oxytocin stimulates neural networks that regulate social behaviors, including social attachment, aggression, and complex social cognition. Perturbations in oxytocin and/or oxytocin receptor expression results in social behavioral deficits and are associated with a number of psychopathologies including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. In rodent models of autism spectrum disorder, oxytocin is effective at improving social behavior. However, limited translatability between animal models and human physiology has hindered successful translation of these findings into human therapeutics. Oxytocin variant-induced cellular signaling pathways and G-protein coupling have largely been investigated in HEK and CHO heterologous expression systems; however, cellular context is crucial, and these profiles likely differ from intact neurons. This project assessed oxytocin variants in in vitro human-derived neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells that endogenously express the oxytocin receptor. Results demonstrated that the naturally occurring oxytocin variants Leu⁸-OT, Pro⁸-OT and Val³-Pro⁸-OT activated intracellular signaling pathways and promoted neuronal differentiation-associated responses, including calcium mobilization, membrane hyperpolarization, and neurite outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner. Knowledge of how oxytocin variants alter cellular structure and function has the potential to both identify mechanisms that produce social dysfunction and to inform the development of therapeutic agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous Percutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Lead Placement During Spine Surgery.","authors":"Hiroshi Inagaki","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7050099","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7050099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an established neuromodulatory therapy for refractory chronic pain; however, the timing of SCS initiation has received relatively little attention. In some patients requiring spine surgery, the indication for SCS is already present at the time of surgery. Percutaneous leads combine reversibility with low invasiveness, allowing the timing of SCS introduction to be matched to clinical need. We describe a technical approach for simultaneous percutaneous SCS lead placement during spine surgery and present a retrospective case series of five illustrative cases. This report discusses the significance of this approach from the perspective of SCS timing, invasiveness, and reversibility. In two patients, the therapeutic objective was achieved during the acute postoperative period, and the leads were electively removed without recurrence. In three patients, continued stimulation benefit was observed, and an implantable pulse generator was placed for permanent use. No procedure-related adverse events occurred. Simultaneous percutaneous SCS lead placement during spine surgery may allow neuromodulation to be delivered at the time it is needed, for the duration it is required, and at the relevant spinal level.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diaphragmatic Thickness as a Marker of Systemic Muscle Depletion in Non-Ambulatory Children with Cerebral Palsy: Implications for Integrated Neurorehabilitation Assessment.","authors":"Maracy Balbino Morgado Sobreira, Tatielle de Lima Vieira, Helga Cecília Muniz de Souza, Bárbara Bernardo Figueirêdo, Paulo Adriano Schwingel, Paulo André Freire Magalhães","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7050096","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7050096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the association between diaphragmatic thickness and upper arm muscle area (AMA), as a surrogate of nutritional status, in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) stratified by gross motor function severity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, participants were stratified into ambulatory (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] I-III) and non-ambulatory (GMFCS IV-V) groups. AMA was estimated from anthropometric measurements, and diaphragmatic thickness was assessed by B- and M-mode ultrasonography; between-group comparisons used the Mann-Whitney U test and associations were examined using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty children aged 2-12 years with a confirmed CP diagnosis were evaluated (14 ambulatory, 36 non-ambulatory). In the non-ambulatory group, diaphragmatic thickness showed significant positive correlations with AMA during inspiration (ρ = 0.50; <i>p</i> = 0.002) and expiration (ρ = 0.67; <i>p</i> < 0.001). These subgroup-specific associations should be interpreted as exploratory, as the AMA × GMFCS interaction did not reach statistical significance. No significant correlations were observed in ambulatory participants. Moderate muscle mass deficits were prevalent among non-ambulatory children, and approximately 63% of the total sample presented adipose tissue deficit or risk thereof.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In children with severe CP, a significant association between peripheral muscle reserve and diaphragmatic thickness suggests a possible functional link between nutritional status and respiratory muscle morphology. These preliminary findings support further investigation of diaphragmatic ultrasonography as a non-invasive tool for combined nutritional and respiratory monitoring in pediatric neurorehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome Following Motor Vehicle Collision: A 27-Month Longitudinal Case Study of Multimodal Rehabilitation.","authors":"Kenneth Jay, Mary Shaya, Jonathan Walker","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7050098","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7050098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS) develops in 10 to 30 percent of patients following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), yet the most effective management approach remains an open question. This report describes a 37-year-old female who sustained a motor vehicle collision and was followed prospectively over 27 months. Structured evaluation at baseline identified dysfunction across oculomotor, vestibular, autonomic, cognitive, and neurophysiological domains. An intensive multimodal rehabilitation programme was associated with an 86 percent reduction in symptom burden (Post-Concussion Symptom Scale: 80 to 11) by the six-month mark. Thereafter, symptoms gradually returned in spite of continued treatment, and at 27 months the patient still reported moderate-to-severe headache (6 to 7 out of 10), persistent dizziness (5 to 6 out of 10), and meaningful functional limitations. The trajectory observed here, marked by initial gains followed by progressive relapse, illustrates the fluctuating and often incomplete recovery seen in a subgroup of PPCS patients. Clinicians should anticipate this pattern and frame outcome expectations accordingly, while building sustained, adaptive management strategies into long-term care plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructed Three-Dimensional vs. Two-Dimensional Visualization in Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Spine