{"title":"A 75.4–102.4-GHz Power Amplifier With 27.7−dB Gain and 16.9% PAE in 65-nm CMOS","authors":"Bo Fu;Xiao Ding","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3489660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3489660","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a W-band wideband high-gain power amplifier (PA) with 65-nm CMOS technology. An inductor-series high-coupled transformer is proposed and combined with a weakly coupled transformer to form the hybrid interstage matching network, and thereby, the bandwidth of the four-stage PA is extended by the proposed gain-complementary bandwidth extension technique. The proposed PA achieves a measured peak gain of 27.7 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth from 75.4 to 102.4 GHz. The saturated output power (Psat), 1-dB output compression point (OP1dB), and the peak power-added efficiency (PAE) are 12.5, 10.2 dBm, and 16.9%, respectively. The measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation results, and the core chip area of the proposed PA is <inline-formula> <tex-math>$170times 600~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 2","pages":"213-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Herraiz;Héctor Esteban;Darío Herraiz;Angel Belenguer;Vicente E. Boria
{"title":"Vertical and Compact ESICL-to-ESIW Transition for Multilayer Empty Substrate Integrated Circuits","authors":"David Herraiz;Héctor Esteban;Darío Herraiz;Angel Belenguer;Vicente E. Boria","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3492975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3492975","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, a vertical transition from empty substrate integrated (ESI) coaxial line (ESICL) to ESI waveguide (ESIW) is presented. In contrast to in-line approaches, the proposed transition can connect both technologies with an independent substrate height, thus providing a compact structure. To transform the TEM mode into the TE10 mode, an aperture transversal to the propagation direction is used to couple the fields, and matching elements are added to improve the return loss level. A design guideline is presented and used to design two transitions. A back-to-back prototype is fabricated and measured to validate the proposed transition. The measured results show a return loss level better than 11.2 dB and an insertion loss lower than 1 dB, which makes the proposed transition promising for high-performance interconnection required in multilayer systems.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 1","pages":"63-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A D-Band Differential Phase Shifter Based on a Transmission Delay Line With Variable Inductors and Capacitors","authors":"Ilgwon Kim;Hyunji Koo;Wansik Kim;Songcheol Hong","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3491760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3491760","url":null,"abstract":"A transmission delay line (TDL) differential phase shifter (PS) with 5-bit resolution, operating at D-band frequencies (120–146 GHz), is proposed. It provides bi-directional 180° phase shift characteristics with \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$50~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 input/output impedances. It consists of eight LC cells. Each unit cell has a series inductor and two shunt capacitors. The inductance is controlled with a switched coupled inductor (SCI), and the capacitances are controlled with variable capacitors. The 1st to 6th cells are identical, where a unit cell provides a 22.5° phase shift. The 7th and 8th cells are for phase shifts of 11.25°/22.5° and 5.625°/11.25°, respectively. These are achieved by using dual-switched coupled inductors (DSCI) and varactors in each cell. The proposed PS is designed in a 40-nm CMOS process, occupying 0.24 mm2 including I/O pads with a core size of 0.09 mm2. The maximum measured insertion loss was −17.2 dB at 142 GHz, and the loss variation across all 33 phases was within 1.5 dB.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 1","pages":"59-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md. Nizam Uddin Tanim;S. M. Rakibul Hasan Shawon;Taslim Ur Rashid;Khaleda Ali
{"title":"Microwave-Based Detection of Heavy Metals in Water Using an Interdigital Electrode-Integrated Complementary Split Ring Resonator Sensor","authors":"Md. Nizam Uddin Tanim;S. M. Rakibul Hasan Shawon;Taslim Ur Rashid;Khaleda Ali","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3489607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3489607","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a highly sensitive microwave sensor for detecting four heavy metals (Ag+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+) in water. The sensor incorporates an interdigital electrode integrated complementary split ring resonator (IECSRR) to enhance electric field confinement and achieve higher sensitivity. Performance of the device has been examined for various aqueous metal solutions by assessing the changes in the stopband center frequency from scattering parameters and the limit of detection (LoD). The results obtained from simulations, experimental measurements, and circuit simulations using extracted parameters demonstrate strong agreement. The presence of Pb2+, Ag+, Cd2+, and Cr3+ causes a 12.66%, 15.04%, 19.5%, and 33.03% maximum fractional sensitivity, respectively. Additionally, the detection limits (in mg/L) for these substances are 0.634, 0.714, 0.614, and 0.533, respectively. Such a multipurpose miniature sensor with a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$25times 25$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm footprint is suitable for applications related to environmental security.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 1","pages":"135-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142940877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"165–220-GHz Broadband Amplifier With ±0.75-dB Gain Variation and Minimum Group Delay Variation in SiGe BiCMOS","authors":"Xun Chen;Jonas Winkelhake;Muh-Dey Wei;Renato Negra","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3489881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3489881","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a broadband amplifier with gain variation of less than ±0.75 dB and small group delay variation over the frequency band from 165 to 220 GHz. Different from the commonly used multiband matching approach, in this work a common broadband amplification stage is focused for the flexibility and scalability. In the common stage, broadband matching is obtained by manipulating the inband admittance, Y, to traverse the real axis of the Y-Smith chart, and offsetting the susceptance over frequency with a resonant circuit incorporating a shorted stub and the parasitic collector capacitance. Gain flatness of cascaded stages is enhanced by introducing mismatch in the common stage. The gain of an entire amplifier can be further increased by cascading stages without other efforts such as interstage matching, obtaining similar inband performance of gain and group delay variation. A prototype implemented in 130-nm silicon-germanium (SiGe) bipolar complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (BiCMOS) cascades three stages to achieve a gain of 10 dB with low power consumption of 28 mW in measurements. