NeuroSciPub Date : 2025-06-17DOI: 10.3390/neurosci6020056
Lars Wojtecki
{"title":"Commentary: Treating Diseases from Alzheimer's to Parkinson's Using Transcranial Pulse Stimulation: Mechanistic Insights, Recent Evidence, and Ethical Considerations.","authors":"Lars Wojtecki","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020056","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation method that uses, high-intensity acoustic shockwaves to deliver focused mechanical stimulation to neural tissue with minimal thermal effects. The mechanism of action includes but is not limited to promotion of blood flow and angiogenesis through mechanotransduction. Clinical data to date are limited and preliminary. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), TPS has demonstrated cognitive and mood improvements in pilot studies and secondary endpoint analysis in first randomized trials. The enhancement of gamma-band oscillations and network connectivity has been reported. Clinical observations in Parkinson's disease (PD) suggest TPS as a hypothesis-generating approach to address non-motor symptoms-such as depression, cognitive decline, and the freezing of gait-through theoretical modulation of basal ganglia-cortical circuits. TPS is CE-marked in Europe for AD and shows a favorable safety profile; however, ethical considerations arise from the limited evidence base, potential impairment of patient autonomy and judgment in dementia, and the risk of withholding established treatments. TPS should only be offered under structured scientific protocols or within patient registries to ensure rigorous oversight. Ensuring that consent processes account for cognitive capacity, and that TPS is applied as adjunct rather than replacement therapy, is paramount. Future research must include large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs), standardize stimulation protocols, deepen mechanistic insight, and embed robust ethical frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12195775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeuroSciPub Date : 2025-06-12DOI: 10.3390/neurosci6020055
Wen Xiu Heng, Li Ying Ng, Zen Ziyi Goh, Gianluca Esposito, Atiqah Azhari
{"title":"Romantic Partners with Mismatched Relationship Satisfaction Showed Greater Interpersonal Neural Synchrony When Co-Viewing Emotive Videos: An Exploratory Pilot fNIRS Hyperscanning Study.","authors":"Wen Xiu Heng, Li Ying Ng, Zen Ziyi Goh, Gianluca Esposito, Atiqah Azhari","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020055","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotional attunement, or emotional co-regulation in a relationship, can manifest as interpersonal neural synchrony, where partners exhibit similar anti-phase or phase-shifted brain activity. In adult romantic relationships, emotional attunement may differ according to relationship satisfaction. No study has examined how relationship satisfaction difference influences interpersonal neural synchrony. This exploratory pilot study on 17 couples (unmarried Chinese undergraduate couples in a Southeast Asian university) investigated whether relationship satisfaction difference influenced interpersonal neural synchrony during a shared emotive experience. Each couple wore an fNIRS cap to measure brain activity in their prefrontal cortex (PFC) while co-viewing seven videos intended to evoke positive, negative or neutral emotions. We found preliminary evidence that relationship satisfaction difference modulated interpersonal neural synchrony in the right ventral PFC regions, including the right ventromedial PFC (involved in the encoding of emotional values to stimuli and emotional regulation), right ventrolateral PFC (involved in voluntary emotional regulation) and the right orbitofrontal cortex (involved in processing of emotional experiences and regulation of emotions). This suggested that couples with mismatched relationship satisfaction displayed greater interpersonal neural synchrony, possibly due to mutual social cognitive processes when viewing emotive videos together. Further studies can replicate the findings with larger, diverse samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeuroSciPub Date : 2025-06-10DOI: 10.3390/neurosci6020054
José E Valerio, Immanuel O Olarinde, Guillermo de Jesus Aguirre Vera, Jorge Zumaeta, Noe Santiago Rea, Maria P Fernandez Gomez, Penelope Mantilla-Farfan, Andrés M Alvarez-Pinzon
{"title":"Advancing Neurosurgical Oncology and AI Innovations in Latin American Brain Cancer Care: Insights from a Center of Excellence.","authors":"José E Valerio, Immanuel O Olarinde, Guillermo de Jesus Aguirre Vera, Jorge Zumaeta, Noe Santiago Rea, Maria P Fernandez Gomez, Penelope Mantilla-Farfan, Andrés M Alvarez-Pinzon","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020054","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Disparities in neuro-oncological care between high-income and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are well documented, yet region-specific data from Latin America remain limited. This review evaluates epidemiologic trends, access to care, and systemic challenges in brain tumor management across Latin American LMICs, using Argentina as a case study. <b>Methods:</b> A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted focusing on brain tumor incidence, mortality, risk factors, and availability of diagnostics and treatments in Latin America. Socioeconomic, cultural, and systemic barriers were also analyzed. <b>Results:</b> Latin America exhibits some of the highest global brain tumor mortality rates, with Brazil reporting age-standardized rates exceeding 4.5 per 100,000. Glioblastomas are frequently diagnosed at younger ages, often in the fifth decade of life, compared to the global average. Meningioma incidence has increased by 15-20% over the last decade, yet region-wide data remain fragmented. Access to neuroimaging, neurosurgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy is limited, with up to 60% of patients relying solely on under-resourced public health systems. Less than 30% of hospitals in rural areas have MRI availability, and continuous professional training is infrequent. Innovative adaptations, such as awake craniotomy, are used in some LMIC centers in response to equipment scarcity. <b>Conclusions:</b> Brain tumor care in Latin America is hindered by limited epidemiological data, restricted access to diagnostics and treatment, and insufficient