NeuroSci最新文献

{"title":"Implantable Cardiac Monitoring for Atrial Fibrillation Detection in Patients with Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Nibras M Alkhamis, Hussain A Almohammed, Tanveer N Khan, Jory H Alzahrani, Lama A Alsalboud, Randah T Alzahrani, Hamad A Alseni, Amara M Mufti, Lujeen H Alghourab, Thekra F Abuhaimed, Manar M Alshabaan, Maha E Alsubaie, Manar A Jamlalail, Saud A Alnaaim","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7040083","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7040083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common but frequently undiagnosed cause of ischemic stroke, particularly among patients with cryptogenic stroke and embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Implantable cardiac monitors (ICMs) enable prolonged continuous rhythm monitoring and may improve AF detection following ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the diagnostic yield, clinical impact, and safety of prolonged ICM monitoring in patients with ischemic stroke or TIA. <b>Methods:</b> This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024573913). PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies evaluating the use of ICMs after ischemic stroke or TIA were included. Randomized evidence was synthesized narratively, whereas single-arm random-effects meta-analyses of observational studies were performed to estimate pooled proportions for AF detection, oral anticoagulation initiation, recurrent ischemic stroke or TIA, and device-related adverse events. <b>Results:</b> Twelve completed studies involving 4563 participants met the inclusion criteria, including two randomized controlled trials and ten observational studies. One additional ongoing randomized controlled trial (Find-AF 2) involving a planned enrollment of 5200 participants was identified and is described narratively. Across the observational studies, the pooled AF detection rate during prolonged ICM monitoring was 25.9% (95% CI, 18.9-33.5%), although substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 95%). Oral anticoagulation was initiated in 94.2% (95% CI, 79.4-100.0%) of patients diagnosed with AF. Device-related complications were uncommon, with a pooled incidence of 3.7% (95% CI, 2.0-6.0%; I² = 0%), while the pooled rate of recurrent ischemic stroke or TIA during follow-up was 6.2% (95% CI, 3.9-9.2%). Narrative synthesis of the randomized evidence demonstrated that ICMs significantly increased AF detection compared with conventional monitoring but did not demonstrate a significant reduction in recurrent stroke during the available follow-up period. <b>Conclusions:</b> Prolonged implantable cardiac monitoring identifies AF in approximately one-quarter of patients following ischemic stroke or TIA and frequently leads to the initiation of oral anticoagulation, with a favorable safety profile. Although ICMs substantially improve AF detection, current evidence remains insufficient to confirm that increased detection translates into a reduction in recurrent stroke. Large, adequately powered randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the long-term clinical benefits of ICM-guided management and to define the optimal monitoring strategy for patients following ischemic stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late-Onset Rapidly Progressive Spastic Paraplegia with Extensive White Matter Abnormalities Associated with an MFN2 Variant.","authors":"Jiwon Yang, Hyeon-Mi Park, Yeong-Bae Lee","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7040082","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7040082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) variants are a well-established cause of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A, although central nervous system involvement has increasingly been recognized in a subset of affected patients. We report a 51-year-old woman carrying a likely pathogenic MFN2 variant (c.2119C>T, p.Arg707Trp) who developed rapidly progressive spastic paraplegia and became wheelchair-dependent within several months. Neurological examination demonstrated severe pyramidal tract signs with preserved sensory function. Nerve conduction studies were suggestive of distal motor axonal involvement, while transcranial magnetic stimulation and somatosensory evoked potentials indicated corticospinal and central sensory pathway dysfunction in the lower extremities. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed extensive bilateral confluent periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities. Comprehensive investigations excluded inflammatory, vascular, metabolic, infectious, neoplastic, and common genetic causes of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Targeted next-generation sequencing identified a heterozygous likely pathogenic MFN2 p.Arg707Trp variant. Although central nervous system manifestations have previously been described in MFN2-related disease, this phenotype is unusual because of the combination of late-onset rapidly progressive spastic paraplegia, and extensive cerebral white matter abnormalities associated with the p.Arg707Trp variant. This case further expands the recognized phenotypic spectrum of MFN2-related disease and highlights that MFN2 variants should be considered in the differential diagnosis of selected patients with late-onset progressive spastic paraplegia accompanied by cerebral white matter abnormalities and distal motor axonal neuropathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Behavior Scoring Quantifies Depression-like Severity Across Chronic Stress Models and Identifies Stress-Resilient Mice.","authors":"Yue Tu, Qinghui Fu, Canghao Sun, Jing Deng, Haoning Qin, Xianlin Zeng, Yuchuan Wang, Shulan Qiu, Weixiong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7040081","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7040081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rodent models, especially chronic stress paradigms, are essential in depression research, yet existing behavioral assessments often struggle to capture pathophysiological heterogeneity. We developed the Multimodal Behavior Scoring (MBS) algorithm, which integrates results from standard behavioral tests (sucrose preference, open field, and forced swim tests) into a single severity metric. Validated in two distinct chronic stress models (CUMS and CSDS), MBS reliably distinguished stressed from control mice and demonstrated high cross-cohort reproducibility. Furthermore, MBS successfully stratified stress-resilient subpopulations and revealed model-specific phenotypic patterns. By providing an integrative, biologically grounded framework, MBS enhances the resolution of chronic stress-induced behavioral phenotyping and may support future biomarker discovery and pharmacological validation studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Posterior Parietal Cortex on Visual and Vestibular Function.","authors":"Sang Seok Yeo, Dong Hyun Byun, Fang