Surgery: A Randomized Crossover Simulation Feasibility Study.","authors":"Felix Corr, Silvio A Heinig, Simon Behringer, Felix C Stengel, Lorenzo Bertulli, Nader Hejrati, Oliver Bozinov, Martin N Stienen, Stefan Motov","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7050097","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7050097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) endoscopic visualization is believed to improve depth perception and surgical performance compared with conventional two-dimensional (2D) systems. However, evidence supporting its use in unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) spine surgery remains limited. The objective was to compare procedural performance, task completion times, and subjective workload between 3D and 2D visualization in simulated biportal lumbar endoscopy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This randomized crossover pilot feasibility ex vivo study enrolled 6 neurosurgeons (3 residents, 3 seniors) who each completed a standardized UBE lumbar discectomy simulation (UpSurgeOn Lumbar SpineBox) under both 3D and 2D visualization in randomized sequence. The primary outcome was composite procedural performance (0-100 scale) assessed using a multi-item checklist encompassing technical success, quality, and safety. Secondary outcomes included task completion times for 7 procedural steps and subjective workload. Linear mixed-effects models adjusted for expertise level, spinal segment, operative side, and session order. Within-participant effect sizes (Cohen's d) and a sensitivity power analysis were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All participants completed both conditions (24 procedures). Composite performance was high with both modalities, with no significant difference for the unweighted (adjusted difference 0.64 points, 95% CI -3.67 to 4.96, <i>p</i> = 0.76, d = 0.13) or weighted score (1.67 points, 95% CI -4.04 to 7.37, <i>p</i> = 0.55, d = 0.26). Subjective workload also did not differ (<i>p</i> = 0.67, d = 0.19). Effect sizes were negligible to small for most outcomes but reached medium magnitude for subjective fatigue (d = 0.54) and situational stress (d = 0.56). Exploratory expertise-stratified comparisons suggested faster lamina drilling with 3D among seniors (<i>p</i> = 0.04) and slower dura identification with 3D among residents (<i>p</i> = 0.02), based on only 3 participants per subgroup. The sample afforded 80% power to detect only very large effects (d ≈ 1.43).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>3D visualization was feasible and well tolerated but did not significantly improve procedural performance, task completion time, or subjective workload in UBE simulation. Because the study was powered to detect only very large effects, these nonsignificant results reflect limited power rather than equivalence, and the medium effect-size signals for fatigue and situational stress are hypothesis-generating. Adequately powered trials are needed to confirm task-specific or expertise-dependent benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Enrichment Exerts a Selective, Stage-Dependent Modulation on the Autism-like Behavioral Phenotype Induced by Embryonic Valproic Acid in Zebrafish.","authors":"Esveidy Roldan-Anzures, Bernardo S Flores-Prieto, Lizbeth A Ortega-Pineda, Jorge Manzo, Genaro A Coria-Avila, Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias, Lauro Fernández-Cañedo, Gonzalo E Aranda-Abreu, Fausto Rojas-Durán, Ernesto Maldonado, César A Pérez-Estudillo, María Elena Hernández-Aguilar, María Rebeca Toledo-Cárdenas","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7050095","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7050095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in communication, socialization, and restricted behavioral patterns. Valproic acid (VPA) is a teratogen that, through epigenetic mechanisms, induces ASD-like phenotypes in animal models. The zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) represents an ideal model for evaluating these alterations due to its complex behavioral repertoire. This study analyzed the longitudinal effect of an enriched environment (EE) on VPA-induced behavioral alterations in juvenile and adult stages (<i>n</i> = 72; <i>n</i> = 18 per group: CTRL-SE, CTRL-EE, VPA-SE, and VPA-EE). Subjects were evaluated across the novel tank, mirror test, and social interaction tests. The results reveal a selective, stage-dependent modulation: in the novel tank test, VPA fish housed in EE presented a significant reduction in erratic movements (stereotypies) and increased time spent in the upper zone (reduced anxiety), whereas specific modifications in shoal approach were observed in the social interaction test. These modulating effects were evident from the juvenile stage and consolidated in adulthood across specific locomotor and exploratory metrics. It is concluded that the enriched environment may act as a neuromodulatory strategy capable of mitigating selective aspects of the autism-like behavioral phenotype in zebrafish.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weakly Supervised MRI-Based Classification of Alzheimer's Disease Using Clinical Pseudo-Labels.","authors":"Rong Xiao, Tingwei Quan, Xinglong Wu, Guoping Xu, Shangbin Chen","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7050094","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7050094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) classification from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may benefit from weak supervision that uses clinically meaningful but imperfect supervisory signals. We evaluated a weakly supervised framework in which a multilayer perceptron (MLP) trained on age, sex, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores generated clinical pseudo-labels to initialize a patch-based fully convolutional network (FCN). For 260 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) training participants, subsequent refinement combined 80% of the preceding MRI-model probability with 20% of the participant's ground-truth diagnostic label. This design preserves a dominant pseudo-label/self-training component while using partial diagnostic guidance to stabilize refinement. The FCN generated whole-brain probability maps, and selected voxel probabilities were classified by a second MLP. The framework was developed using ADNI (<i>n</i> = 417). Using ADNI validation data only, iteration 3 and a classification threshold of 0.5 were selected and then applied unchanged to the held-out ADNI test set and the external AIBL (<i>n</i> = 182), FHS (<i>n</i> = 102), and NACC (<i>n</i> = 265) cohorts. The selected model achieved F1 scores of 0.853 in ADNI, 0.707 in AIBL, 0.765 in FHS, and 0.807 in NACC. These results support the feasibility and cross-cohort transferability of clinical pseudo-label-based weak supervision for MRI classification. The framework is not intended to be label-free; rather, it provides a transparent strategy for integrating imperfect clinical pseudo-labels with partially weighted diagnostic guidance during training.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600014/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149032220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}