workforce training. Targeted investments in healthcare infrastructure, international educational collaborations, and policy-level reforms are critical to reducing disparities and improving outcomes in neuro-oncology across the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical, Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE), Accelerates Neuritogenesis and Outgrowth of Cortical Neurons via the G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor.","authors":"Ikuko Miyazaki, Chiharu Nishiyama, Takeru Nagoshi, Akane Miyako, Suzuka Ono, Ichika Misawa, Aika Isse, Kana Tomimoto, Kaori Masai, Kazumasa Zensho, Masato Asanuma","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020053","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is the main component of epoxy resin and is used for the inner coating of canned foods and plastic food containers. BADGE can easily migrate from containers and result in food contamination; the compound is known as an endocrine-disrupting chemical. We previously reported that maternal exposure to bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether (BADGE·2H<sub>2</sub>O), which is the most detected BADGE derivative not only in canned foods but also in human specimens, during gestation and lactation, could accelerate neuronal differentiation in the cortex of fetuses and induce anxiety-like behavior in juvenile mice. In this study, we investigated the effects of low-dose BADGE·2H<sub>2</sub>O (1-100 pM) treatment on neurites and the mechanism of neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons. BADGE·2H<sub>2</sub>O exposure significantly increased the number of dendrites and neurite length in cortical neurons; these accelerating effects were inhibited by estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780 and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) antagonist G15. BADGE·2H<sub>2</sub>O down-regulated <i>Hes1</i> expression, which is a transcriptional repressor, and increased levels of neuritogenic factor neurogenin-3 (Ngn3) in the cortical neurons; the changes were significantly blocked by G15. These data suggest that direct BADGE·2H<sub>2</sub>O exposure can accelerate neuritogenesis and outgrowth in cortical neurons through down-regulation of Hes1 and by increasing Ngn3 levels through ERs, particularly GPER.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Natural Compounds That Target Glioma Stem Cells.","authors":"Mariia Yaroshenko, Monika Christoff, Mateusz Ścibiorski, Karolina Surowiec, Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil, Joanna Sumorek-Wiadro","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020052","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gliomas are the most common central nervous system tumors and account for 30% of all primary brain tumors, 80% of all malignant ones, and the vast majority of deaths that are caused by brain tumors. Among them, glioblastoma multiforme has the most aggressive and invasive course. Due to its heterogeneity, it is difficult to treat, and one of the reasons for this are glioma stem cells (GSCs). Therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used to treat gliomas but do not bring the expected results. Therefore, treatments targeting glioma stem cells are emerging. A promising strategy is to target GSCs with natural compounds. This review aims to describe the problem of glioma stem cells, the treatment of gliomas, and therapies based on natural compounds, which are promising for the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeuroSciPub Date : 2025-06-04DOI: 10.3390/neurosci6020051
Alyssa Wan-Chei Lee, Rahim Hirani, Jonathan Ogulnick, Raj K Tiwari, Mill Etienne
{"title":"Emerging Therapies for Neurological Disorders: A Clinical Review of MANAGED (Music, Art, Nature-Based, Animal-Assisted, Game, Essential Oil, Dance) Care.","authors":"Alyssa Wan-Chei Lee, Rahim Hirani, Jonathan Ogulnick, Raj K Tiwari, Mill Etienne","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020051","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the face of the limitations in pharmacological and surgical interventions for neurological conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, patients are increasingly turning to non-pharmacological and alternative therapies to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. This shift underscores the urgent need for accessible, effective, and affordable treatments. This literature review examines a range of alternative and personalized therapies, including game therapy, animal-assisted therapy, dance therapy, art therapy, music therapy, aroma therapy, and shinrin-yoku therapy. These modalities have demonstrated promising results in mitigating symptoms and enhancing well-being among individuals grappling with neurological disorders. Moreover, these therapies offer a holistic approach that complements traditional medical interventions, underscoring the importance of integrating diverse treatment modalities. Despite their historical roots in non-clinical settings, their potential in modern clinical practice remains untapped. The findings suggest the necessity for further research, particularly large cohort studies, to validate the efficacy of these personalized therapies and advocate for their widespread adoption. In an era marked by escalating healthcare costs, the exploration of alternative therapies presents a compelling avenue for enhancing patient care while simultaneously addressing economic challenges within the healthcare system.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeuroSciPub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.3390/neurosci6020050
Marco Agostini, Pietro Traldi, Mahmoud Hamdan