He","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7040080","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7040080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: The effects of posterior parietal cortex (PPC)-targeted transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on postural stability and cortical activity remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare changes in cortical activity and postural stability before and following tDCS conditions. (2) Methods: Eight right-handed adults completed a baseline assessment followed by three stimulation sessions: left-anodal/right-cathodal (L-A/R-C), left-cathodal/right-anodal (L-C/R-A), and sham on the PPC. The sessions were administered in a randomized Latin square design with a minimum 4-day washout period between each. At baseline and following each tDCS session, cortical activity was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, and postural stability during a tandem stance was assessed utilizing the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and a force platform. (3) Results: Compared with the baseline measurements, significant deactivation in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) was observed following L-C/R-A stimulation. Furthermore, postural stability measures revealed significantly higher BESS error scores and greater sway length following L-C/R-A stimulation compared to both the baseline and L-A/R-C conditions. (4) Conclusions: Bilateral tDCS over the PPC differentially influences cortical activity and postural control depending on the stimulation polarity. Specifically, L-C/R-A stimulation was associated with impaired visual-vestibular integration and postural stability. These preliminary findings highlight the critical role of interhemispheric parietal balance in posture regulation and suggest that polarity-specific tDCS protocols may be important considerations for the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Caffeine on Cell Death, Oxidative Stress, and Microglial Morphology in a Ferret Organotypic Brain Slice Model of Hypoxia-Ischemia.","authors":"Olivia C Brandon, Kylie A Corry, Zheyu Ruby Jin, Kate F DiNucci, Matthew J Magoon, Nels Schimek, Daniel H Moralejo, Sandra E Juul, Patrick M Boyle, Elizabeth A Nance, Thomas R Wood, Sarah E Kolnik","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7040079","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7040079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain injury after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in term and near-term neonates worldwide. The ferret is a promising translational model to study HI due to its gyrified brain and white-to-gray matter ratio that more closely resembles humans compared to rodents. Caffeine, an adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist, shows neuroprotective potential after HI, but its effects have not been fully characterized. We sought to evaluate caffeine's effect on neuronal cell death, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in a term-equivalent ferret organotypic brain slice model of HI. Slices were cultured for 72 h, exposed to two hours of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and randomized to OGD alone, OGD with caffeine (20 or 50 mg/L), or OGD with caffeine and an A2AR agonist. Healthy slices served as controls. Outcomes included global cell death, regional cell death, microglial morphology, and expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress genes (46-48 slices/group for cell death assays and 18 slices/group for imaging, balanced by sex). Caffeine 50 mg/L significantly reduced global cell death compared to OGD (<i>p</i> = 0.02), and this effect persisted despite co-administration of an A2AR agonist (<i>p</i> = 0.01), suggesting that protection was not primarily mediated through A2AR signaling. Caffeine also did not change regional pyknotic nuclei counts (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Caffeine altered microglial morphology, increasing the proportion of microglia with features characteristic of control conditions. OGD significantly increased expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related genes (<i>p</i> < 0.05) compared with control slices, whereas caffeine did not significantly alter gene expression. In summary, caffeine partially reversed global cell death after OGD and altered microglial morphology. Larger, higher-powered studies are needed to further investigate caffeine's effects on neonatal HI.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Traumatic Middle Cerebral Artery Pseudoaneurysm Following Depressed Skull Fracture: Case Report and PRISMA-Guided Literature Review.","authors":"Giuseppina Bevacqua, Eleonora Becattini, Valentina Grespi, Carlo Conti","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7040078","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7040078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traumatic intracranial aneurysms (TICAs) are rare lesions accounting for <1% of intracranial aneurysms and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. They frequently arise after blunt trauma and may develop days to months following the initial injury, often evading early vascular imaging. Pseudoaneurysms predominate and carry a high risk of rupture. We report the case of a patient who sustained a severe head injury with a comminuted open depressed temporoparietal skull fracture, epidural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and mandibular fracture after a road traffic accident. Initial vascular imaging revealed no aneurysm. At six-month follow-up, CT angiography demonstrated a 7 × 5 mm pseudoaneurysm arising from the rolandic branch of the right M3 middle cerebral artery, within an area of post-traumatic encephalomalacia. The aneurysm was confirmed by MRI/MRA and treated successfully with microsurgical clipping. This case underscores the importance of delayed vascular imaging in trauma patients with skull fractures or parenchymal injury, even when early angiography is normal. TICAs may develop over several months, and timely identification permits definitive management before rupture.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Impact of Personality Traits on Response to Anti-CGRP Therapies: Insights from a Pilot Study.","authors":"Chiara Zilli, Giada Giuliani, Giulio Tancredi, Mariangela Fratino, Benedetta Pitzalis, Marta Altieri","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7040077","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7040077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway represent an effective preventive treatment for chronic migraine, including in patients with multiple prior therapeutic failures. However, a substantial proportion of patients exhibit a suboptimal or delayed response. The role of personality traits in modulating treatment response remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective observational study, adults with chronic migraine received anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies and were followed for 12 months. Monthly headache days (MHDs), monthly acute medication use (MAM), and disability scores (MIDAS and HIT-6) were recorded at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Responders were defined as patients achieving a ≥50% reduction in monthly headache days (MHDs) compared with baseline. Changes in disability measures were evaluated as secondary clinical outcomes. Personality traits were assessed using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-eight patients were included, of whom 71% had medication overuse headaches. Responder rates increased over time (31.6% at 3 months and 39.5% at 12 months). Histrionic traits (37.5% vs. 6.