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this amplifier achieves the smallest gain variation and group delay variation in G-band over a large bandwidth (BW).","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 1","pages":"95-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142940906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Efficiency and High-Linearity Class-Fˉ¹ Power Amplifier With AM–AM and AM–PM Improvement","authors":"Xiaobin Ji;Huifeng Yang;Cheng Zhong;Xiaosong Li;Donghui Yuan;Jinjie Wang;Ting Zhang;Fei Xiao","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3479425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3479425","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a high-efficiency and high-linearity Class-F−1 power amplifier (PA) is presented. The input nonlinearity effect on Class-F−1 PA is investigated in depth, and the input nonlinearity factors \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$varphi _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 are utilized to improve the AM-AM and AM-PM characteristics. In practice, the linearity of Class-F−1 PA is enhanced by manipulating the second-harmonic source impedance, without sacrificing the drain efficiency (DE). The design space is clearly defined for high-efficiency and high-linearity operation. For demonstration, a PA example working at 3.5–3.9 GHz was designed, fabricated, and measured. It exhibits the saturated output power greater than 40.2 dBm, the saturated gain is 8.9–14.3 dB, and DE is 65.7%–74.2%. When tested with a 40-MHz 64-QAM signal with an 8.5-dB peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR), the adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) is below −44.41 dBc without digital predistortion (DPD) and −56.4 dBc with DPD. At 3.8 GHz, the fabricated PA realizes an AM-AM of 0.7 dB and an AM-PM of −1° without DPD and an AM-AM of 0.2 dB and AM-PM of −0.7° with DPD.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 1","pages":"91-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142940933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fangsheng Qian;Junyan Zheng;Jiashuai Xu;Yansong Yang
{"title":"Heterogeneous Interface-Enhanced Thin-Film SAW Devices Using Lithium Niobate on Si","authors":"Fangsheng Qian;Junyan Zheng;Jiashuai Xu;Yansong Yang","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3492723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3492723","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) on silicon wafer has emerged as a promising candidate for high-performance filter construction in an ultrawide frequency range. However, the direct bonding of these two materials has proven challenging due to the large contrast in their thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) and the parasitic layer in thermal treatment. This article proposes utilizing an amorphous silicon layer to improve the interface quality between LiNbO3 and the supporting substrate, thereby preventing potential losses and enhancing interface reflection. In addition, this work modifies the electrical field distribution and adjusts the power flow angle to align it with the propagation direction of the targeted acoustic wave to suppress spurious modes. By leveraging the enhanced heterogeneous interface and the corresponding design method, the fabricated filter exhibits a low insertion loss (IL) of 1.2 dB, a 3-dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 8.9%, a clean rejection band response, and a flat passband without significant ripples. The well-balanced performance has delivered a valid methodology of the LiNbO3-on-silicon heterostructure for building radio frequency (RF) spurious-free and low-loss filters.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 1","pages":"123-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142940822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Wideband Switched-Capacitor Circulator Based on Isolation Improvement Technique With Transformers","authors":"Bingjun Tang;Chenxi Zhang;Chenglong Liang;Zhongming Xue;Zhuoqi Guo;Li Geng","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3487632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3487632","url":null,"abstract":"Based on four-path switched-capacitor networks architecture, an isolation improvement technique using the transformers (center-tapped inductors) is presented in the circulator design. The proposed circulator is fabricated in a standard 55-nm CMOS process, occupying an area of 0.225 mm2 including the pads. It only consumes 4.1 mW at a supply voltage of 1.2 V, which is contributed by the clock generation circuit. Measurement results show that 19.6-dB isolation is obtained over a wide frequency range from dc to 1.4 GHz, while the insertion loss (IL) is 3.9–5.3 dB and the noise figure (NF) is 3.9–7.1 dB. Due to the body-floating technique, the measured input 1-dB compression points (IP1 dBs) of the circulator are more than 2.5 dBm.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 1","pages":"55-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tailai Ni;Xiufang Wang;Tao Dong;Bangji Wang;Song Qiu;Qingxiang Liu
{"title":"Compact Cascaded Broadband Choke Device for Suppressing Transmission Shaft Microwave Leakage","authors":"Tailai Ni;Xiufang Wang;Tao Dong;Bangji Wang;Song Qiu;Qingxiang Liu","doi":"10.1109/LMWT.2024.3487994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWT.2024.3487994","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of mechatronics has increased the use of transmission shafts in microwave systems. To prevent microwave leakage caused by the gap around the transmission shaft from affecting system operation, this letter proposes a novel compact cascaded broadband choke device (CBCD). The CBCD employs a cascaded multilayer choke structure, enabling it to achieve broadband performance and higher suppression of microwave leakage. In addition, the CBCD is designed to be compact by optimizing the cascade structure and using high-dielectric-constant materials for miniaturization. For demonstration, a double-layer CBCD centered at 10 GHz is designed and fabricated. The simulation and experimental results show that the double-layer CBCD improves the microwave leakage suppression by 30 dB over a relative bandwidth of 4% compared to the case without it. In addition, the relative bandwidth and suppression can be further improved by increasing the number of layers in the CBCD.","PeriodicalId":73297,"journal":{"name":"IEEE microwave and wireless technology letters","volume":"35 1","pages":"67-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}