{"title":"Isoforms of Phosphorylated Tau as Potential Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: The Contribution of Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics.","authors":"Marco Agostini, Pietro Traldi, Mahmoud Hamdan","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020050","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, heterogeneous at the molecular level and characterized by diverse and complex pathological features. Such features are known to accumulate silently in the brain over years or even decades before the onset of detectable symptoms. Despite long years of intense research activities, the disease remains orphaned of either disease-modifying therapies or a specific blood test capable of predicting the disease in the pre-symptomatic stages. This disappointing outcome of such efforts can be attributed to a number of factors. One of these factors is the failure of earlier research to capture the heterogeneity of the disease. Such failure has the direct consequence of poor patient stratification, which in turn impacts negatively on the development of specific and effective therapy. The second factor is the absence of detailed and accurate information on proteins and associated post-translational modifications, which may influence the initiation and progress of the disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that the quantification of various isoforms of phosphorylated tau protein in plasma and other biofluids can be considered as potential biomarkers for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics and immunoassay-based multiplex proteomics are the two technologies in current use for probing the human proteome, both in tissues and biofluids. In the present review, we discuss the contribution of MS-based proteomics to efforts aimed at the identification and eventual characterization of the heterogeneity of the disease, and the key role of the same technique in the analysis of protein post-translational modifications associated with the disease is also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeuroSciPub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.3390/neurosci6020049
Eleonora Becattini, Lorenzo Sgarbanti, Giuseppina Bevacqua, Valentina Grespi, Carlo Conti
{"title":"A Rare Case of Cervical Solitary Fibrous Tumor in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Eleonora Becattini, Lorenzo Sgarbanti, Giuseppina Bevacqua, Valentina Grespi, Carlo Conti","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020049","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms of fibroblastic origin. In this study, we report a rare case of cervical SFT in a pediatric patient, a rare phenomenon since the incidence is particularly rare in pediatric patients according to the literature. Typical radiological features of the lesion may lead to misdiagnosis. Image study and immunohistochemistry are crucial for its correct diagnosis. Their imaging characteristics often resemble meningiomas or schwannomas, making differential diagnosis challenging. Immunohistochemical markers such as CD34 and STAT6 remain essential for definitive diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12195715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NeuroSciPub Date : 2025-05-30DOI: 10.3390/neurosci6020048
Sajanee Chithranjan, Michelle Eglovitch, Madison M Marcus, Dace Svikis, Maha Alattar, Caitlin E Martin
{"title":"Psychosocial Correlates of Insomnia Symptoms Among Women and Men Receiving Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder.","authors":"Sajanee Chithranjan, Michelle Eglovitch, Madison M Marcus, Dace Svikis, Maha Alattar, Caitlin E Martin","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020048","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insomnia is common in individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). Biopsychosocial factors are important in sleep health, yet this intersection has yet to be fully elucidated in people on buprenorphine for OUD. The objective is to report on patient-reported biopsychosocial factors among people with and without insomnia, specifically among women and men in outpatient OUD treatment. The parent study enrolled adults stabilized on buprenorphine from February 2022-September 2023. Scores of ≥11 on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) indicated clinically significant insomnia. Differences were detected by the presence of insomnia, stratified by men and women, using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. Of the overall participants (N = 130), most (<i>n</i> = 77; 59.2%) met the criteria for clinically significant insomnia. Women with insomnia were more likely to report social stressors including discrimination for substance use (<i>p</i> = 0.040), food insecurity (<i>p</i> = 0.032), and transportation difficulties accessing healthcare (<i>p</i> = 0.043) than women without insomnia. Men with insomnia were more likely to report financial difficulties accessing healthcare (<i>p</i> = 0.023) than men without insomnia. These findings provide a unique perspective to consider in the development and implementation of sleep interventions for women and men receiving medication treatment for OUD.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12195933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Functional Expression of NMDA Receptors in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Following Long-Term RA/BDNF-Induced Differentiation.","authors":"Ya-Jean Wang, Yun-Hsiang Chen, Eric Hwang, Che-Jui Yeh, You-Xuan Liu, Hwei-Hsien Chen, Sheng-Nan Wu","doi":"10.3390/neurosci6020047","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci6020047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells can be effectively differentiated into a neuronal phenotype using retinoic acid (RA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), making them a valuable in vitro model for studying neuronal differentiation. This study aimed to investigate the electrophysiological properties of SH-SY5Y cells following prolonged differentiation, with a focus on membrane characteristics, evoked action potentials, and the functionality of cellular components such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were employed to evaluate ionic currents and action potentials in embryonic mouse cortical neurons (mCNs) and in both differentiated and undifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Differentiated SH-SY5Y cells exhibited neurite outgrowth, evoked action potential firing, and functional NMDA receptor-mediated currents. Notably, atorvastatin significantly modulated the duration and firing of action potentials as well as NMDA receptor-mediated currents in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. These findings highlight that neuronally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells expressing functional NMDA receptor-mediated currents serve as a robust and convenient model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of NMDA receptor function and for screening pharmacological agents targeting these receptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12196125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}