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.048) and dysthymic features (21.4% vs. 0%, <i>p</i> = 0.046) were significantly more prevalent among non-responders.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Histrionic and dysthymic personality features were associated with a lower likelihood of response to anti-CGRP therapy in patients with chronic migraine. Given the exploratory design, limited sample size, and absence of correction for multiple comparisons, these findings should be considered preliminary and hypothesis-generating. Further studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm these observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuro-Exergaming for College Students with Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Cognitive Benefits of an Acute Bout of Pedal-n-Play Interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise.","authors":"Clara R LaCorte, Mya C Delesdernier, Cay Anderson-Hanley","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7040076","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7040076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated whether neuro-exergaming with an interactive physical and cognitive exercise system (iPACES), might alleviate symptoms in college students with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (sxADHD). It was hypothesized that challenges with attention and executive function, often experienced by those with sxADHD, would improve after an acute bout of pedal-n-play exercise. College students (<i>n</i> = 33; 18 with sxADHD) participated in a 20 min single bout of exercise, pedaling along a virtual pathway (tour), while steering the tablet. Mental exercise included a working memory (focus) task to steer toward assigned locations along the path. An exploratory experimental condition was also embedded in the basic pre/post design, wherein half of the students were randomly assigned collectibles (coins) in the pathway. Cognition was assessed (e.g., paper and digital Stroop, Trails, Digit Span) before and after the acute bout of exercise. Paired <i>t</i>-tests revealed significant improvements in executive function on both paper and electronic Stroop tasks for those with sxADHD, while significant change was also seen on Trails and Digit Span for normative students. Surprisingly, those with sxADHD, assigned to the experimental \"multi-tasking\" collectible (coin) challenge, performed significantly better on tests of executive functioning than normative peers, who improved more without coins. It is hypothesized that the collectible challenge provided additional mental stimulation or reward needed to increase attentional focus for those with sxADHD, leading to improved performance, post-exercise. While the findings of this study are preliminary, additional research can further explore possible designs for combined, interactive mental and physical exercise challenges, as well as further possible synergistic or differential neural activation, in order to maximize outcomes from the same amount of time exercising. Additionally, future research could examine longer-term use of neuro-exergaming, through a clinical trial, as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, medication for sxADHD treatment and symptom relief.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13397951/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and Functional Brain Alterations Induced by Noise Exposure: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Hanna Valeria Venegas-Mora, Octavio Ispanixtlahuatl-Meraz, Diana Emilia Martínez-Fernández, Irene Guadalupe Aguilar-García, David Fernández-Quezada","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7040075","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7040075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Noise exposure has become an increasingly prevalent public health concern, with effects extending beyond the auditory system. Accumulating evidence indicates that chronic noise exposure induces both structural and functional alterations in the central nervous system, ultimately affecting cognitive and emotional processes. This review summarizes the impact of noise on key brain regions, including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and auditory cortex. Structurally, noise exposure is associated with reduced neurogenesis, dendritic remodeling, synaptic loss, alterations in white matter and changes in glial activity. Functionally, it disrupts synaptic plasticity mechanisms-such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression-as well as neuronal connectivity, leading to impairments in higher-order cognitive and behavioral functions. These effects are mediated by interconnected mechanisms, including activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and alterations in neurotrophic signaling.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG Signatures of Melancholia: An Update.","authors":"Christopher F Sharpley, Vicki Bitsika, Christopher B Watson","doi":"10.3390/neurosci7030074","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci7030074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melancholia remains a severe and complex form of depression. One possible avenue to a better understanding of melancholia and potentially improved methods of treating it, is via examination of the profiles of brain electrical activity of patients suffering from melancholia. However, apart from work using fMRI, relatively little is known about the electrophysiological basis of melancholia despite the potential for this to inform targeted effective treatments such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. To better understand the state of research regarding EEG variables and melancholia, a systematic review was undertaken. Results indicated that there was a large degree of complexity in the association between melancholia and various EEG parameters, and that many specific aspects of brain electrical activity remain under-studied. Suggestions are made for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13306071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148321141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}